On the propagation of a conceptual error concerning hypercycles and cooperation
Tóm tắt
The hypercycle is a system of replicators, whose members are auto- and cross-catalytic: replication of each member is catalyzed by at least one other member of the system. Therefore, the kinetics of growth of every member is at least second order. In ecology such systems are called mutualistic whose members are cooperating with each other. The dynamics of such systems are described broadly by the replicator equation. In chemistry hypercycles are often confused with collectively autocatalytic systems in which the members catalyze each other’s formation rather than replication (growth being therefore first-order). Examples of this confusion abound in the literature. The trouble is that such category errors mistakenly imply that the available theories of hypercycles and cooperation are applicable, although in fact they are not. Cooperation in population biology means a higher-order interaction among agents with (at least the capacity of) multiplication. From the point of evolution, what matters is the genetic effects on the cooperative act. As systems chemistry has one of its roots in the theoretical biology, insights from this field ought to be respected even by experimentalists, let alone theoreticians.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Eigen M: Self-organization of matter and the evolution of biological macromolecules. Naturwissenschaften 1971, 58: 465–523. 10.1007/BF00623322
Eigen M, Schuster P: The hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1979.
Hofbauer J, Sigmund K: The theory of evolution and dynamical systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1988.
Ricard J, Noat G: Electrostatic effects and the dynamics of enzyme reactions at the surface of plant cells 1. A theory of the ionic control of a complex multi-enzyme system. Eur J Biochem 1986, 155: 183–190. 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09475.x
Ricard J: Dynamics of multi-enzyme reactions, cell growth and perception of ionic signals from the external milieu. J Theor Biol 1987, 128: 253–278. 10.1016/S0022-5193(87)80070-X
Szathmáry E: A hypercyclic illusion. J Theor Biol 1988, 134: 561–563. 10.1016/S0022-5193(88)80057-2
Lee DH, Severin K, Yokobayashi Y, Ghadiri MR: Emergence of symbiosis in peptide self-replication through a hypercyclic network. Nature 1997, 390: 591–594. 10.1038/37569
Nowak MA: Evolutionary Dynamics: Exploring the Equations of Life. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 2006.
Kauffman S: Autocatalytic sets of proteins. J Theor Biol 1986, 119: 1–24. 10.1016/S0022-5193(86)80047-9
Sievers D, von Kiedrowski G: Self-replication of complementary nucleotide-based oligomers. Nature 1994, 369: 221–224. 10.1038/369221a0
Sievers D, von Kiedrowski G: Self-replication of hexadeoxynucleotide analogues: autocatalysis versus cross-catalysis. Chem Eur J 1998, 4: 629–641. 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3765(19980416)4:4<629::AID-CHEM629>3.0.CO;2-0
Szathmáry E: Evolution of replicators. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 2000, 355: 1669–1676. 10.1098/rstb.2000.0730
Lee DH, Severin K, Yokobayashi Y, Ghadiri MR: Corrections: Emergence of symbiosis in peptide self-replication through a hypercyclic network. Nature 1998, 394: 101.
Vaidya N, Manapat M, Chen IA, Xulvi-Brunet R, Hayden EJ, Lehman N: Spontaneous network formation among cooperative RNA replicators. Nature 2012, 491: 72–77. 10.1038/nature11549
Attwater J, Holliger P: The cooperative gene. Nature 2012, 491: 48–49. 10.1038/nature11635
Ellington AD: Origins for everyone. Evo Edu Outreach 2012, 5: 361–366. 10.1007/s12052-012-0440-z
Greenwald J, Reik R: On the possible amyloid origin of protein folds. J Mol Biol 2012, 421: 417–426. 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.04.015
Ellington AD: Back to the future of nucleic acid self-amplification. Nat Chem Biol 2009, 5: 200–201. 10.1038/nchembio0409-200
Cousins GRL, Poulsen SA, Sanders JKM: Molecular evolution: dynamic combinatorial libraries, autocatalytic networks and the quest for molecular function. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2000, 4: 270–279. 10.1016/S1367-5931(00)00088-0
Beutel KM, Peacock-López E: Complex dynamics in a cross-catalytic self-replication mechanism. J Chem Phys 2007, 126: 125104. 10.1063/1.2716396
Li X, Chmielewski J: Challenges in the design of self replicating peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2003, 1: 901–904. 10.1039/b300738c
Issac R, Ham YW, Chmielewski J: The design of self-replicating helical peptides. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2001, 11: 458–463. 10.1016/S0959-440X(00)00233-5
Kauffman S, Ellington AD: Thinking combinatorially. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1999, 3: 256–259. 10.1016/S1367-5931(99)80040-4
Meyer AJ, Ellefson JW, Ellington AD: Abiotic self-replication. Acc Chem Res 2012, 45: 2097–2105. 10.1021/ar200325v
Maynard Smith J, Szathmáry E: The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford: Freeman; 1995.
Zachar I, Szathmáry E: A New Replicator: A theoretical framework for analysing replication. BMC Biol 2010, 8: 21. 10.1186/1741-7007-8-21