Osteopathic manipulative treatment for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Cypress BK: Characteristics of physician visits for back symptoms: a national perspective. Am J Public Health. 1983, 73: 389-395.

Licciardone JC, Herron KM: Characteristics, satisfaction, and perceptions of patients receiving ambulatory healthcare from osteopathic physicians: a comparative national survey. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2001, 101: 374-385.

Licciardone JC: Awareness and use of osteopathic physicians in the United States: results of the Second Osteopathic Survey of Health Care in America (OSTEOSURV-II). J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2003, 103: 281-289.

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research [AHCPR]: Acute low back problems in adults. Clinical Practice Guideline 14. 1994, Rockville, MD, US Department of Health and Human Services

Kuchera ML, DiGiovanna EL, Greenspan PE: Efficacy and complications. Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine. Edited by: Ward RC. 2003, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1143-1152. 2

Harvey E, Burton AK, Moffett JK, Breen A: Spinal manipulation for low-back pain: a treatment package agreed by the UK chiropractic, osteopathy and physiotherapy professional associations. Man Ther. 2003, 8: 46-51. 10.1054/math.2002.0472.

UK BEAM Trial Team: United Kingdom back pain exercise and manipulation (UK BEAM) randomised trial: effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. BMJ. 2004, 329: 1377-10.1136/bmj.38282.669225.AE. doi:10.1136/bmj.38282.669225.AE.

UK BEAM Trial Team: United Kingdom back pain exercise and manipulation (UK BEAM) randomised trial: cost effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. BMJ. 2004, 329: 1381-10.1136/bmj.38282.607859.AE. doi:10.1136/bmj.38282.607859.AE.

Lesho EP: An overview of osteopathic medicine. Arch Fam Med. 1999, 8: 477-484. 10.1001/archfami.8.6.477.

Mein EA, Greenman PE, McMillin DL, Richards DG, Nelson CD: Manual medicine diversity: research pitfalls and the emerging medical paradigm. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2001, 101: 441-444.

Balon J, Aker PD, Crowther ER, Danielson C, Cox PG, O'Shaughnessy D, Walker C, Goldsmith CH, Duku E, Sears MR: A comparison of active and simulated chiropractic manipulation as adjunctive treatment for childhood asthma. N Engl J Med. 1998, 339: 1013-20. 10.1056/NEJM199810083391501.

Nelson CD, McMillin DL, Richards DG, Mein EA, Redwood D: Manual healing diversity and other challenges to chiropractic integration. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000, 23: 202-207. 10.1016/S0161-4754(00)90250-1.

Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans RL, Bouter LM: Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization for low back pain and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis. Spine J. 2004, 4: 335-356. 10.1016/j.spinee.2003.06.002.

Howell JD: The paradox of osteopathy. N Engl J Med. 1999, 341: 1465-1468. 10.1056/NEJM199911043411910.

Ottenbacher K, DiFabio RP: Efficacy of spinal manipulation/mobilization therapy: a meta-analysis. Spine. 1985, 10: 833-837.

Koes BW, Assendelft WJJ, van der Heijden GJMG, Bouter LM, Knipschild PG: Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain: a blinded review. BMJ. 1991, 303: 1298-1303.

Abenhaim L, Bergeron AM: Twenty years of randomized clinical trials of manipulative therapy for back pain: a review. Clin Invest Med. 1992, 15: 527-535.

Anderson R, Meeker WC, Wirick BE, Mootz RD, Kirk DH, Adams A: A meta-analysis of clinical trials of spinal manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992, 15: 181-194.

DiFabio RP: Efficacy of manual therapy. Phys Ther. 1992, 72: 853-864.

Shekelle PG, Adams AH, Chassin MR, Hurwitz EL, Brook RH: Spinal manipulation for low-back pain. Ann Intern Med. 1992, 117: 590-598.

Scheer SJ, Radack KL, O'Brien DR: Randomized controlled trials in industrial low back pain relating to return to work. Part 1. Acute interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995, 76: 966-973. 10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80076-X.

Koes BW, Assendelft WJJ, van der Heijden GJMG, Bouter LM: Spinal manipulation for low back pain: an updated systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Spine. 1996, 21: 2860-2873. 10.1097/00007632-199612150-00013.

Scheer SJ, Radack KL, O'Brien DR: Randomized controlled trials in industrial low back pain relating to return to work. Part 2. Discogenic low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996, 77: 1189-1197. 10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90147-1.

Scheer SJ, Watanabe TK, Radack KL: Randomized controlled trials in industrial low back pain. Part 3. Subacute/chronic pain interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997, 78: 414-423. 10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90235-5.

van der Weide WE, Verbeek JHAM, van Tulder MW: Vocational outcome of intervention for low-back pain. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997, 23: 165-178.

van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM: Conservative treatment of acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most common interventions. Spine. 1997, 22: 2128-2156. 10.1097/00007632-199709150-00012.

Bronfort G: Spinal manipulation: current state of research and its indications. Neurol Clin. 1999, 17: 91-111. 10.1016/S0733-8619(05)70116-X.

Ernst E, Harkness E: Spinal manipulation: a systematic review of sham-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trials. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2001, 22: 879-889. 10.1016/S0885-3924(01)00337-2.

Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Latimer J, Herbert R, Maher CG: Does spinal manipulative therapy help people with chronic low back pain?. Aust J Physiother. 2002, 48: 277-284.

Pengel HM, Maher CG, Refshauge KM: Systematic review of conservative interventions for subacute low back pain. Clin Rehabil. 2002, 16: 811-820. 10.1191/0269215502cr562oa.

Assendelft WJJ, Morton SC, Yu EI, Suttorp MJ, Shekelle PG: Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain: a meta-analysis of effectiveness relative to other therapies. Ann Intern Med. 2003, 138: 871-881.

Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Deyo RA, Shekelle PG: A review of the evidence for the effectiveness, safety, and cost of acupuncture, massage therapy, and spinal manipulation for back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2003, 138: 898-906.

Haldeman S, Hooper PD, Phillips RB, Scaringe JG, Traina AD: Spinal manipulative therapy. The Adult Spine: Principles and Practice. Edited by: Frymoyer JW. 1997, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1837-1861. 2

Siehl D, Olson DR, Ross HE, Rockwood EE: Manipulation of the lumbar spine with the patient under general anesthesia: evaluation by electromyography and clinical-neurologic examination of its use for lumbar nerve root compression syndrome. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1971, 70: 433-440.

Doran DML, Newell DJ: Manipulation in treatment of low back pain: a multicentre study. Br Med J. 1975, 2: 161-164.

Hadler NM, Curtis P, Gillings DB, Stinnett S: A benefit of spinal manipulation as adjunctive therapy for acute low-back pain: a stratified controlled trial. Spine. 1987, 12: 703-706.

Ellestad SM, Nagle RV, Boesler DR, Kilmore MA: Electromyographic and skin resistance responses to osteopathic manipulative treatment for low-back pain. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1988, 88: 991-997.

MacDonald RS, Bell CMJ: An open controlled assessment of osteopathic manipulation in nonspecific low-back pain. Spine. 1990, 15: 364-370.

Boesler D, Warner M, Alpers A, Finnerty EP, Kilmore MA: Efficacy of high-velocity low-amplitude manipulative technique in subjects with low-back pain during menstrual cramping. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1993, 93: 203-214.

Hoffman KS, Hoffman LL: Effects of adding sacral base leveling to osteopathic manipulative treatment of back pain: a pilot study. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1994, 94: 217-226.

Patterson MM: Foundations for osteopathic medical research. Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine. Edited by: Ward RC. 2003, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1167-1187. 2

Hoehler FK, Tobis JS, Buerger AA: Spinal manipulation for low back pain. JAMA. 1981, 245: 1835-1838. 10.1001/jama.245.18.1835.

Gibson T, Grahame R, Harkness J, Woo P, Blagrave P, Hills R: Controlled comparison of short-wave diathermy treatment with osteopathic treatment in non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 1985, 1: 1258-1261. 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)92323-2.

Andersson GBJ, Lucente T, Davis AM, Kappler RE, Lipton JA, Leurgans S: A comparison of osteopathic spinal manipulation with standard care for patients with low back pain. N Engl J Med. 1999, 341: 1426-1431. 10.1056/NEJM199911043411903.

Burton AK, Tillotson KM, Cleary J: Single-blind randomised controlled trial of chemonucleolysis and manipulation in the treatment of symptomatic lumbar disc herniation. Eur Spine J. 2000, 9: 202-207. 10.1007/s005869900113.

Licciardone JC, Stoll ST, Fulda KG, Russo DP, Siu J, Winn W, Swift J: Osteopathic manipulative treatment for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine. 2003, 28: 1355-1362. 10.1097/00007632-200307010-00002.

Cleary C, Fox JP: Menopausal symptoms: an osteopathic investigation. Complement Ther Med. 1994, 2: 181-186. 10.1016/0965-2299(94)90017-5.

Ernst E: Another negative trial of manipulative treatment for back pain. Focus Altern Complement Ther. 2004, 9: 43-44.

Margo K: Cochrane for clinicians: putting evidence into practice. Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain. Am Fam Physician. 2005, 71: 464-465.

Rosenthal R: Parametric measures of effect size. The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Edited by: Cooper H, Hedges LV. 1994, New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 231-244.

Hedges LV, Olkin I: Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. 1985, Boston, MA: Academic Press

Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC: Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. N Engl J Med. 2001, 344: 1594-1602. 10.1056/NEJM200105243442106.

Ernst E: Does spinal manipulation have specific treatment effects?. Fam Pract. 2000, 17: 554-556. 10.1093/fampra/17.6.554.

Reilly BM, Hart A, Evans AT: Part II. Evidence-based medicine: a passing fancy or the future of primary care?. Dis Mon. 1998, 44: 370-399. 10.1016/S0011-5029(98)90006-2.

Shekelle PG, Markovich M, Louie R: Factors associated with choosing a chiropractor for episodes of back pain care. Med Care. 1995, 33: 842-850.

Hart LG, Deyo RA, Cherkin DC: Physician office visits for low back pain: frequency, clinical evaluation, and treatment patterns from a U.S. national survey. Spine. 1995, 20: 11-19.

Williams NH, Wilkinson C, Russell I, Edwards RT, Hibbs R, Linck P, Muntz R: Randomized osteopathic manipulation study (ROMANS): pragmatic trial for spinal pain in primary care. Fam Pract. 2003, 20: 662-669. 10.1093/fampra/cmg607.

Wolf FM: Meta-analysis: quantitative methods for research synthesis. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Edited by: Lewis-Beck MS (Series). 1986, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, no. 07–059

Bombardier C: Outcome assessments in the evaluation of treatment of spinal disorders: summary and general recommendations. Spine. 2000, 25: 3100-3103. 10.1097/00007632-200012150-00003.