Nightlife Violence: A Gender-Specific View on Risk Factors for Violence in Nightlife Settings: A Cross-Sectional Study in Nine European Countries
Tóm tắt
Within nightlife settings, youth violence places large burdens on both nightlife users and wider society. Internationally, research has identified risk factors for nightlife violence. However, few empirical studies have assessed differences in risk factors between genders. Here, a pan-European cross-sectional survey of 1,341 nightlife users aged 16 to 35 assessed a variety of risk-taking traits, including violence, sexual, alcohol, and drug-related current and historic behaviors. Results show that the likelihood of having been involved in a physical fight in nightlife increases with younger age, drunkenness, and increasing preference for tolerant venues for both genders. The odds of involvement in a fight for females who were drunk five or more times in the past 4 weeks were almost five times higher than those who were never drunk (odds ratio for males 1.99). Use of cocaine more than doubled the risk of involvement in violence among males. However, no association was found for females. For heterosexual men, the odds for violence almost doubled compared with bisexual or homosexual men, whereas for women heterosexuality was a protective factor. The effects of structural risk factors (e.g., bar and club characteristics) for nightlife violence differed by gender. To develop effective violence prevention measures in nightlife, considerations need to be made regarding the demographic composition of patrons in addition to wider structural elements within the nighttime environment.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aldridge, J., 2008, Youth gangs in an English city: Social exclusion, drugs and violence
Bellis, M.A., 2005, An introduction to youth violence, alcohol and nightlife
Bellis, M.A., 2008, BMC Public Health
Brochu, S., 2001, The relationship between drugs and crime
Budd, T., 2003, Alcohol related assault
Bundesministerium des Innern., 2006, Zweiter Periodischer Sicherheitsbericht [Federal Ministry of Interior. Second periodical report on safety]
Calafat, A., 2001, Risk and control in the recreational drug culture
Deehan, A., 2003, Calculating the risk: Recreational drug use among clubbers in the South East of England (Home Office Online Report 43/03)
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction., 2007, The state of the drugs problem in Europe (Annual report 2007)
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction., 2008, Developments in drug use within recreational settings (Annual report 2006: selected reports)
Finney, A., 2004, Violence in the night time economy: Key findings from the research
Goddard, E., 2006, Smoking and drinking among adults
Hibell, B., 2004, The ESPAD report 2003. Alcohol and other drug use among students in 35 European countries
Kershaw, C., 2008, Crime in England and Wales 2007/08: Findings from the British Crime Survey and police recorded crimes
Lupton, R., 2002, A rock and a hard place: Drug markets in deprived neighbourhoods (Home Office Research Study 240)
Maguire, M., 2003, Reducing alcohol-related violence and disorder: An evaluation of the "TASC" project
Mischowitz, R., 1996, Gefährdungen durch Drogen: Blutprobenuntersuchungen zur Prävalenz und Wirkung von Drogen- und Medikamentenbeeinflussung im Straßenverkehr und bei Kriminaldelikten [Exposure by drugs: Blood tests about prevalence and effects of illicit drugs and medicaments within road traffic and criminal delicts]
Schnitzer, S., 2007, Info Dienst für Gesundheitsförderung, 7, 22
SPSS Inc., 2005, SPSS base 14.0 user’s guide
Taz Die Tageszeitung., 2008, Krawalle vor Leipziger diskos enden tödlich [Riots in front of discos in Leipzig result in death]
Webster, R., 2008, Safer nightlife. Best practice for those concerned about drug use and the night-time economy
Winlow, S., 2006, Violent night: Urban leisure and contemporary culture