Oncologic Photodynamic Therapy: Basic Principles, Current Clinical Status and Future Directions

Dolmans, 2003, Photodynamic therapy for cancer, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 3, 380, 10.1038/nrc1071

Bacellar, 2015, Photodynamic efficiency: From molecular photochemistry to cell death, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, 20523, 10.3390/ijms160920523

Ackroyd, 2001, The history of photodetection and photodynamic therapy, Photochem. Photobiol., 74, 656, 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0656:THOPAP>2.0.CO;2

Celli, 2010, Imaging and photodynamic therapy: Mechanisms, monitoring, and optimization, Chem. Rev., 110, 2795, 10.1021/cr900300p

Raab, 1900, Uber die wirkung fluoreszierender stoffe auf infusorien, Zeitung Biol., 39, 524

Prime, J. (1900). Des Accidents Toxiques Prodult par l’Eosinate se Sodium, Jouve et Boyer. [2nd ed.].

Von Tappeiner, H.A., and Jodlbauer, A. (1907). Die Sensibilisierende Wirkung Fluorescierender Substanzen: Gesammelte Untersuchungen über die Photodynamische Erscheinung, F.C.W. Vogel.. (In German).

1913, Untersuchungen uber die biologische photodynamische wirkung des hematoporphyrins und anderer derivative des blut und galenafarbstoffs, Dtsch. Arch. Klin., 112, 476

Lipson, 1961, The use of a derivative of hematoporhyrin in tumor detection, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 26, 1

Diamond, 1972, Photodynamic therapy of malignant tumours, Lancet, 2, 1175, 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92596-2

Dougherty, 1975, Photoradiation therapy. II. Cure of animal tumors with hematoporphyrin and light, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 55, 115, 10.1093/jnci/55.1.115

Dougherty, 1978, Photoradiation therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors, Cancer Res., 38, 2628

Henderson, 1992, How does photodynamic therapy work?, Photochem. Photobiol., 55, 145, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04222.x

Wagnieres, 1998, In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging for oncological applications, Photochem. Photobiol., 68, 603, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb02521.x

Foote, 1991, Definition of type I and type II photosensitized oxidation, Photochem. Photobiol., 54, 659, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02071.x

Plaetzer, 2009, Photophysics and photochemistry of photodynamic therapy: Fundamental aspects, Lasers Med. Sci., 24, 259, 10.1007/s10103-008-0539-1

Sharman, 2000, Role of activated oxygen species in photodynamic therapy, Methods Enzymol., 319, 376, 10.1016/S0076-6879(00)19037-8

Moan, 1991, The photodegradation of porphyrins in cells can be used to estimate the lifetime of singlet oxygen, Photochem. Photobiol., 53, 549, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb03669.x

Dysart, 2005, Characterization of photofrin photobleaching for singlet oxygen dose estimation during photodynamic therapy of mll cells in vitro, Phys. Med. Biol., 50, 2597, 10.1088/0031-9155/50/11/011

Oliveira, 2011, Major determinants of photoinduced cell death: Subcellular localization versus photosensitization efficiency, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 51, 824, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.023

Castano, 2004, Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part one-photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 1, 279, 10.1016/S1572-1000(05)00007-4

Juarranz, 2008, Photodynamic therapy of cancer. Basic principles and applications, Clin. Transl. Oncol., 10, 148, 10.1007/s12094-008-0172-2

Igney, 2002, Death and anti-death: Tumour resistance to apoptosis, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2, 277, 10.1038/nrc776

Oleinick, 2002, The role of apoptosis in response to photodynamic therapy: What, where, why, and how, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci, 1, 1, 10.1039/b108586g

Kessel, 2007, Apoptosis and autophagy after mitochondrial or endoplasmic reticulum photodamage, Photochem. Photobiol., 83, 1024, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00088.x

Wu, 2012, Mechanism of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization during apoptosis under photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy, J. Xray Sci. Technol., 20, 363

Buytaert, 2007, Molecular effectors of multiple cell death pathways initiated by photodynamic therapy, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1776, 86

Mroz, 2011, Cell death pathways in photodynamic therapy of cancer, Cancers, 3, 2516, 10.3390/cancers3022516

Luo, 1997, Initiation of apoptosis versus necrosis by photodynamic therapy with chloroaluminum phthalocyanine, Photochem. Photobiol., 66, 479, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03176.x

Lavie, 1999, A photodynamic pathway to apoptosis and necrosis induced by dimethyl tetrahydroxyhelianthrone and hypericin in leukaemic cells: Possible relevance to photodynamic therapy, Br. J. Cancer, 79, 423, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690066

Nagata, 2003, Necrotic and apoptotic cell death of human malignant melanoma cells following photodynamic therapy using an amphiphilic photosensitizer, ATX-S10(Na), Lasers Surg. Med., 33, 64, 10.1002/lsm.10190

Hsieh, 2003, Subcellular localization of photofrin determines the death phenotype of human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells triggered by photodynamic therapy: When plasma membranes are the main targets, J. Cell. Physiol., 194, 363, 10.1002/jcp.10273

Castano, 2006, Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumour immunity, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 6, 535, 10.1038/nrc1894

Levine, 2004, Development by self-digestion: Molecular mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy, Dev. Cell, 6, 463, 10.1016/S1534-5807(04)00099-1

Kessel, 2006, Initiation of apoptosis and autophagy by photodynamic therapy, Autophagy, 2, 289, 10.4161/auto.2792

Buytaert, 2006, Role of endoplasmic reticulum depletion and multidomain proapoptotic bax and bak proteins in shaping cell death after hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy, FASEB J., 20, 756, 10.1096/fj.05-4305fje

Xue, 2007, The death of human cancer cells following photodynamic therapy: Apoptosis competence is necessary for Bcl-2 protection but not for induction of autophagy, Photochem. Photobiol., 83, 1016, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00159.x

Kessel, 2009, Initiation of autophagy by photodynamic therapy, Methods Enzymol., 453, 1, 10.1016/S0076-6879(08)04001-9

Inguscio, 2012, Autophagy contributes to the death/survival balance in cancer photodynamic therapy, Cells, 1, 464, 10.3390/cells1030464

Kessel, 2012, ATG7 deficiency suppresses apoptosis and cell death induced by lysosomal photodamage, Autophagy, 8, 1333, 10.4161/auto.20792

Hamblin, 1994, On the mechanism of the tumour-localising effect in photodynamic therapy, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 23, 3, 10.1016/S1011-1344(94)80018-9

Maeda, 2013, The epr effect for macromolecular drug delivery to solid tumors: Improvement of tumor uptake, lowering of systemic toxicity, and distinct tumor imaging in vivo, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 65, 71, 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.002

Boyle, 1996, Structure and biodistribution relationships of photodynamic sensitizers, Photochem. Photobiol., 64, 469, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03093.x

Castano, 2005, Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part three-photosensitizer pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, tumor localization and modes of tumor destruction, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 2, 91, 10.1016/S1572-1000(05)00060-8

Peng, 2004, Effects of photodynamic therapy on tumor stroma, Ultrastruct. Pathol., 28, 333, 10.1080/01913120490515586

Dvorak, 2003, Rous-whipple award lecture. How tumors make bad blood vessels and stroma, Am. J. Pathol., 162, 1747, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64309-X

Hofmeister, 2008, Anti-cancer therapies targeting the tumor stroma, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 57, 1, 10.1007/s00262-007-0365-5

Guo, 2004, Integrin signalling during tumour progression, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 5, 816, 10.1038/nrm1490

Desgrosellier, 2010, Integrins in cancer: Biological implications and therapeutic opportunities, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 10, 9, 10.1038/nrc2748

Celli, 2012, Stromal interactions as regulators of tumor growth and therapeutic response: A potential target for photodynamic therapy?, Isr. J. Chem., 52, 757, 10.1002/ijch.201200013

Chen, 2005, Effect of tumor host microenvironment on photodynamic therapy in a rat prostate tumor model, Clin. Cancer Res., 11, 720, 10.1158/1078-0432.720.11.2

Hanahan, 2000, The hallmarks of cancer, Cell, 100, 57, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9

Abdalla, 2012, Antiangiogenic therapy for cancer: An update, Pharmacotherapy, 32, 1095, 10.1002/phar.1147

Star, 1986, Destruction of rat mammary tumor and normal tissue microcirculation by hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation observed in vivo in sandwich observation chambers, Cancer Res., 46, 2532

Fingar, 1999, Analysis of acute vascular damage after photodynamic therapy using benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD), Br. J. Cancer, 79, 1702, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690271

Heldman, 1988, Release of clotting factors from photosensitized endothelial cells: A possible trigger for blood vessel occlusion by photodynamic therapy, FEBS Lett., 236, 105, 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80294-1

Foster, 1991, Photosensitized release of von willebrand factor from cultured human endothelial cells, Cancer Res., 51, 3261

Nelson, 1987, Tumor destruction in photodynamic therapy, Photochem. Photobiol., 46, 829, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1987.tb04855.x

Fingar, 1997, The effects of thrombocytopenia on vessel stasis and macromolecular leakage after photodynamic therapy using photofrin, Photochem. Photobiol., 66, 513, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03182.x

Kurohane, 2001, Photodynamic therapy targeted to tumor-induced angiogenic vessels, Cancer Lett., 167, 49, 10.1016/S0304-3835(01)00475-X

Chen, 2005, Combining vascular and cellular targeting regimens enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 61, 1216, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.08.006

Dabrowski, 2014, The role of strong hypoxia in tumors after treatment in the outcome of bacteriochlorin-based photodynamic therapy, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 73, 239, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.003

Korbelik, 2005, Photodynamic therapy-induced cell surface expression and release of heat shock proteins: Relevance for tumor response, Cancer Res., 65, 1018, 10.1158/0008-5472.1018.65.3

Vabulas, 2002, Heat shock proteins as ligands of toll-like receptors, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 270, 169

Beg, 2002, Endogenous ligands of toll-like receptors: Implications for regulating inflammatory and immune responses, Trends Immunol., 23, 509, 10.1016/S1471-4906(02)02317-7

Reginato, 2014, Immune response after photodynamic therapy increases anti-cancer and anti-bacterial effects, World J. Immunol., 4, 1, 10.5411/wji.v4.i1.1

Agarwal, 1993, Phospholipase activation triggers apoptosis in photosensitized mouse lymphoma cells, Cancer Res., 53, 5897

Garg, 2010, Photodynamic therapy: Illuminating the road from cell death towards anti-tumour immunity, Apoptosis, 15, 1050, 10.1007/s10495-010-0479-7

Garg, 2010, Immunogenic cell death, damps and anticancer therapeutics: An emerging amalgamation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1805, 53

Krosl, 1995, Induction of immune cell infiltration into murine sccvii tumour by photofrin-based photodynamic therapy, Br. J. Cancer, 71, 549, 10.1038/bjc.1995.108

Cecic, 2002, Mediators of peripheral blood neutrophilia induced by photodynamic therapy of solid tumors, Cancer Lett., 183, 43, 10.1016/S0304-3835(02)00092-7

Matroule, 2006, Nf-kappab in photodynamic therapy: Discrepancies of a master regulator, Photochem. Photobiol., 82, 1241, 10.1562/2006-03-30-IR-862

Gollnick, 2003, Role of cytokines in photodynamic therapy-induced local and systemic inflammation, Br. J. Cancer, 88, 1772, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600864

Essers, 1996, Evidence for an important role of neutrophils in the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in vivo, Cancer Res., 56, 2908

Kousis, 2007, Photodynamic therapy enhancement of antitumor immunity is regulated by neutrophils, Cancer Res., 67, 10501, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1778

Canti, 1994, Antitumor immunity induced by photodynamic therapy with aluminum disulfonated phthalocyanines and laser light, Anticancer Drugs, 5, 443, 10.1097/00001813-199408000-00009

Korbelik, 1996, The role of host lymphoid populations in the response of mouse EMT6 tumor to photodynamic therapy, Cancer Res., 56, 5647

Korbelik, 1999, Photodynamic therapy-mediated immune response against subcutaneous mouse tumors, Cancer Res., 59, 1941

Larsson, 2001, Dendritic cells resurrect antigens from dead cells, Trends Immunol., 22, 141, 10.1016/S1471-4906(01)01860-9

Hoffmann, 2000, Generation of tumor-specific t-lymphocytes by cross-priming with human dendritic cells ingesting apoptotic tumor cells, Cancer Res., 60, 3542

Kabingu, 2007, CD8+ T cell-mediated control of distant tumours following local photodynamic therapy is independent of CD4+ T cells and dependent on natural killer cells, Br. J. Cancer, 96, 1839, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603792

Gollnick, 2002, Generation of effective antitumor vaccines using photodynamic therapy, Cancer Res., 62, 1604

Korbelik, 2006, Photodynamic therapy-generated vaccine for cancer therapy, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 55, 900, 10.1007/s00262-005-0088-4

Zhang, 2009, Generation of effective vaccines against liver cancer by using photodynamic therapy, Lasers Med. Sci., 24, 549, 10.1007/s10103-008-0609-4

Gallagher, 2009, Porphyrin and nonporphyrin photosensitizers in oncology: Preclinical and clinical advances in photodynamic therapy, Photochem. Photobiol., 85, 1053, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00585.x

Ormond, 2013, Dye sensitizers for photodynamic therapy, Materials, 6, 817, 10.3390/ma6030817

Yoon, 2013, Advance in photosensitizers and light delivery for photodynamic therapy, Clin. Endosc., 46, 7, 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.7

Szacilowski, 2005, Bioinorganic photochemistry: Frontiers and mechanisms, Chem. Rev., 105, 2647, 10.1021/cr030707e

Brancaleon, 2002, Laser and non-laser light sources for photodynamic therapy, Lasers Med. Sci., 17, 173, 10.1007/s101030200027

Pariser, 2008, Topical methyl-aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy using red light-emitting diode light for treatment of multiple actinic keratoses: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 59, 569, 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.031

Hino, 2013, 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy using light-emitting diodes of different wavelengths in a mouse model of peritoneally disseminated gastric cancer, J. Surg. Res., 185, 119, 10.1016/j.jss.2013.05.048

Halbina, 2016, Light-emitting diodes in photodynamic therapy in non-melanoma skin cancers—Own observations and literature review, J. Cosmet. Laser Ther., 18, 105, 10.3109/14764172.2015.1114635

Cantisani, 2015, Daylight-photodynamic therapy for the treatment of actinic keratosis in different seasons, J. Drugs Dermatol., 14, 1349

Lacour, 2015, Daylight photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate cream is effective and nearly painless in treating actinic keratoses: A randomised, investigator-blinded, controlled, phase iii study throughout europe, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 29, 2342, 10.1111/jdv.13228

Robinson, 1998, Fluorescence photobleaching of ALA-induced protoporphyrin IX during photodynamic therapy of normal hairless mouse skin: The effect of light dose and irradiance and the resulting biological effect, Photochem. Photobiol., 67, 140

Henderson, 2006, Fluence rate as a modulator of PDT mechanisms, Lasers Surg. Med., 38, 489, 10.1002/lsm.20327

De Bruijn, H.S., Brooks, S., van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel, A., Ten Hagen, T.L., de Haas, E.R., and Robinson, D.J. (2016). Light fractionation significantly increases the efficacy of photodynamic therapy using BF-200 ALA in normal mouse skin. PLoS ONE, 11.

Henderson, 2004, Choice of oxygen-conserving treatment regimen determines the inflammatory response and outcome of photodynamic therapy of tumors, Cancer Res., 64, 2120, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3513

Sharikova, A.V., Finlay, J.C., Liang, X., and Zhu, T.C. (2013). PDT dose dosimetry for pleural photodynamic therapy. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng.

Mordon, 2015, Light emitting fabric technologies for photodynamic therapy, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 12, 1, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.11.002

Vignion-Dewalle, A.S., Betrouni, N., Tylcz, J.B., Vermandel, M., Mortier, L., and Mordon, S. (2015). Comparison of three light doses in the photodynamic treatment of actinic keratosis using mathematical modeling. J. Biomed. Opt.

Guo, 2015, Low-fluence rate, long duration photodynamic therapy in glioma mouse model using organic light emitting diode (OLED), Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 12, 504, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.04.007

Vaupel, 2001, Treatment resistance of solid tumors: Role of hypoxia and anemia, Med. Oncol., 18, 243, 10.1385/MO:18:4:243

Fuchs, 1998, The role of oxygen in cutaneous photodynamic therapy, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 24, 835, 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00370-5

Forbes, 1984, Oxygen dependency of photocytotoxicity with haematoporphyrin derivative, Photochem. Photobiol., 39, 631, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb03902.x

Moan, 1985, Oxygen dependence of the photosensitizing effect of hematoporphyrin derivative in NHIK 3025 cells, Cancer Res., 45, 1608

Wyld, 1998, The influence of hypoxia and pH on aminolaevulinic acid-induced photodynamic therapy in bladder cancer cells in vitro, Br. J. Cancer, 77, 1621, 10.1038/bjc.1998.265

Casas, 2011, Mechanisms of resistance to photodynamic therapy, Curr. Med. Chem., 18, 2486, 10.2174/092986711795843272

Fingar, 1992, Implications of a pre-existing tumor hypoxic fraction on photodynamic therapy, J. Surg. Res., 53, 524, 10.1016/0022-4804(92)90101-5

Butler, 2005, Hyperbaric oxygen and malignancies: A potential role in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, tumor surgery and phototherapy, Med. Sci. Monit., 11, RA279

Chen, 2002, Improvement of tumor response by manipulation of tumor oxygenation during photodynamic therapy, Photochem. Photobiol., 76, 197, 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0197:IOTRBM>2.0.CO;2

Huang, 2003, Hyperoxygenation enhances the tumor cell killing of photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy, Photochem. Photobiol., 78, 496, 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0496:HETTCK>2.0.CO;2

Delaey, 2000, Photocytotoxicity of hypericin in normoxic and hypoxic conditions, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 56, 19, 10.1016/S1011-1344(00)00051-8

Price, 2013, Effects of the oxygenation level on formation of different reactive oxygen species during photodynamic therapy, Photochem. Photobiol., 89, 683, 10.1111/php.12027

Chen, 1996, Tumor oxygenation changes post-photodynamic therapy, Photochem. Photobiol., 63, 128, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03003.x

Benov, 2015, Photodynamic therapy: Current status and future directions, Med. Princ. Pract., 24, 14, 10.1159/000362416

Akilov, 2006, The role of photosensitizer molecular charge and structure on the efficacy of photodynamic therapy against leishmania parasites, Chem. Biol., 13, 839, 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.06.008

Woodburn, 1991, Subcellular localization of porphyrins using confocal laser scanning microscopy, Photochem. Photobiol., 54, 725, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02081.x

Dummin, 1997, Selective photosensitization of mitochondria in HeLa cells by cationic Zn (II) phthalocyanines with lipophilic side-chains, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 37, 219, 10.1016/S1011-1344(96)07416-7

Jensen, 2010, Effect of overall charge and charge distribution on cellular uptake, distribution and phototoxicity of cationic porphyrins in HEp2 cells, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 100, 100, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.05.007

Ezzeddine, 2013, Effect of molecular characteristics on cellular uptake, subcellular localization, and phototoxicity of Zn (II) N-alkylpyridylporphyrins, J. Biol. Chem., 288, 36579, 10.1074/jbc.M113.511642

Pavani, 2009, Effect of zinc insertion and hydrophobicity on the membrane interactions and PDT activity of porphyrin photosensitizers, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 8, 233, 10.1039/b810313e

Zheng, 2001, Synthesis, photophysical properties, tumor uptake, and preliminary in vivo photosensitizing efficacy of a homologous series of 3-(1’-alkyloxy)ethyl-3-devinylpurpurin-18-n-alkylimides with variable lipophilicity, J. Med. Chem., 44, 1540, 10.1021/jm0005510

Allison, 2010, Oncologic photodynamic therapy photosensitizers: A clinical review, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 7, 61, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.02.001

Rangasamy, 2015, Mitochondria and DNA targeting of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(7-sulfonatobenzo[b]thiophene) porphyrin-induced photodynamic therapy via intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cell death, J. Med. Chem., 58, 6864, 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01095

Li, 2015, Highly water-soluble and tumor-targeted photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, Org. Biomol. Chem., 13, 7681, 10.1039/C5OB01035G

Pinto, 2016, A new ER-specific photosensitizer unravels 1O2-driven protein oxidation and inhibition of deubiquitinases as a generic mechanism for cancer PDT, Oncogene, 35, 3976, 10.1038/onc.2015.474

Spano, 2015, Pyrazolo[3,4-h]quinolines promising photosensitizing agents in the treatment of cancer, Eur J. Med. Chem., 102, 334, 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.003

Agostinis, 2011, Photodynamic therapy of cancer: An update, CA Cancer J. Clin., 61, 250, 10.3322/caac.20114

Ferlay, 2015, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in globocan 2012, Int. J. Cancer, 136, E359, 10.1002/ijc.29210

Scheff, 2013, Non-small-cell lung cancer: Treatment of late stage disease: Chemotherapeutics and new frontiers, Semin. Interv. Radiol., 30, 191, 10.1055/s-0033-1342961

Weinberg, 2010, Results of combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and high dose rate brachytherapy (HDR) in treatment of obstructive endobronchial non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 7, 50, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.12.002

Ji, 2013, The effect of Radachlorin® PDT in advanced NSCLC: A pilot study, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 10, 120, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.01.004

Ettinger, 2010, Non-small cell lung cancer, J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw., 8, 740, 10.6004/jnccn.2010.0056

Kimura, 2015, Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer with airway stenosis, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, 25466, 10.3390/ijms161025466

Akopov, 2014, Preoperative endobronchial photodynamic therapy improves resectability in initially irresectable (inoperable) locally advanced non small cell lung cancer, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 11, 259, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.03.011

Chen, K.C., Hsieh, Y.S., Tseng, Y.F., Shieh, M.J., Chen, J.S., Lai, H.S., and Lee, J.M. (2015). Pleural photodynamic therapy and surgery in lung cancer and thymoma patients with pleural spread. PLoS ONE, 10.

Friedberg, 2012, Radical pleurectomy and intraoperative photodynamic therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma, Ann. Thorac. Surg., 93, 1658, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.02.009

Cai, 2013, Photodynamic therapy for intractable bronchial lung cancer, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 10, 672, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.08.002

Furukawa, 2005, Locally recurrent central-type early stage lung cancer <1.0 cm in diameter after complete remission by photodynamic therapy, Chest, 128, 3269, 10.1378/chest.128.5.3269

Kato, 2006, Basic and clinical research on photodynamic therapy at Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Lasers Surg. Med., 38, 371, 10.1002/lsm.20346

Usuda, 2010, Outcome of photodynamic therapy using NPe6 for bronchogenic carcinomas in central airways >1.0 cm in diameter, Clin. Cancer Res., 16, 2198, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2520

Usuda, 2010, Management of multiple primary lung cancer in patients with centrally located early cancer lesions, J. Thorac. Oncol., 5, 62, 10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181c42287

Bellnier, 2003, Population pharmacokinetics of the photodynamic therapy agent 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a in cancer patients, Cancer Res., 63, 1806

Dhillon, 2016, A phase i study of light dose for photodynamic therapy using 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2 devinyl pyropheophorbide-a for the treatment of non-small cell carcinoma in situ or non-small cell microinvasive bronchogenic carcinoma: A dose ranging study, J. Thorac. Oncol., 11, 234, 10.1016/j.jtho.2015.10.020

Mazor, 2005, WST11, a novel water-soluble bacteriochlorophyll derivative; cellular uptake, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and vascular-targeted photodynamic activity using melanoma tumors as a model, Photochem. Photobiol., 81, 342

Botterweck, 2000, Trends in incidence of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia in ten european countries, Int. J. Epidemiol., 29, 645, 10.1093/ije/29.4.645

Cook, 2009, Oesophageal cancer incidence in the united states by race, sex, and histologic type, 1977–2005, Br. J. Cancer, 101, 855, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605246

Paul, 2014, Outcomes in the management of esophageal cancer, J. Surg. Oncol., 110, 599, 10.1002/jso.23759

Sjoquist, 2011, Survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for resectable oesophageal carcinoma: An updated meta-analysis, Lancet Oncol., 12, 681, 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70142-5

Ronellenfitsch, U., Schwarzbach, M., Hofheinz, R., Kienle, P., Kieser, M., Slanger, T.E., Jensen, K., and GE Adenocarcinoma meta analysis Group (2013). Perioperative chemo(radio)therapy versus primary surgery for resectable adenocarcinoma of the stomach, gastroesophageal junction, and lower esophagus. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.

Keeley, 2007, Photodynamic therapy with curative intent for barrett’s esophagus with high grade dysplasia and superficial esophageal cancer, Ann. Surg. Oncol., 14, 2406, 10.1245/s10434-007-9392-x

Yachimski, 2009, Patient predictors of histopathologic response after photodynamic therapy of barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma, Gastrointest. Endosc., 69, 205, 10.1016/j.gie.2008.05.032

Gill, 2009, Pilot study on light dosimetry variables for photodynamic therapy of barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia, Clin. Cancer Res., 15, 1830, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2317

Prasad, 2008, Utility of biomarkers in prediction of response to ablative therapy in barrett’s esophagus, Gastroenterology, 135, 370, 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.036

Prasad, 2008, Correlation of histology with biomarker status after photodynamic therapy in barrett esophagus, Cancer, 113, 470, 10.1002/cncr.23573

Yoon, 2012, Role of photodynamic therapy in the palliation of obstructing esophageal cancer, Korean J. Intern. Med., 27, 278, 10.3904/kjim.2012.27.3.278

Yano, 2005, Photodynamic therapy as salvage treatment for local failures after definitive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer, Gastrointest. Endosc., 62, 31, 10.1016/S0016-5107(05)00545-6

Yano, 2008, Long-term results of salvage endoscopic mucosal resection in patients with local failure after definitive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Endoscopy, 40, 717, 10.1055/s-2008-1077480

Yano, T., Hatogai, K., Morimoto, H., Yoda, Y., and Kaneko, K. (2014). Photodynamic therapy for esophageal cancer. Ann. Transl. Med.

Prasad, 2007, Long-term survival following endoscopic and surgical treatment of high-grade dysplasia in barrett’s esophagus, Gastroenterology, 132, 1226, 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.017

Gray, 2013, Long term efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an ablative therapy of high grade dysplasia in barrett’s oesophagus, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 10, 561, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.06.002

David, 2015, Comparison of endoscopic treatment modalities for barrett’s neoplasia, Gastrointest. Endosc., 82, 793, 10.1016/j.gie.2015.03.1979

Mackenzie, 2009, Optimal conditions for successful ablation of high-grade dysplasia in barrett’s oesophagus using aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy, Lasers Med. Sci., 24, 729, 10.1007/s10103-008-0630-7

Dunn, 2013, A randomised controlled trial of ALA vs. Photofrin photodynamic therapy for high-grade dysplasia arising in barrett’s oesophagus, Lasers Med. Sci., 28, 707, 10.1007/s10103-012-1132-1

Nava, 2011, Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using HPPH for the treatment of precancerous lesions associated with barrett’s esophagus, Lasers Surg. Med., 43, 705, 10.1002/lsm.21112

Yano, T., Muto, M., Yoshimura, K., Niimi, M., Ezoe, Y., Yoda, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Nishisaki, H., Higashino, K., and Iishi, H. (2012). Phase I study of photodynamic therapy using talaporfin sodium and diode laser for local failure after chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Radiat. Oncol.

Yano, 2012, Photodynamic therapy as salvage treatment for local failure after chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A phase II study, Int. J. Cancer, 131, 1228, 10.1002/ijc.27320

Gallagher, 2010, Ultraviolet radiation, Chronic Dis. Can., 29, 51, 10.24095/hpcdp.29.S1.04

Stewart, B.W., and Wild, C.P. (2014). World Cancer Report 2014, IARC Publications.

Zeitouni, 2003, Photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancers. Current review and update, Mol. Immunol., 39, 1133, 10.1016/S0161-5890(03)00083-X

Kennedy, 1990, Photodynamic therapy with endogenous protoporphyrin IX: Basic principles and present clinical experience, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 6, 143, 10.1016/1011-1344(90)85083-9

Gerritsen, 2009, Pretreatment to enhance protoporphyrin IX accumulation in photodynamic therapy, Dermatology, 218, 193, 10.1159/000183753

Maisch, 2010, Fluorescence induction of protoporphyrin IX by a new 5-aminolevulinic acid nanoemulsion used for photodynamic therapy in a full-thickness ex vivo skin model, Exp. Dermatol., 19, e302, 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01001.x

Robinson, 1999, Improvement of systemic 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy in vivo using light fractionation with a 75-minute interval, Cancer Res., 59, 901

Kuijpers, 2006, Similar effectiveness of methyl aminolevulinate and 5-aminolevulinate in topical photodynamic therapy for nodular basal cell carcinoma, J. Drugs Dermatol., 5, 642

Tarstedt, 2016, Aminolevulinic acid and methyl aminolevulinate equally effective in topical photodynamic therapy for non-melanoma skin cancers, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 30, 420, 10.1111/jdv.13558

Szeimies, 2008, A clinical study comparing methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy and surgery in small superficial basal cell carcinoma (8–20 mm), with a 12-month follow-up, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 22, 1302, 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02803.x

Arits, 2013, Photodynamic therapy versus topical imiquimod versus topical fluorouracil for treatment of superficial basal-cell carcinoma: A single blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial, Lancet Oncol., 14, 647, 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70143-8

Sterenborg, 2012, Light fractionation significantly improves the response of superficial basal cell carcinoma to aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy: Five-year follow-up of a randomized, prospective trial, Acta Derm. Venereol., 92, 641, 10.2340/00015555-1448

Cottrell, 2008, Irradiance-dependent photobleaching and pain in delta-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy of superficial basal cell carcinomas, Clin. Cancer Res., 14, 4475, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-5199

Zeitouni, 2014, A prospective study of pain control by a 2-step irradiance schedule during topical photodynamic therapy of nonmelanoma skin cancer, Dermatol. Surg., 40, 1390, 10.1097/DSS.0000000000000183

Moloney, 2007, Randomized, double-blind, prospective study to compare topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid methylester with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for extensive scalp actinic keratosis, Br. J. Dermatol., 157, 87, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07946.x

Kasche, 2006, Photodynamic therapy induces less pain in patients treated with methyl aminolevulinate compared to aminolevulinic acid, J. Drugs Dermatol., 5, 353

Dirschka, 2012, Photodynamic therapy with BF-200 ALA for the treatment of actinic keratosis: Results of a multicentre, randomized, observer-blind phase III study in comparison with a registered methyl-5-aminolaevulinate cream and placebo, Br. J. Dermatol., 166, 137, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10613.x

Dirschka, 2013, Long-term (6 and 12 months) follow-up of two prospective, randomized, controlled phase III trials of photodynamic therapy with BF-200 ALA and methyl aminolaevulinate for the treatment of actinic keratosis, Br. J. Dermatol., 168, 825, 10.1111/bjd.12158

Gholam, 2011, Treatment with 5-aminolaevulinic acid methylester is less painful than treatment with 5-aminolaevulinic acid nanoemulsion in topical photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis, Dermatology, 222, 358, 10.1159/000329025

Karppinen, 2014, Daylight photodynamic therapy for actinic keratoses: A randomized double-blinded nonsponsored prospective study comparing 5-aminolaevulinic acid nanoemulsion (BF-200) with methyl-5-aminolaevulinate, Br. J. Dermatol., 171, 1172, 10.1111/bjd.13326

Argiris, 2008, Head and neck cancer, Lancet, 371, 1695, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60728-X

Torre, 2015, Global cancer statistics, 2012, CA Cancer J. Clin., 65, 87, 10.3322/caac.21262

Marchal, 2015, Targeted photodynamic therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Heading into the future, Lasers Med. Sci., 30, 2381, 10.1007/s10103-014-1703-4

Feyh, 1990, Photodynamic therapy in head and neck surgery, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 7, 353, 10.1016/1011-1344(90)85168-V

Feyh, 1996, Photodynamic treatment for cancers of the head and neck, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 36, 175, 10.1016/S1011-1344(96)07366-6

Ikeda, 2013, Treatment outcome of photofrin-based photodynamic therapy for T1 and T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma and dysplasia, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 10, 229, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.01.006

Dilkes, 1995, Treatment of head and neck cancer with photodynamic therapy: Results after one year, J. Laryngol. Otol., 109, 1072, 10.1017/S0022215100132050

Copper, 2003, Meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin photodynamic therapy in early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 129, 709, 10.1001/archotol.129.7.709

Rigual, 2013, Photodynamic therapy with 3-(1’-hexyloxyethyl) pyropheophorbide a for cancer of the oral cavity, Clin. Cancer Res., 19, 6605, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1735

Shafirstein, 2016, Photodynamic therapy with 3-(1’-hexyloxyethyl) pyropheophorbide-a for early-stage cancer of the larynx: Phase ib study, Head Neck, 38, E377, 10.1002/hed.24003

Hopper, 2000, Photodynamic therapy: A clinical reality in the treatment of cancer, Lancet Oncol., 1, 212, 10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00166-2

Lou, 2004, Interstitial photodynamic therapy as salvage treatment for recurrent head and neck cancer, Br. J. Cancer, 91, 441, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601993

Jerjes, 2011, Photodynamic therapy outcome for oral dysplasia, Lasers Surg. Med., 43, 192, 10.1002/lsm.21036

Jerjes, 2011, Photodynamic therapy outcome for T1/T2 N0 oral squamous cell carcinoma, Lasers Surg. Med., 43, 463, 10.1002/lsm.21071

Shikowitz, 2005, Clinical trial of photodynamic therapy with meso-tetra (hydroxyphenyl) chlorin for respiratory papillomatosis, Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 131, 99, 10.1001/archotol.131.2.99

Kubler, 2001, Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip using foscan-mediated photodynamic therapy, Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 30, 504, 10.1054/ijom.2001.0160

Fan, 1997, Photodynamic therapy using mTHPC for malignant disease in the oral cavity, Int. J. Cancer, 73, 25, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970926)73:1<25::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-3

Karakullukcu, 2013, A matched cohort comparison of mthpc-mediated photodynamic therapy and trans-oral surgery of early stage oral cavity squamous cell cancer, Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol., 270, 1093, 10.1007/s00405-012-2104-6

Melchers, 2013, mTHPC-mediated photodynamic therapy of early stage oral squamous cell carcinoma: A comparison to surgical treatment, Ann. Surg. Oncol., 20, 3076, 10.1245/s10434-013-3006-6

Stoker, 2015, Photodynamic therapy as salvage therapy for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma experiencing local failures following definitive radiotherapy, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 12, 519, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.04.005

Jerjes, 2009, Ultrasound-guided photodynamic therapy for deep seated pathologies: Prospective study, Lasers Surg. Med., 41, 612, 10.1002/lsm.20853

Tan, 2010, Temoporfin-mediated photodynamic therapy in patients with advanced, incurable head and neck cancer: A multicenter study, Head Neck, 32, 1597, 10.1002/hed.21368

Vander Poorten, V., Meulemans, J., Nuyts, S., Clement, P., Hermans, R., Hauben, E., and Delaere, P. (2015). Postoperative photodynamic therapy as a new adjuvant treatment after robot-assisted salvage surgery of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue. World J. Surg. Oncol.

Caesar, L., Lorenz, K.J., Tan, B., Karakullukcu, B., Aans, J.B., and Dilici, A. (June, January 28). Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of recurrent sino-nasal skull base tumors. Proceedings of the 85th Annual Meeting of the German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Dortmund, Germany.

Caesar, 2015, The use of photodynamic therapy as adjuvant therapy to surgery in recurrent malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 12, 414, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.06.001

Esnaola, 2016, Evaluation and management of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, Cancer, 122, 1349, 10.1002/cncr.29692

Patel, 2001, Increasing incidence and mortality of primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the united states, Hepatology, 33, 1353, 10.1053/jhep.2001.25087

McCaughan, 1991, Photodynamic therapy to treat tumors of the extrahepatic biliary ducts. A case report, Arch. Surg., 126, 111, 10.1001/archsurg.1991.01410250119022

Leggett, 2012, Photodynamic therapy for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: A comparative effectiveness systematic review and meta-analyses, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 9, 189, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.03.002

Nanashima, 2012, Photodynamic therapy using talaporfin sodium (laserphyrin(r)) for bile duct carcinoma: A preliminary clinical trial, AntiCancer Res., 32, 4931

Berr, 2000, Neoadjuvant photodynamic therapy before curative resection of proximal bile duct carcinoma, J. Hepatol., 32, 352, 10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80083-5

Wagner, 2013, Photodynamic therapy for hilar bile duct cancer: Clinical evidence for improved tumoricidal tissue penetration by temoporfin, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci, 12, 1065, 10.1039/c3pp25425a

Wagner, 2015, Temoporfin improves efficacy of photodynamic therapy in advanced biliary tract carcinoma: A multicenter prospective phase ii study, Hepatology, 62, 1456, 10.1002/hep.27905

Kniebuhler, 2013, Photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma using low dose mTHPC (Foscan®), Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 10, 220, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.12.005

Park, 2014, Randomised phase II trial of photodynamic therapy plus oral fluoropyrimidine, S-1, versus photodynamic therapy alone for unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma, Eur. J. Cancer, 50, 1259, 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.01.008

Wentrup, 2016, Photodynamic therapy plus chemotherapy compared with photodynamic therapy alone in hilar nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma, Gut Liver, 10, 470, 10.5009/gnl15175

Nanashima, A., Isomoto, H., Abo, T., Nonaka, T., Morisaki, T., Arai, J., Takagi, K., Ohnita, K., Shoji, H., and Urabe, S. (2014). How to access photodynamic therapy for bile duct carcinoma. Ann. Transl. Med.

Choi, 2015, Initial human experience of endoscopic ultrasound-guided photodynamic therapy with a novel photosensitizer and a flexible laser-light catheter, Endoscopy, 47, 1035, 10.1055/s-0034-1392150

Burkhart, 2016, Multidisciplinary management and the future of treatment in cholangiocarcinoma, Expert Opin. Orphan Drugs, 4, 255, 10.1517/21678707.2016.1130618

Falasca, 2016, Pancreatic cancer: Current research and future directions, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1865, 123

Bramhall, 1995, Treatment and survival in 13,560 patients with pancreatic cancer, and incidence of the disease, in the west midlands: An epidemiological study, Br. J. Surg., 82, 111, 10.1002/bjs.1800820137

Ervin, 2013, Increased survival in pancreatic cancer with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine, N. Engl. J. Med., 369, 1691, 10.1056/NEJMoa1304369

Bown, 2002, Photodynamic therapy for cancer of the pancreas, Gut, 50, 549, 10.1136/gut.50.4.549

Huggett, 2014, Phase I/II study of verteporfin photodynamic therapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer, Br. J. Cancer, 110, 1698, 10.1038/bjc.2014.95

Sylvester, 2006, Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using eortc risk tables: A combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials, Eur. Urol., 49, 466, 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.031

Lee, 2013, Efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy for recurrent, high grade nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer refractory or intolerant to bacille calmette-guerin immunotherapy, J. Urol., 190, 1192, 10.1016/j.juro.2013.04.077

Bader, 2013, Photodynamic therapy of bladder cancer—A phase I study using hexaminolevulinate (HAL), Urol. Oncol., 31, 1178, 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.02.007

Hillemanns, 2015, Topical hexaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy for the treatment of persistent human papilloma virus infections and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 24, 273, 10.1517/13543784.2015.990150

Hahn, 2006, A phase II trial of intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis, Clin. Cancer Res., 12, 2517, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1625

Wang, 2010, Successful photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid for five cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, Arch. Gynecol. Obstet., 282, 307, 10.1007/s00404-009-1335-2

Istomin, 2010, Photodynamic therapy of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades ii and iii with photolon, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 7, 144, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.06.005

Hillemanns, 2006, Evaluation of different treatment modalities for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): CO2 laser vaporization, photodynamic therapy, excision and vulvectomy, Gynecol. Oncol., 100, 271, 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.08.012

Choi, 2015, Photodynamic therapy for premalignant lesions of the vulva and vagina: A long-term follow-up study, Lasers Surg. Med., 47, 566, 10.1002/lsm.22384

Hillemanns, 2008, Pharmacokinetics and selectivity of porphyrin synthesis after topical application of hexaminolevulinate in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 198, 300. e1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.07.045

Soergel, 2008, Photodynamic therapy of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with hexaminolevulinate, Lasers Surg. Med., 40, 611, 10.1002/lsm.20686

Soergel, 2012, Photodynamic therapy of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1–3 and human papilloma virus (HMV) infection with methylaminolevulinate and hexaminolevulinate—A double-blind, dose-finding study, Lasers Surg. Med., 44, 468, 10.1002/lsm.22041

Hillemanns, 2014, Efficacy and safety of hexaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy in patients with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, Lasers Surg. Med., 46, 456, 10.1002/lsm.22255

Hillemanns, 2015, A randomized study of hexaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1/2, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 212, 465.e1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.10.1107

Soergel, 2010, Effects of photodynamic therapy using topical applied hexylaminolevulinate and methylaminolevulinate upon the integrity of cervical epithelium, Lasers Surg. Med., 42, 624, 10.1002/lsm.20979

Wilt, 2008, Systematic review: Comparative effectiveness and harms of treatments for clinically localized prostate cancer, Ann. Intern. Med., 148, 435, 10.7326/0003-4819-148-6-200803180-00209

Sultan, 2006, Photodynamic selectivity of 5-aminolevulinic acid to prostate cancer cells, J. Egypt. Natl. Cancer Inst., 18, 382

Moore, 2006, Photodynamic therapy using meso tetra hydroxy phenyl chlorin (mTHPC) in early prostate cancer, Lasers Surg. Med., 38, 356, 10.1002/lsm.20275

Trachtenberg, 2007, Vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with palladium-bacteriopheophorbide photosensitizer for recurrent prostate cancer following definitive radiation therapy: Assessment of safety and treatment response, J. Urol., 178, 1974, 10.1016/j.juro.2007.07.036

Trachtenberg, 2008, Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (padoporfin, WST09) for recurrent prostate cancer after failure of external beam radiotherapy: A study of escalating light doses, BJU Int., 102, 556, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07753.x

Azzouzi, 2013, Tookad® soluble vascular-targeted photodynamic (VTP) therapy: Determination of optimal treatment conditions and assessment of effects in patients with localised prostate cancer, BJU Int., 112, 766, 10.1111/bju.12265

Wawrzyniec, 2015, Treatment of localized prostate cancer using WST-09 and WST-11 mediated vascular targeted photodynamic therapy-a review, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 12, 567, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.10.001

Stummer, 2006, Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: A randomised controlled multicentre phase iii trial, Lancet Oncol., 7, 392, 10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70665-9

Stepp, 2007, ALA and malignant glioma: Fluorescence-guided resection and photodynamic treatment, J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 26, 157, 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v26.i2.110

Eljamel, 2008, ALA and photofrin fluorescence-guided resection and repetitive PDT in glioblastoma multiforme: A single centre phase III randomised controlled trial, Lasers Med. Sci., 23, 361, 10.1007/s10103-007-0494-2

Muller, 2006, Photodynamic therapy of brain tumors—A work in progress, Lasers Surg. Med., 38, 384, 10.1002/lsm.20338

Kostron, 2006, Combination of foscan® mediated fluorescence guided resection and photodynamic treatment as new therapeutic concept for malignant brain tumors, Med. Laser Appl., 21, 285, 10.1016/j.mla.2006.08.001

Akimoto, 2012, Preliminary clinical report on safety and efficacy of photodynamic therapy using talaporfin sodium for malignant gliomas, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 9, 91, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.01.001

Muragaki, 2013, Phase II clinical study on intraoperative photodynamic therapy with talaporfin sodium and semiconductor laser in patients with malignant brain tumors, J. Neurosurg., 119, 845, 10.3171/2013.7.JNS13415

Stupp, 2005, Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma, N. Engl. J. Med., 352, 987, 10.1056/NEJMoa043330

Nakamura, 2014, Usefulness of photodynamic diagnosis and therapy using talaporfin sodium for an advanced-aged patient with inoperable gastric cancer (a secondary publication), Laser Ther., 23, 201, 10.5978/islsm.14-OR-16

Aans, 2012, Photodynamic therapy with systemic meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin in the treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia, grade 3, Lasers Surg. Med., 44, 637, 10.1002/lsm.22062

Welbourn, 2014, Can photodynamic therapy be the preferred treatment option for anal intraepithelial neoplasia? Initial results of a pilot study, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 11, 20, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.11.004

Boixadera, 2009, Prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of photodynamic therapy for symptomatic circumscribed choroidal hemangioma, Ophthalmology, 116, 100, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.08.029

Campbell, 2012, Treatment of amelanotic choroidal melanoma with photodynamic therapy, Retina, 32, 1356, 10.1097/IAE.10.1097/IAE.0b013e31822c28ec

Kaliki, 2012, Photodynamic therapy for choroidal metastasis in 8 cases, Ophthalmology, 119, 1218, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.12.024

Blasi, 2010, Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for symptomatic circumscribed choroidal hemangioma: Five-year outcomes, Ophthalmology, 117, 1630, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.12.033

Fink, 2015, Photodynamic therapy—Aspects of pain management, J. Dtsch Dermatol. Ges., 13, 15

Bugaj, 2011, Targeted photodynamic therapy—A promising strategy of tumor treatment, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci, 10, 1097, 10.1039/c0pp00147c

Sibani, 2008, Photosensitiser delivery for photodynamic therapy. Part 2: Systemic carrier platforms, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv., 5, 1241, 10.1517/17425240802444673

Hamblin, 2013, Synthesis, bioanalysis and biodistribution of photosensitizer conjugates for photodynamic therapy, Bioanalysis, 5, 1099, 10.4155/bio.13.37

Kascakova, S., Hofland, L.J., De Bruijn, H.S., Ye, Y., Achilefu, S., van der Wansem, K., van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel, A., van Koetsveld, P.M., Brugts, M.P., and van der Lelij, A.J. (2014). Somatostatin analogues for receptor targeted photodynamic therapy. PLoS ONE, 9.

Debele, 2015, Drug carrier for photodynamic cancer therapy, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, 22094, 10.3390/ijms160922094

Huang, 2012, Can nanotechnology potentiate photodynamic therapy?, Nanotechnol. Rev., 1, 111, 10.1515/ntrev-2011-0005

Zhao, 2008, Targeted drug delivery via folate receptors, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv., 5, 309, 10.1517/17425247.5.3.309

Bahrami, 2015, Folate-conjugated nanoparticles as a potent therapeutic approach in targeted cancer therapy, Tumour Biol., 36, 5727, 10.1007/s13277-015-3706-6

Syu, 2012, Improved photodynamic cancer treatment by folate-conjugated polymeric micelles in a KB xenografted animal model, Small, 8, 2060, 10.1002/smll.201102695

Vecchione, 2011, Egfr-targeted therapy, Exp. Cell Res., 317, 2765, 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.08.021

Master, 2012, Egfr-mediated intracellular delivery of pc 4 nanoformulation for targeted photodynamic therapy of cancer: In vitro studies, Nanomedicine, 8, 655, 10.1016/j.nano.2011.09.012

Master, 2013, A cell-targeted photodynamic nanomedicine strategy for head and neck cancers, Mol. Pharm., 10, 1988, 10.1021/mp400007k

Gravier, 2008, Improvement of meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin-like photosensitizer selectivity with folate-based targeted delivery. Synthesis and in vivo delivery studies, J. Med. Chem., 51, 3867, 10.1021/jm800125a

You, 2015, Pheophorbide-a conjugates with cancer-targeting moieties for targeted photodynamic cancer therapy, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 23, 1453, 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.014

Mew, 1983, Photoimmunotherapy: Treatment of animal tumors with tumor-specific monoclonal antibody-hematoporphyrin conjugates, J. Immunol., 130, 1473, 10.4049/jimmunol.130.3.1473

Visser, 2004, Photosensitizer-antibody conjugates for detection and therapy of cancer, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 56, 31, 10.1016/j.addr.2003.09.003

Kameyama, 2011, Photodynamic therapy using an anti-egf receptor antibody complexed with verteporfin nanoparticles: A proof of concept study, Cancer Biother. Radiopharm., 26, 697

Mitsunaga, 2011, Cancer cell-selective in vivo near infrared photoimmunotherapy targeting specific membrane molecules, Nat. Med., 17, 1685, 10.1038/nm.2554

Nakajima, 2013, Improving the efficacy of photoimmunotherapy (pit) using a cocktail of antibody conjugates in a multiple antigen tumor model, Theranostics, 3, 357, 10.7150/thno.5908

Thurber, 2008, Antibody tumor penetration: Transport opposed by systemic and antigen-mediated clearance, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 60, 1421, 10.1016/j.addr.2008.04.012

Duska, 1997, Biodistribution of charged F(ab’)2 photoimmunoconjugates in a xenograft model of ovarian cancer, Br. J. Cancer, 75, 837, 10.1038/bjc.1997.149

Kuimova, 2007, Fluorescence characterisation of multiply-loaded anti-HER2 single chain fv-photosensitizer conjugates suitable for photodynamic therapy, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci, 6, 933, 10.1039/b708320c

Staneloudi, 2007, Development and characterization of novel photosensitizer : Scfv conjugates for use in photodynamic therapy of cancer, Immunology, 120, 512, 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02522.x

Bhatti, 2008, Targeted photodynamic therapy with multiply-loaded recombinant antibody fragments, Int. J. Cancer, 122, 1155, 10.1002/ijc.23206

Milgrom, 2008, Towards recombinant antibody-fragment targeted photodynamic therapy, Sci. Prog., 91, 241, 10.3184/003685008X361415

Oliveira, 2012, Rapid visualization of human tumor xenografts through optical imaging with a near-infrared fluorescent anti-epidermal growth factor receptor nanobody, Mol. Imaging, 11, 33, 10.2310/7290.2011.00025

Heukers, 2014, Nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates for targeted photodynamic therapy, Nanomedicine, 10, 1441, 10.1016/j.nano.2013.12.007

Boonstra, 2016, Egfr targeted nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates for photodynamic therapy in a pre-clinical model of head and neck cancer, J. Control Release, 229, 93, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.014

Wen, 2013, Targeting cancer cell mitochondria as a therapeutic approach, Future Med. Chem., 5, 53, 10.4155/fmc.12.190

Chen, 2011, TSPO 18 kDa (PBR) targeted photosensitizers for cancer imaging (PET) and PDT, ACS Med. Chem. Lett., 2, 136, 10.1021/ml100211g

Zhang, 2015, Tumor mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy with a translocator protein (TSPO)-specific photosensitizer, Acta Biomater., 28, 160, 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.09.033

Sandell, 2011, A review of in vivo optical properties of human tissues and its impact on PDT, J. Biophotonics, 4, 773, 10.1002/jbio.201100062

Huang, 2008, Photodynamic therapy for treatment of solid tumors—Potential and technical challenges, Technol. Cancer Res. Treat., 7, 309, 10.1177/153303460800700405

Vogl, 2004, Interstitial photodynamic laser therapy in interventional oncology, Eur. Radiol., 14, 1063, 10.1007/s00330-004-2290-8

Huang, 2006, Magnetic resonance imaging correlated with the histopathological effect of Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (Tookad) photodynamic therapy on the normal canine prostate gland, Lasers Surg. Med., 38, 672, 10.1002/lsm.20375

Beck, 2007, Interstitial photodynamic therapy of nonresectable malignant glioma recurrences using 5-aminolevulinic acid induced protoporphyrin IX, Lasers Surg. Med., 39, 386, 10.1002/lsm.20507

Jerjes, 2011, Photodynamic therapy: The minimally invasive surgical intervention for advanced and/or recurrent tongue base carcinoma, Lasers Surg. Med., 43, 283, 10.1002/lsm.21048

Jerjes, 2011, Prospective evaluation of 110 patients following ultrasound-guided photodynamic therapy for deep seated pathologies, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 8, 297, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.08.002

Sajisevi, 2015, Image-guided interstitial photodynamic therapy for squamous cell carcinomas: Preclinical investigation, J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Med. Pathol., 27, 159, 10.1016/j.ajoms.2013.12.003

Chang, C., Wang, K.K., and Zhu, T.C. (2010). A fast heterogeneous algorithm for light fluence rate for prostate photodynamic therapy. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng.

Gibson, 2005, Recent advances in diffuse optical imaging, Phys. Med. Biol., 50, R1, 10.1088/0031-9155/50/4/R01

Liang, X., Wang, K.K., and Zhu, T.C. (2012). Characterization of tissue optical properties for prostate PDT using interstitial diffuse optical tomography. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng.

Finlay, 2014, In vivo determination of the absorption and scattering spectra of the human prostate during photodynamic therapy, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 5315, 132

Swartling, J., Axelsson, J., Ahlgren, G., Kalkner, K.M., Nilsson, S., Svanberg, S., Svanberg, K., and Andersson-Engels, S. (2010). System for interstitial photodynamic therapy with online dosimetry: First clinical experiences of prostate cancer. J. Biomed. Opt.

Sharikova, A.V., Finlay, J.C., Dimofte, A., and Zhu, T.C. (2013). A robotic multi-channel platform for interstitial photodynamic therapy. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng.

Hockel, 2001, Tumor hypoxia: Definitions and current clinical, biologic, and molecular aspects, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93, 266, 10.1093/jnci/93.4.266

Bozzini, 2013, Efficiency of 5-ALA mediated photodynamic therapy on hypoxic prostate cancer: A preclinical study on the dunning R3327-AT2 rat tumor model, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 10, 296, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.01.003

Weston, 2014, Validation and application of a model of oxygen consumption and diffusion during photodynamic therapy in vitro, Photochem. Photobiol., 90, 1359, 10.1111/php.12320

Albert, 2014, Physiological oxygen concentration alters glioma cell malignancy and responsiveness to photodynamic therapy in vitro, Neurol. Res., 36, 1001, 10.1179/1743132814Y.0000000401

Kishimoto, 2015, Evaluation of oxygen dependence on in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of photoimmunotherapy using IR-700-antibody conjugates, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 85, 24, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.038

Li, 2016, Real-time monitoring of singlet oxygen and oxygen partial pressure during the deep photodynamic therapy in vitro, Ann. Biomed. Eng., 44, 2737, 10.1007/s10439-016-1557-y

Pogue, 1997, A theoretical study of light fractionation and dose-rate effects in photodynamic therapy, Radiat. Res., 147, 551, 10.2307/3579621

Babilas, 2003, Effects of light fractionation and different fluence rates on photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid in vivo, Br. J. Cancer, 88, 1462, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600910

Pogue, B.W., Sheng, C., Benevides, J., Forcione, D., Puricelli, B., Nishioka, N., and Hasan, T. (2008). Protoporphyrin ix fluorescence photobleaching increases with the use of fractionated irradiation in the esophagus. J. Biomed. Opt.

Middelburg, 2013, The effect of light fractionation with a 2-h dark interval on the efficacy of topical hexyl-aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy in normal mouse skin, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 10, 703, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.09.002

Turan, 2016, A bifunctional photosensitizer for enhanced fractional photodynamic therapy: Singlet oxygen generation in the presence and absence of light, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55, 2875, 10.1002/anie.201511345

Liu, 2015, Hypoxia induced by upconversion-based photodynamic therapy: Towards highly effective synergistic bioreductive therapy in tumors, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 54, 8105, 10.1002/anie.201500478

Tomaselli, 2001, Acute effects of combined photodynamic therapy and hyperbaric oxygenation in lung cancer—A clinical pilot study, Lasers Surg. Med., 28, 399, 10.1002/lsm.1067

Moen, 2012, Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and cancer—A review, Target. Oncol., 7, 233, 10.1007/s11523-012-0233-x

Evans, C.L., Abu-Yousif, A.O., Park, Y.J., Klein, O.J., Celli, J.P., Rizvi, I., Zheng, X., and Hasan, T. (2011). Killing hypoxic cell populations in a 3d tumor model with etnbs-PDT. PLoS ONE, 6.

Klein, 2012, In vitro optimization of EtNBS-PDT against hypoxic tumor environments with a tiered, high-content, 3D model optical screening platform, Mol. Pharm., 9, 3171, 10.1021/mp300262x

Wilson, 1997, Implicit and explicit dosimetry in photodynamic therapy: A new paradigm, Lasers Med. Sci., 12, 182, 10.1007/BF02765099

Woodburn, 1994, Biodistribution and PDT efficacy of a ketochlorin photosensitizer as a function of the delivery vehicle, Photochem. Photobiol., 60, 154, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05083.x

Aveline, 1994, Photophysical and photosensitizing properties of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA), Photochem. Photobiol., 59, 328, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05042.x

Wang, 2007, A comprehensive mathematical model of microscopic dose deposition in photodynamic therapy, Med. Phys., 34, 282, 10.1118/1.2401041

Pogue, 2001, Estimation of oxygen distribution in RIF-1 tumors by diffusion model-based interpretation of pimonidazole hypoxia and eppendorf measurements, Radiat. Res., 155, 15, 10.1667/0033-7587(2001)155[0015:EOODIR]2.0.CO;2

Wang, 2004, Treatment-induced changes in tumor oxygenation predict photodynamic therapy outcome, Cancer Res., 64, 7553, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3632

Kruijt, 2006, Laser speckle imaging of dynamic changes in flow during photodynamic therapy, Lasers Med. Sci., 21, 208, 10.1007/s10103-006-0399-5

Yu, 2006, Real-time in situ monitoring of human prostate photodynamic therapy with diffuse light, Photochem. Photobiol., 82, 1279, 10.1562/2005-10-19-RA-721

Nijssen, 2009, Towards oncological application of raman spectroscopy, J. Biophotonics, 2, 29, 10.1002/jbio.200810055

Khurana, M., Moriyama, E.H., Mariampillai, A., and Wilson, B.C. (2008). Intravital high-resolution optical imaging of individual vessel response to photodynamic treatment. J. Biomed. Opt.

Van Leeuwen-van Zaane, F., Gamm, U.A., van Driel, P.B.A.A., Snoeks, T.J., de Bruijn, H.S., van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel, A., Sterenborg, H.J.C.M., Löwik, C.W., Amelink, A., and Robinson, D.J. (2014). Intrinsic photosensitizer fluorescence measured using multi-diameter single-fiber spectroscopy in vivo. J. Biomed. Opt.

Sibai, 2015, Quantitative spatial frequency fluorescence imaging in the sub-diffusive domain for image-guided glioma resection, Biomed. Opt. Express, 6, 4923, 10.1364/BOE.6.004923

Middelburg, 2015, Correction for tissue optical properties enables quantitative skin fluorescence measurements using multi-diameter single fiber reflectance spectroscopy, J. Dermatol. Sci., 79, 64, 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.03.017

Quon, 2015, Measuring the physiologic properties of oral lesions receiving fractionated photodynamic therapy, Photochem. Photobiol., 91, 1210, 10.1111/php.12475

Marra, 2016, Comparing desferrioxamine and light fractionation enhancement of ALA-PPIX photodynamic therapy in skin cancer, Br. J. Cancer, 115, 805, 10.1038/bjc.2016.267

Zaak, 2005, Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder using fluorescence endoscopy, BJU Int., 96, 217, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05604.x

Lovell, 2010, Activatable photosensitizers for imaging and therapy, Chem. Rev., 110, 2839, 10.1021/cr900236h

Rai, 2010, Development and applications of photo-triggered theranostic agents, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 62, 1094, 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.002

Kim, 2016, Near-infrared light-responsive nanomaterials for cancer theranostics, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol., 8, 23, 10.1002/wnan.1347

Gupta, 2014, Polyacrylamide-based biocompatible nanoplatform enhances the tumor uptake, PET/fluorescence imaging and anticancer activity of a chlorophyll analog, Theranostics, 4, 614, 10.7150/thno.8478

Entract, 2015, Development of PDT/PET theranostics: Synthesis and biological evaluation of an (18)F-radiolabeled water-soluble porphyrin, Mol. Pharm., 12, 4414, 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00606

Muhanna, 2016, Multimodal image-guided surgical and photodynamic interventions in head and neck cancer: From primary tumor to metastatic drainage, Clin. Cancer Res., 22, 961, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1235

Lu, 2015, Multifunctional nano-bioprobes based on rattle-structured upconverting luminescent nanoparticles, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 54, 7915, 10.1002/anie.201501468

Li, Y., Lin, T.Y., Luo, Y., Liu, Q., Xiao, W., Guo, W., Lac, D., Zhang, H., Feng, C., and Wachsmann-Hogiu, S. (2014). A smart and versatile theranostic nanomedicine platform based on nanoporphyrin. Nat. Commun.

Song, 2015, Photosensitizer-conjugated albumin-polypyrrole nanoparticles for imaging-guided in vivo photodynamic/photothermal therapy, Small, 11, 3932, 10.1002/smll.201500550

Schmitt, 2016, A theranostic agent combining a two-photon-absorbing photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy and a gadolinium(iii) complex for mri detection, Chemistry, 22, 2775, 10.1002/chem.201503433

Guo, 2014, Dual imaging-guided photothermal/photodynamic therapy using micelles, Biomaterials, 35, 4656, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.018

Taratula, 2015, Phthalocyanine-loaded graphene nanoplatform for imaging-guided combinatorial phototherapy, Int. J. Nanomed., 10, 2347, 10.2147/IJN.S81097

Lv, 2015, A yolk-like multifunctional platform for multimodal imaging and synergistic therapy triggered by a single near-infrared light, ACS Nano, 9, 1630, 10.1021/nn5063613

Master, 2013, Photodynamic nanomedicine in the treatment of solid tumors: Perspectives and challenges, J. Control Release, 168, 88, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.02.020

Gollnick, 2010, Enhancement of anti-tumor immunity by photodynamic therapy, Immunol. Res., 46, 216, 10.1007/s12026-009-8119-4

Mroz, P., Szokalska, A., Wu, M.X., and Hamblin, M.R. (2010). Photodynamic therapy of tumors can lead to development of systemic antigen-specific immune response. PLoS ONE, 5.

Thong, 2007, Photodynamic-therapy-activated immune response against distant untreated tumours in recurrent angiosarcoma, Lancet Oncol., 8, 950, 10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70318-2

Stern, 2001, Immunological and viral factors associated with the response of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia to photodynamic therapy, Cancer Res., 61, 192

Anzengruber, 2015, T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity after photodynamic therapy: Why does it not always work and how can we improve it?, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 14, 1492, 10.1039/c4pp00455h

Mroz, 2011, Stimulation of anti-tumor immunity by photodynamic therapy, Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol., 7, 75, 10.1586/eci.10.81

Aziz, 2011, Combination approaches to potentiate immune response after photodynamic therapy for cancer, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 10, 792, 10.1039/c0pp00326c

Xia, 2014, Cpg oligodeoxynucleotide as immune adjuvant enhances photodynamic therapy response in murine metastatic breast cancer, J. Biophotonics, 7, 897, 10.1002/jbio.201300072

Marrache, 2013, Immune stimulating photoactive hybrid nanoparticles for metastatic breast cancer, Integr. Biol., 5, 215, 10.1039/c2ib20125a

Korbelik, M., Banath, J., Saw, K.M., Zhang, W., and Ciplys, E. (2015). Calreticulin as cancer treatment adjuvant: Combination with photodynamic therapy and photodynamic therapy-generated vaccines. Front. Oncol.

Shams, 2015, Development of photodynamic therapy regimens that control primary tumor growth and inhibit secondary disease, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 64, 287, 10.1007/s00262-014-1633-9

Castano, 2008, Photodynamic therapy plus low-dose cyclophosphamide generates antitumor immunity in a mouse model, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 5495, 10.1073/pnas.0709256105

Reginato, 2013, Photodynamic therapy plus regulatory T-cell depletion produces immunity against a mouse tumour that expresses a self-antigen, Br. J. Cancer, 109, 2167, 10.1038/bjc.2013.580

Igney, 2002, Immune escape of tumors: Apoptosis resistance and tumor counterattack, J. Leukoc. Biol., 71, 907, 10.1189/jlb.71.6.907

Mroz, 2013, Photodynamic therapy of murine mastocytoma induces specific immune responses against the cancer/testis antigen P1A, Cancer Res., 73, 6462, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-2572

Wachowska, 2014, 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine potentiates antitumour immune response induced by photodynamic therapy, Eur. J. Cancer, 50, 1370, 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.01.017

Korbelik, 2011, Cancer vaccines generated by photodynamic therapy, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 10, 664, 10.1039/c0pp00343c

Zheng, 2016, Photodynamic-therapy activates immune response by disrupting immunity homeostasis of tumor cells, which generates vaccine for cancer therapy, Int. J. Biol. Sci., 12, 120, 10.7150/ijbs.12852

Jung, 2012, Photodynamic therapy-mediated DC immunotherapy is highly effective for the inhibition of established solid tumors, Cancer Lett., 324, 58, 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.024

Ji, 2015, Improvement of DC vaccine with ALA-PDT induced immunogenic apoptotic cells for skin squamous cell carcinoma, Oncotarget, 6, 17135, 10.18632/oncotarget.3529

Marrache, 2015, Ex vivo generation of functional immune cells by mitochondria-targeted photosensitization of cancer cells, Methods Mol. Biol., 1265, 113, 10.1007/978-1-4939-2288-8_9

Shixiang, 2011, Antitumor efficacy of a photodynamic therapy-generated dendritic cell glioma vaccine, Med. Oncol., 28, S453, 10.1007/s12032-010-9713-y

Korbelik, 2015, Immunoregulatory cell depletion improves the efficacy of photodynamic therapy-generated cancer vaccines, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, 27005, 10.3390/ijms161126008

Moghissi, K. (2007). PDT: The plight. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther.

Moghissi, 2015, A surgical view of photodynamic therapy in oncology: A review, Surg. J., 1, e1, 10.1055/s-0035-1565246