Newer Methods of Delivery of Opiates for Relief of Pain
Tóm tắt
Successful pain management using opiates requires both an analgesic with sufficient intrinsic activity and an effective administration system. Most instances of unsatisfactory pain control, however, are due to failure to achieve and maintain adequate blood concentrations of the chosen drug. Newer techniques of administration aim to overcome this problem. Oral opiate therapy with conventional or sustained-release formulations of morphine provide good control of terminal cancer pain provided that a regular dosing pattern is established and reviewed according to the patient’s needs. This represents a significant departure from the traditional ‘as required’ prescription of this type of drug. In the management of acute severe pain, sublingual and intravenous opiates — self-administered as needed, or given by mandatory dosing schedules — have also been shown to overcome the limitations of intermittent intramuscular injections. A further novel development, stemming from basic neuroscience research, is the selective application of opiates to the spinal cord via the epidural or intrathecal route. This controversial technique has led to major improvements in treatment of some types of acute and chronic pain.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Austin KL, Stapleton JV and Mather LE. multiple intramuscular injections: a major source of variability in analgesic response to meperidine. Pain 8: 47–62, 1980
Austin KL, Stapleton JV and Mather LE. Rate of formation of norpethidine from pethidine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 53: 255–258, 1981
Baraka A, Noueihid R and Hajj S. Intrathecal injection of morphine for obstetric analgesia. Anesthesiology 54: 136–140, 1981
Behar M, Magora F, Olshwang D and Davidson JT. Epidural morphine in treatment of pain. Lancet 1: 527–529, 1979
Boas RA, Taylor KM, Villiger JW, Cahill V and Synek B. Epidural opiate analgesia. New Zealand Medical Journal 95: 84, 1982
Boas RA and Villiger JW. Clinical actions of fentanyl and buprenorphine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 57: 192–196, 1985
Bromage PR, Camporesi EM, Duvant PA and Neilson, CH. Rostral spread of epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 56: 431–436, 1982
Brown AS. Absorption of analgesics from the buccal mucous membrane. Practitioner 196: 125–126, 1966
Bullingham RES, McQuay HJ, Porter EJB, Allen MC and Moore RA. Sublingual buprenorphine used postoperatively: ten hour plasma drug concentration analysis. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 13: 665–673, 1982
Bullingham RES, O’Sullivan G, McQuay HJ, Poppleton P, Rolfe M, et al. Mandatory sublingual buprenorphine for postoperative pain. Anaesthesia 39: 329–334, 1984
Catling JA, Pinto DM, Jordan C and Jones RG. Respiratory effects of analgesia after cholecystectomy: comparison of continuous and intermittent papaveretum. British Medical Journal 280: 12–13, 1980
Church JJ. Continuous narcotic infusions for relief of postoperative pain. British Medical Journal 1: 977–979, 1979
Cowan A, Lewis JW and Macfarlane IR. Agonist and antagonist properties of buprenorphine, a new antinociceptive agent. British Journal of Pharmacology 60: 537–545, 1977
Cunningham AJ, McKenna JA and Skene DS. Single injection spinal anaesthesia with amethocaine and morphine for transurethral prostatectomy. British Journal of Anaesthesia 55: 423–427, 1983
Dahlstrom B, Tamsen A, Paalzow L and Hartvig P. Patient controlled analgesic therapy, Part IV: Pharmacokinetics and analgesic plasma concentrations of morphine. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 7: 266–279, 1982
Davies GK, Tolhurst-Cleaver CL and James TL. Respiratory depression after intrathecal narcotics. Anaesthesia 35: 1080–1083, 1980
Edge WG, Cooper GM and Morgan M. Analgesic effects of sublingual buprenorphine. Anaesthesia 34: 463–467, 1979
Ellis R, Haines D, Shah R, Cotton B and Smith, G. Pain relief after abdominal surgery — a comparison of I.M. morphine, sublingual buprenorphine and self-administered I.V. pethidine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 54: 421–427, 1982
Evans JM, Rosen M, MacCarthy J and Hogg MIJ. Apparatus for patient controlled administration of intravenous narcotics during labour. Lancet 1: 17–18, 1976
Fell D, Chmielewski A and Smith G. Postoperative analgesia with controlled-release morphine sulphate: Comparison with intramuscular morphine. British Medical Journal 285: 92–94, 1982
Fry ENS. Relief of pain after surgery — a comparison of sublingual buprenorphine and intramuscular papaveretum. Anaesthesia 34: 549–551, 1979
Guslafsson LL, Schildt B and Jacobsen K. Adverse effects of extradural and intrathecal opiates: report of a nationwide survey in Sweden. British Journal of Anaesthesia 54: 479–486, 1982
Hambrook JM and Rance MJ. The interaction of buprenorphine and the opiate receptor: lipophilicty as a determining factor in drug receptor kinetics. In Kosterlitz (Ed.) Opiates and endogenous opioid peptides, p. 295, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Biomedical Press, North Holland, 1976
Hanks GW, Rose NM, Aherne GW and Piall EM. Controlled release morphine tablets — a double blind trial in dental patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia 53: 1259–1263, 1981
Harmer M, Slattery PJ, Rosen M and Vickers MD. Comparison between buprenorphine and pentazocine given i.v. on demand in the control of postoperative pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia 55: 21–25, 1983
Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM and Avery GS. Buprenorphine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 17: 81–110, 1979
Hull C and Sibbald A. Control of postoperative pain by interactive demand analgesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 53: 385–391 1981
Iwamoto K and Klaassen, CD. First-pass effect of morphine in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 200: 236–243, 1977
Keeri-Szanto M and Heaman S. Postoperative on-demand analgesia. Surgery, Gynaecology and Obstetrics 134: 647–651, 1972
Leslie ST, Rhodes A and Black FM. Controlled release morphine sulphate tablets — a study in normal volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 9: 531–534, 1980
Leysen JE, Gommeren W and Niemegeers CJE. [3H] Sufantanil, a spurerior lingand for opiate receptors binding properties and regional distribution in rat brain and spinal cord. European Journal of Pharmacology 87: 209–225, 1983
Marks RM and Sachar EJ. Undertreatment of medical inpatients with narcotic analgesics. Annals of Internal Medicine 78: 173–181, 1973
Mather LE, Tucker GT, Phlug AE, Lindop MJ and Wilderson C. Meperidine kinetics in man. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 17: 21–30, 1975
Mather LE and Glynn CJ. The minimum effective analgetic blood concentration of pethidine in patients with intractable pain. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 14: 385–390, 1982
McQuay HJ, Bullingham RES, Paterson GMC and Moore RA. The clinical effects of buprenorphine during and after operation. British Journal of Anaesthesia 52: 1013–1019, 1980
Melzack R, Mount BM and Gordon JM. The Brompton mixture versus morphine solution given orally: effects on pain. Canadian Medical Association Journal 120: 435–438, 1979
Moore RA, Bullingham RES, McQuay HJ, Hand CW, Aspel JB et al. Dural permeability to narcotics: in vitro determination and application to extradural administration. British Journal of Anaesthesia 54: 1117–1128, 1982
Neumann PB, Henrickson H, Grosman N and Christensen CB. Plasma morphine concentrations during chronic oral administration in patients with cancer pain. Pain 13: 247–252, 1982
Nordberg G, Hedner T, Mellstrand T and Dahlstrom B. Pharmacokinetic aspects of intrathecal morphine analgesia. Anesthesiology 60: 448–454, 1984
Nordberg G, Hedner T, Mellstrandt T and Borg, L. Pharmacokinetics of epidural morphine in man. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26: 233–237, 1984
Paalzow LK. Pharmacokinetic aspects of optimal pain treatment. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandanavica 74(Suppl.): 37–43, 1982
Pond SM, Tong T, Benowitz NL, Jacob P and Rigod J. Presystemic metabolism of meperidine to normeperidine in normal and cirrhotic subjects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 30: 183–188, 1981
Rutter PR, Murphy F and Dudley HAF. Morphine: controlled trial of different methods of administration for postoperative pain relief. British Medical Journal 280: 12–13, 1980
Sawc J, Dahlstrom B, Paalzow L and Rane A. Morphine kinetics in cancer patients. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 30: 629–635, 1981
Sawe J, Dahlstrom B and Rane A. Steadystate kinetics and analgesic effect of oral morphine in cancer patients. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24: 537–542, 1983
Scott PV, Bowen FE, Cartwright P, Mohan Rao BC, Deeley D, et al. Intrathecal morphine as sole analgesic during labour. British Medical Journal 281: 351–353, 1980
Sechzer PH. Objective measurement of pain. Anesthesiology 1: 209–210, 1968
Shih APL, Robinson K and Au WYW. Determination of therapeutic serum concentration of oral and parenteral meperidine by gas liquid chromatography. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 9: 451–456, 1976
Slatlery PJ, Harmer M, Rosen M and Vickers MD. Comparison of meptazinol and pethidine given I.V. on demand in the management of postoperative pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia 53: 927–931, 1981
Sprigge JS and Otton PE. Nalbuphine versus meperidine for postoperative analgesia: a double-blind comparison using the patient controlled analgesic technique. Canadian Anaesthetists Society Journal 30: 517–521, 1983
Stapleton JV, Austin KL and Mather LE. Postoperative pain. British Medical Journal 2: 1499, 1978
Stapleton JV, Austin KL and Mather LE. A pharmacokinetic approach to postoperative pain: continuous infusion of pethidine. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 7: 25–32, 1979
Tamsen A. Hartvig P. Dahlstrom C., Lindstrom B and Holmdahl MH. Patient controlled analgesic therapy in the early postoperative period. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 23: 462–470. 1979
Tamsen A, Hartvig P, Fagerlund C and Dahlstrom B. Patient controlled analgesic therapy I: Pharmacokinetics of pethidine in the perioperative and postoperative period. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 7: 149–163, 1982a
Tamsen A, Hartvig P, Fagerlund C and Dahlstrom B. Patient-controlled analgesic therapy, part II: Individual analgesic demand and analgesic plasma concentrations of pethidine in postoperative pain. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 7: 164–175, 1982b
Tamsen A, Bondesson U, Dahlstrom B and Hartvig P. Patient-controlled analgesic therapy, part III. Pharmacokinetics and plasma concentrations of ketobemidone. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 7: 252–265, 1982c
Twycross RG. Choice of strong analgesic in terminal cancer: diamorphine or morphine? Pain 3: 93–104, 1977
Twycross RG. Relief of pain. In Saunders (Ed.) The management of terminal disease, pp. 65–92. Arnold, London, 1978
Twycross RG. Narcotic analgesics in clinical practice. In Bonica et al., (Eds) Advances in pain research and therapy. Vol. 5, pp. 435–459, Raven Press, New York, 1983
Walsh TD. Oral morphine in chronic cancer pain. Pain 18: 1–11, 1984
Wang JK. Nauss LA and Thomas JE. Pain relief by intrathecally applied morphine in man. Anesthesiology 50: 149–151, 1979
Way EL, Young JM and Kemp JW. Metabolism of heroin and its pharmacological implications. Bulletin on Narcotics 17: 25, 1965
Yaksh TL and Rudy TA. Analgesia mediated by a direct spinal action of narcotics. Science 192: 1357–1358, 1976.