Những ghi nhận mới về động vật có vú xâm lấn từ quần đảo Cape Horn hạ bán cầu

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 42 - Trang 1093-1105 - 2019
Elke Schüttler1, Ramiro D. Crego1,2, Lorena Saavedra-Aracena1, Eduardo A. Silva-Rodríguez3, Ricardo Rozzi1,2,4,5, Nicolás Soto6, Jaime E. Jiménez1,4
1Sub-Antarctic Biocultural Conservation Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile
2Department of Ecological Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Santiago, Chile
3Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
4Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, USA
5Department of Philosophy and Religion, University of North Texas, Denton, USA
6Agriculture and Livestock Service, Chilean Ministry of Agriculture, Punta Arenas, Chile

Tóm tắt

Quần đảo hạ bán cầu nhất của châu Mỹ bị chi phối bởi các loài động vật có vú xâm lấn, vượt trội hơn so với các loài bản địa. Dù khả năng vượt qua các kênh nước biển lạnh của hầu hết các loài động vật có vú xâm lấn là tương đối thấp, nhưng dường như chúng đang tìm cách định cư ở những đảo mới. Mục tiêu của chúng tôi là cung cấp một đánh giá về sự mở rộng của các loài động vật có vú xâm lấn trong các hệ sinh thái hạ Nam Cực này, xác định xem việc di chuyển loài xâm lấn do con người chuyển giao có phải là một cơ chế phân tán khả thi hay không, và xác định những khu vực có khả năng bị xâm lấn trong tương lai gần. Chúng tôi báo cáo một thập kỷ thực địa (2006–2017) tại 44 địa điểm trên 13 đảo trong khu bảo tồn sinh quyển Cape Horn, bao gồm các hoạt động đặt bẫy camera có hệ thống và tình cờ, chế độ ăn của động vật ăn thịt, bảng hỏi, bẫy động vật nhỏ và các cuộc đi bộ/đường đi mẫu. Chúng tôi đã phát hiện ra những ghi nhận mới về động vật có vú xâm lấn trên bảy hòn đảo, đặc biệt là đối với chồn Mỹ (Neovison vison) và hải ly Mỹ (Castor canadensis). Các cuộc phỏng vấn với ngư dân cho thấy chồn, chó (Canis familiaris) và các loài gặm nhấm nhỏ có khả năng là hành khách trên các tàu. Cuối cùng, các mô hình phân bố loài cho thấy Công viên Quốc gia Cape Horn, nơi được cho là không có loài xâm lấn (55°S), lại phù hợp cho một số loài xâm lấn, cho thấy nguy cơ xâm lấn cao nếu các loài này được giới thiệu. Chúng tôi kết luận rằng cần thiết phải lập tức thực hiện các rào cản phân tán để ngăn chặn xâm lấn thêm. Đối với chó và mèo (Felis catus), bước đầu tiên nên là các hành động kiểm soát nhắm vào chủ vật nuôi. Cuối cùng, chúng tôi nhấn mạnh sự cần thiết của việc theo dõi đa dạng sinh học hệ thống, dài hạn và khoa học công dân trong quần đảo Cape Horn cùng với các hướng dẫn bảo tồn chung cho các hệ sinh thái đất liền vùng hạ bán cầu.

Từ khóa

#động vật có vú xâm lấn #quần đảo Cape Horn #sinh thái học hạ Nam Cực #đa dạng sinh học #kiểm soát xâm lấn

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