Obstetric Care Consensus No. 1

Hamilton, 2013, Annual summary of vital statistics: 2010-2011., Pediatrics, 131, 548, 10.1542/peds.2012-3769

Gregory, 2012, Cesarean versus vaginal delivery: whose risks Whose benefits Am J P, erinatol, 29, 7

Hannah, 2002, . Outcomes at 3 months after planned cesarean vs planned vaginal delivery for breech presentation at term: the international randomized Term Breech Trial. Term Breech Trial 3-Month Follow-up Collaborative Group., JAMA, 287, 1822, 10.1001/jama.287.14.1822

Hannah, 2004, . Maternal outcomes at 2 years after planned cesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: the international randomized Term Breech Trial. Term Breech Trial Collaborative Group., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 191, 917, 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.08.004

Liu, 2007, Maternal mortality and severe morbidity associated with low-risk planned cesarean delivery versus planned vaginal delivery at term. Maternal Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System., CMAJ, 176, 455, 10.1503/cmaj.060870

Silver, 2006, . Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network., Obstet Gynecol, 107, 1226, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000219750.79480.84

Smith, 2003, Caesarean section and risk of unexplained stillbirth in subsequent pregnancy., Lancet, 362, 1779, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14896-9

Solheim, 2011, The effect of cesarean delivery rates on the future incidence of placenta previa, placenta accreta, and maternal mortality., J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 24, 1341, 10.3109/14767058.2011.553695

Kozhimannil, 2013, Cesarean delivery rates vary tenfold among US hospitals; reducing variation may address quality and cost issues., Health Aff, 32, 527, 10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1030

Declercq, 2006, Maternal risk profiles and the primary cesarean rate in the United States, 1991-2002., Am J Public Health, 96, 867, 10.2105/AJPH.2004.052381

Declercq, 2005, Rise in no indicated risk primary caesareans in the United States, 1991-2001: cross sectional analysis., BMJ, 330, 71, 10.1136/bmj.38279.705336.0B

Rhodes, 2003, Contribution of excess weight gain during pregnancy and macrosomia to the cesarean delivery rate, 1990-2000., Pediatrics, 111, 1181, 10.1542/peds.111.S1.1181

Barber, 2011, Indications contributing to the increasing cesarean delivery rate., Obstet Gynecol, 118, 29, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31821e5f65

Friedman, 1972, An objective approach to the diagnosis and management of abnormal labor., Bull N Y Acad Med, 48, 842

Friedman, 1963, Amniotomy and the course of labor., Obstet Gynecol, 22, 755

Friedman, 1954, The graphic analysis of labor., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 68, 1568, 10.1016/0002-9378(54)90311-7

Zhang, 2010, . Contemporary patterns of spontaneous labor with normal neonatal outcomes. Consortium on Safe Labor., Obstet Gynecol, 116, 1281, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181fdef6e

Arulkumaran, 1987, Augmentation of labourmode of delivery related to cervimetric progress., Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 27, 304, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.1987.tb01014.x

Rouse, 1999, Active-phase labor arrest: oxytocin augmentation for at least 4 hours., Obstet Gynecol, 93, 323

Rouse, 2001, Active phase labor arrest: revisiting the 2-hour minimum., Obstet Gynecol, 98, 550

Henry, 2008, Perinatal outcomes in the setting of active phase arrest of labor., Obstet Gynecol, 112, 1109, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31818b46a2

Rouse, 2004, . The Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units cesarean registry: chorioamnionitis at term and its duration-relationship to outcomes. National Institute of Child Health And Human Development, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 191, 211, 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.03.003

Piper, 1991, The second stage of labor: factors influencing duration., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 165, 976, 10.1016/0002-9378(91)90452-W

Cheng, 2004, How long is too long: Does a prolonged second stage of labor in nulliparous women affect maternal and neonatal outcomes Am J Obstet G, ynecol, 191, 933

Allen, 2009, Maternal and perinatal outcomes with increasing duration of the second stage of labor., Obstet Gynecol, 113, 1248, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181a722d6

Cheng, 2011, Timing of operative vaginal delivery and associated perinatal outcomes in nulliparous women., J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 24, 692, 10.3109/14767058.2010.521872

Spong, 2012, Preventing the first cesarean delivery: summary of a joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, and American College of Obste-tricians and Gynecologists Workshop., Obstet Gynecol, 120, 1181, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182704880

Srinivas, 2010, Improvements in US maternal obstetrical outcomes from 1992 to 2006., Med Care, 48, 487, 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181d68840

Towner, 1999, Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury., N Engl J Med, 341, 1709, 10.1056/NEJM199912023412301

Werner, 2011, Mode of delivery in nulliparous women and neonatal intracranial injury., Obstet Gynecol, 118, 1239, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823835d3

Powell, 2007, Vacuum and forceps training in residency: experience and self-reported competency., J Perinatol, 27, 343, 10.1038/sj.jp.7211734

Shaffer, 2007, Forceps delivery: potential benefits and a call for continued training., J Perinatol, 27, 327, 10.1038/sj.jp.7211735

Cheng, 2010, The association between persistent fetal occiput posterior position and perinatal outcomes: an example of propensity score and covariate distance matching., Am J Epidemiol, 171, 656, 10.1093/aje/kwp437

Lieberman, 2005, Changes in fetal position during labor and their association with epidural analgesia., Obstet Gynecol, 105, 974, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000158861.43593.49

Shaffer, 2011, Manual rotation to reduce caesarean delivery in persistent occiput posterior or transverse position., J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 24, 65, 10.3109/14767051003710276

Le Ray, 2007, Manual rotation in occiput posterior or transverse positions: risk factors and consequences on the cesarean delivery rate., Obstet Gynecol, 110, 873, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000281666.04924.be

Cargill, 2004, . Guidelines for operative vaginal birth. Clinical Practice Obstetrics Committee., J Obstet Gynaecol can, 26, 747, 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)30647-8

Reichman, 2008, Digital rotation from occipito-posterior to occipito-anterior decreases the need for cesarean section., Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 136, 25, 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.12.025

Chou, 2004, Vaginal versus ultrasound examination of fetal occiput position during the second stage of labor., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 191, 521, 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.01.029

2010, Practice Bulletin No. 116. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists., Obstet Gynecol, 116, 1232

2009, Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring: nomenclature, interpretation, and general management principles. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 106. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists., Obstet Gynecol, 114, 192, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181aef106

Sameshima, 2005, Predictive value of late decelerations for fetal acidemia in unselective low-risk pregnancies., Am J Perinatol, 22, 19, 10.1055/s-2004-837272

Sameshima, 2004, Unselected low-risk pregnancies and the effect of continuous intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring on umbilical blood gases and cerebral palsy., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 190, 118, 10.1016/j.ajog.2003.07.014

Clark, 1982, Fetal heart rate response to scalp blood sampling., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 144, 706, 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90441-0

Clark, 1984, The scalp stimulation test: a clinical alternative to fetal scalp blood sampling., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 148, 274, 10.1016/S0002-9378(84)80067-8

Elimian, 1997, Intrapartum assessment of fetal well-being: a comparison of scalp stimulation with scalp blood pH sampling., Obstet Gynecol, 89, 373, 10.1016/S0029-7844(96)00525-X

Miyazaki, 1985, Saline amnioinfusion for relief of repetitive variable decelerations: a prospective randomized study., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 153, 301, 10.1016/S0002-9378(85)80116-2

MacGregor, 1991, A prospective, randomized evaluation of intrapartum amnioinfusion. Fetal acid-base status and cesarean delivery., J Reprod Med, 36, 69

Owen, 1990, A prospective randomized study of saline solution amnioinfusion., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 162, 1146, 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90003-P

Macri, 1992, Prophylactic amnioinfusion improves outcome of pregnancy complicated by thick meconium and oligohydramnios., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 167, 117, 10.1016/S0002-9378(11)91641-X

Higgins, 1984, Late abruptio placenta in trauma patients: implications for monitoring., Obstet Gynecol, 63, 10S

Ito, 1986, Fetal heart monitoring and ultrasound in the management of placental abruption., Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 24, 269, 10.1016/0020-7292(86)90083-4

Pearlman, 2000, A comprehensive program to improve safety for pregnant women and fetuses in motor vehicle crashes: a preliminary report., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 182, 1554, 10.1067/mob.2000.106850

Cahill, 2012, Association of atypical decelerations with acidemia., Obstet Gynecol, 120, 1387, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182733b6e

Bloom, 2006, . Fetal pulse oximetry and cesarean delivery. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network., N Engl J Med, 355, 2195, 10.1056/NEJMoa061170

Skupski, 2002, Intrapartum fetal stimulation tests: a meta-analysis., Obstet Gynecol, 99, 129

Nelson, 1996, Uncertain value of electronic fetal monitoring in predicting cerebral palsy., N Engl J Med, 334, 613, 10.1056/NEJM199603073341001

Simpson, 2005, Efficacy of intrauterine resuscitation techniques in improving fetal oxygen status during labor., Obstet Gynecol, 105, 1362, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000164474.03350.7c

Garite, 2011, Intrauterine resuscitation during labor., Clin Obstet Gynecol, 54, 28, 10.1097/GRF.0b013e31820a062b

Rayburn, 2002, Rising rates of labor induction: present concerns and future strategies., Obstet Gynecol, 100, 164

Martin, 2013, Births: final data for 2011., Natl Vital Stat Rep, 62, 1

Caughey, 2006, Induction of labor and cesarean delivery by gestational age., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 195, 700, 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.07.003

Stock, 2012, Outcomes of elective induction of labour compared with expectant management: population based study., BMJ, 344, e2838, 10.1136/bmj.e2838

Osmundson, 2010, Elective induction compared with expectant management in nulliparous women with a favorable cervix., Obstet Gynecol, 116, 601, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181eb6e9b

Osmundson, 2011, Elective induction compared with expectant management in nulliparous women with an unfavorable cervix., Obstet Gynecol, 117, 583, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820caf12

Caughey, 2009, . Systematic review: elective induction of labor versus expectant management of pregnancy., Ann Intern Med, 151, 252, 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00007

Rosenstein, 2012, Risk of stillbirth and infant death stratified by gestational age., Obstet Gynecol, 120, 76, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31825bd286

Delaney, 2010, . Labor induction with a Foley balloon inflated to 30 mL compared with 60 mL: a randomized controlled trial., Obstet Gynecol, 115, 1239, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181dec6d0

Carbone, 2013, Combination of Foley bulb and vaginal misoprostol compared with vaginal misoprostol alone for cervical ripening and labor induction: a randomized controlled trial., Obstet Gynecol, 121, 247, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31827e5dca

Harper, 2012, Normal progress of induced labor., Obstet Gynecol, 119, 1113, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318253d7aa

Rouse, 2000, Criteria for failed labor induction: prospective evaluation of a standardized protocol., Obstet Gynecol, 96, 671

Simon, 2005, When has an induction failed Obstet G, ynecol, 105, 705

Rouse, 2011, . Failed labor induction: toward an objective diagnosis. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network (MFMU)., Obstet Gynecol, 117, 267, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318207887a

Clock, 2009, Cesarean risk after successful external cephalic version: a matched, retrospective analysis., J Perinatol, 29, 96, 10.1038/jp.2008.227

2006, ACOG Committee Opinion No. 340. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists., Obstet Gynecol, 108, 235

Yoshida, 2010, . Effectiveness of epidural anesthesia for external cephalic version (ECV)., J Perinatol, 30, 580, 10.1038/jp.2010.61

Rouse, 1996, The effectiveness and costs of elective cesarean delivery for fetal macrosomia diagnosed by ultrasound., JAMA, 276, 1480, 10.1001/jama.1996.03540180036030

Stotland, 2004, Gestational weight gain, macrosomia, and risk of cesarean birth in nondiabetic nulliparas., Obstet Gynecol, 104, 671, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000139515.97799.f6

Durie, 2011, Effect of second-trimester and third-trimester rate of gestational weight gain on maternal and neonatal outcomes., Obstet Gynecol, 118, 569, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182289f42

2013, Committee Opinion No. 548. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists., Obstet Gynecol, 121, 210

Lee, 2011, Trends in cesarean delivery for twin births in the United States: 1995-2008., Obstet Gynecol, 118, 1095, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182318651

Barrett, 2013, . A randomized trial of planned cesarean or vaginal delivery for twin pregnancy. Twin Birth Study Collaborative Group., N Engl J Med, 369, 1295, 10.1056/NEJMoa1214939

Sheffield, 2006, . Valacyclovir prophylaxis to prevent recurrent herpes at delivery: a randomized clinical trial published erratum appears in Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:695., Obstet Gynecol, 108, 141, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000219749.96274.15

Watts, 2003, . A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of acyclovir in late pregnancy for the reduction of herpes simplex virus shedding and cesarean delivery., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 188, 836, 10.1067/mob.2003.185

Little, 2005, Acyclovir prophylaxis for pregnant women with a known history of herpes simplex virus: a cost-effectiveness analysis., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 193, 1274, 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.05.042

2007, ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 82. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists., Obstet Gynecol, 109, 1489

Chaillet, 2007, Evidence-based strategies for reducing cesarean section rates: a meta-analysis., Birth, 34, 53, 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2006.00146.x

Murthy, 2009, Obstetricians rising liability insurance premiums and inductions at late preterm gestations., Med Care, 47, 425, 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31818b080d

Yang, 2009, Relationship between malpractice litigation pressure and rates of cesarean section and vaginal birth after cesarean section., Med Care, 47, 234, 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31818475de