Neuromyelitis optica: clinical features, immunopathogenesis and treatment
Tóm tắt
The term ‘neuromyelitis optica’ (‘Devic's syndrome’, NMO) refers to a syndrome characterized by optic neuritis and myelitis. In recent years, the condition has raised enormous interest among scientists and clinical neurologists, fuelled by the detection of a specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G reactivity (NMO-IgG) in up to 80% of patients with NMO. These autoantibodies were later shown to target aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the most abundant water channel in the central nervous system (CNS). Here we give an up-to-date overview of the clinical and paraclinical features, immunopathogenesis and treatment of NMO. We discuss the widening clinical spectrum of AQP4-related autoimmunity, the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and new diagnostic means such as optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of NMO, the role of NMO-IgG, T cells and granulocytes in the pathophysiology of NMO, and outline prospects for new and emerging therapies for this rare, but often devastating condition.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Jarius, 2012, Contrasting disease patterns in seropositive and seronegative neuromyelitis optica: a multicentre study of 175 patients, J Neuroinflammation, 9, 14, 10.1186/1742-2094-9-14
Trebst, 2011, [Diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica. Consensus recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group], Nervenarzt, 82, 768, 10.1007/s00115-010-3192-4
Lennon, 2005, IgG marker of optic–spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel, J Exp Med, 202, 473, 10.1084/jem.20050304
Lennon, 2004, A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis, Lancet, 364, 2106, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17551-X
Jarius, 2007, NMO-IgG in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 68, 1076, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000256822.01222.bd
Paul, 2007, Antibody to aquaporin 4 in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica, PLOS Med, 4, e133, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040133
Jarius, 2010, Standardized method for the detection of antibodies to aquaporin-4 based on a highly sensitive immunofluorescence assay employing recombinant target antigen, J Neurol Sci, 291, 52, 10.1016/j.jns.2010.01.002
Jarius, 2012, Testing for antibodies to human aquaporin-4 by ELISA: sensitivity, specificity, and direct comparison with immunohistochemistry, J Neurol Sci, 320, 32, 10.1016/j.jns.2012.06.002
Waters, 2008, Aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, Arch Neurol, 65, 913, 10.1001/archneur.65.7.913
Lucchinetti, 2002, A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic's neuromyelitis optica, Brain, 125, 1450, 10.1093/brain/awf151
Wildemann, 2013, The expanding range of autoimmune disorders of the nervous system, Lancet Neurol, 12, 22, 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70301-0
Wildemann, 2013, [Immune-mediated encephalomyelitis], Nervenarzt, 84, 435, 10.1007/s00115-012-3601-y
Wingerchuk, 2007, The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica, Lancet Neurol, 6, 805, 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70216-8
Lennon, 2006, Changing concepts in CNS demyelinating disorders: autoimmune water channelopathies
Matsushita, 2009, Aquaporin-4 autoimmune syndrome and anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-negative opticospinal multiple sclerosis in Japanese, Mult Scler, 15, 834, 10.1177/1352458509104595
Jarius, 2013, The history of neuromyelitis optica, J Neuroinflammation, 10, 8, 10.1186/1742-2094-10-8
Jarius, 2012, ‘Noteomielite’ accompanied by acute amaurosis (1844). An early case of neuromyelitis optica, J Neurol Sci, 313, 182, 10.1016/j.jns.2011.09.025
Jarius, 2013, On the contribution of Thomas Clifford Allbutt, F.R.S., to the early history of neuromyelitis optica, J Neurol, 260, 100, 10.1007/s00415-012-6594-3
Jarius, 2012, An early British case of neuromyelitis optica (1850), BMJ, 345, e6430, 10.1136/bmj.e6430
Jarius, 2011, An early case of neuromyelitis optica: on a forgotten report by Jacob Lockhart Clarke, FRS, Mult Scler, 17, 1384, 10.1177/1352458511411758
Jarius, 2012, The case of the Marquis de Causan (1804): an early account of visual loss associated with spinal cord inflammation, J Neurol, 259, 1354, 10.1007/s00415-011-6355-8
Jarius, 2014, ‘Spinal amaurosis’ (1841). On the early contribution of Edward Hocken to the concept of neuromyelitis optica, J Neurol, 261, 400, 10.1007/s00415-013-7210-x
Devic, 1895, [Myélite aiguë dorso-lombaire avec névrite optique – Autopsie, 434
Gault, 1894, [De la neuromyélite optique aiguë, 102
Asgari, 2013, Complement-dependent pathogenicity of brain-specific antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid, J Neuroimmunol, 254, 76, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.09.010
Jacob, 2013, The epidemiology of neuromyelitis optica amongst adults in the Merseyside county of United Kingdom, J Neurol, 260, 2134, 10.1007/s00415-013-6926-y
Bizzoco, 2009, Prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and phenotype distribution, J Neurol, 256, 1891, 10.1007/s00415-009-5171-x
Ketelslegers, 2012, Incidence of acquired demyelinating syndromes of the CNS in Dutch children: a nationwide study, J Neurol, 259, 1929, 10.1007/s00415-012-6441-6
Cossburn, 2012, The prevalence of neuromyelitis optica in South East Wales, Eur J Neurol, 19, 655, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03529.x
Mealy, 2012, Epidemiology of neuromyelitis optica in the United States: a multicenter analysis, Arch Neurol, 69, 1176, 10.1001/archneurol.2012.314
Yamakawa, 2000, Familial neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) with late onset in Japan, Neurology, 55, 318, 10.1212/WNL.55.2.318
Nouh, 2013, One of the oldest patients with neuromyelitis optica in the literature, Mult Scler, 19, 256, 10.1177/1352458512457848
Huppke, 2010, Neuromyelitis optica and NMO-IgG in European pediatric patients, Neurology, 75, 1740, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181fc2823
Wingerchuk, 1999, The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome), Neurology, 53, 1107, 10.1212/WNL.53.5.1107
Lim, 2011, Relapsing demyelinating CNS disease in a Korean pediatric population: multiple sclerosis versus neuromyelitis optica, Mult Scler, 17, 67, 10.1177/1352458510382685
Krupp, 2013, International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: revisions to the 2007 definitions, Mult Scler, 19, 1261, 10.1177/1352458513484547
Banwell, 2008, Neuromyelitis optica-IgG in childhood inflammatory demyelinating CNS disorders, Neurology, 70, 344, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000284600.80782.d5
Wingerchuk, 2009, Neuromyelitis optica: effect of gender, J Neurol Sci, 286, 18, 10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.045
Wingerchuk, 2007, A secondary progressive clinical course is uncommon in neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 68, 603, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000254502.87233.9a
Kurtzke, 1983, Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS), Neurology, 33, 1444, 10.1212/WNL.33.11.1444
Ghezzi, 2004, Clinical characteristics, course and prognosis of relapsing Devic's neuromyelitis optica, J Neurol, 251, 47, 10.1007/s00415-004-0271-0
Collongues, 2011, A benign form of neuromyelitis optica: does it exist?, Arch Neurol, 68, 918, 10.1001/archneurol.2011.127
Iorio, 2013, Intractable nausea and vomiting from autoantibodies against a brain water channel, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 11, 240, 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.11.021
Popescu, 2011, Neuromyelitis optica unique area postrema lesions: nausea, vomiting, and pathogenic implications, Neurology, 76, 1229, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318214332c
Kim, 2012, Cortical oscillopsia without nystagmus, an isolated symptom of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with anti-aquaporin 4 antibody, Mult Scler, 18, 244, 10.1177/1352458511414149
Kim, 2011, Brain abnormalities as an initial manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Mult Scler, 17, 1107, 10.1177/1352458511404917
Iorio, 2011, Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis may herald or accompany neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 77, 1644, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182343377
Jarius, 2013, Aquaporin-4 antibodies (NMO-IgG) as a serological marker of neuromyelitis optica: a critical review of the literature, Brain Pathol, 23, 661, 10.1111/bpa.12084
Nakano, 2012, Epileptic seizures in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica, Epilepsy Res, 104, 175, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.09.005
Magana, 2009, Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, Neurology, 72, 712, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000343001.36493.ae
Takai, 2012, Two cases of lumbosacral myeloradiculitis with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody, Neurology, 79, 1826, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182703ff7
Wang, 2012, Meningoencephalitis as an initial manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Mult Scler, 19, 639, 10.1177/1352458512459785
Jarius, 2013, Steroid-responsive hearing impairment in NMO-IgG/aquaporin-4-antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica, J Neurol, 260, 663, 10.1007/s00415-012-6755-4
Vernant, 1997, Recurrent optic neuromyelitis with endocrinopathies: a new syndrome, Neurology, 48, 58, 10.1212/WNL.48.1.58
Schmidt, 2013, Olfactory dysfunction in patients with neuromyelitis optica, Mult Scler Int, 654501, 10.1155/2013/654501
Kanamori, 2011, Pain in neuromyelitis optica and its effect on quality of life: a cross-sectional study, Neurology, 77, 652, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318229e694
Qian, 2012, Association of neuromyelitis optica with severe and intractable pain, Arch Neurol, 69, 1482, 10.1001/archneurol.2012.768
Blanc, 2008, Cognitive functions in neuromyelitis optica, Arch Neurol, 65, 84, 10.1001/archneurol.2007.16
Blanc, 2012, White matter atrophy and cognitive dysfunctions in neuromyelitis optica, PLOS ONE, 7, e33878, 10.1371/journal.pone.0033878
Saji, 2013, Cognitive impairment and cortical degeneration in neuromyelitis optica, Ann Neurol, 73, 65, 10.1002/ana.23721
Jarius, 2011, Frequency and syndrome specificity of antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neurological patients with rheumatic disorders, Mult Scler, 17, 1067, 10.1177/1352458511403958
Wandinger, 2010, Autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjogren's syndrome, Arthritis Rheum, 62, 1198, 10.1002/art.27337
Zavada, 2013, Seroprevalence and specificity of NMO-IgG (anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies) in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatol Int, 33, 259, 10.1007/s00296-011-2176-4
Pittock, 2008, Neuromyelitis optica and non organ-specific autoimmunity, Arch Neurol, 65, 78, 10.1001/archneurol.2007.17
Jarius, 2012, Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in patients with myasthenia gravis: ten new aquaporin-4 antibody positive cases and a review of the literature, Mult Scler, 18, 1135, 10.1177/1352458511431728
Jarius, 2007, Neuromyelitis optica and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis following thymectomy for myasthenia gravis, Mult Scler, 13, P534
Kay, 2008, NMO-IgG positive neuromyelitis optica in a patient with myasthenia gravis but no thymectomy, J Neurol Sci, 275, 148, 10.1016/j.jns.2008.06.038
Leite, 2012, Myasthenia gravis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a multicenter study of 16 patients, Neurology, 78, 1601, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825644ff
Bergamaschi, 2009, Two cases of benign neuromyelitis optica in patients with celiac disease, J Neurol, 256, 2097, 10.1007/s00415-009-5288-y
Jarius, 2008, Neuromyelitis optica in patients with gluten sensitivity associated with antibodies to aquaporin-4, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 79, 1084, 10.1136/jnnp.2007.143263
Jarius, 2012, Low vitamin B12 levels and gastric parietal cell antibodies in patients with aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, J Neurol, 259, 2743, 10.1007/s00415-012-6677-1
Kim, 2012, Influence of pregnancy on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Neurology, 78, 1264, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318250d812
Saadoun, 2013, Neuromyelitis optica IgG causes placental inflammation and fetal death, J Immunol, 191, 2999, 10.4049/jimmunol.1301483
Reuss, 2009, A woman with acute myelopathy in pregnancy: case outcome, BMJ, 339, b4026, 10.1136/bmj.b4026
Reuss, 2010, Anti-AQP4 Ab might be relevant in pregnancy, BMJ
Deguchi, 2012, HyperCKemia related to the initial and recurrent attacks of neuromyelitis optica, Intern Med, 51, 2617, 10.2169/internalmedicine.51.7898
Di Filippo, 2012, Recurrent hyperCKemia with normal muscle biopsy in a pediatric patient with neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 79, 1182, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182698d39
Suzuki, 2010, Neuromyelitis optica preceded by hyperCKemia episode, Neurology, 74, 1543, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181dd445b
Jeret, 2010, Neuromyelitis optica preceded by hyperCKemia episode, Neurology, 75, 2253, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181fac76b
Wingerchuk, 2006, Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 66, 1485, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000216139.44259.74
Jarius, 2007, Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica – incorporation of NMO-IgG status, Nat Clin Pract Neurol, 3, E1, 10.1038/ncpneuro0501
Paty, 1988, MRI in the diagnosis of MS: a prospective study with comparison of clinical evaluation, evoked potentials, oligoclonal banding, and CT, Neurology, 38, 180, 10.1212/WNL.38.2.180
Jarius, 2008, Antibody to aquaporin-4 in the long-term course of neuromyelitis optica, Brain, 131, 3072, 10.1093/brain/awn240
Jarius, 2010, AQP4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica: diagnostic and pathogenetic relevance, Nat Rev Neurol, 6, 383, 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.72
Papadopoulos, 2012, Aquaporin 4 and neuromyelitis optica, Lancet Neurol, 11, 535, 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70133-3
Ratelade, 2012, Neuromyelitis optica: aquaporin-4 based pathogenesis mechanisms and new therapies, Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 44, 1519, 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.06.013
Dellavance, 2012, Anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in the context of assorted immune-mediated diseases, Eur J Neurol, 19, 248, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03479.x
Mader, 2010, Patterns of antibody binding to aquaporin-4 isoforms in neuromyelitis optica, PLOS ONE, 5, e10455, 10.1371/journal.pone.0010455
McKeon, 2009, Diagnosis of neuromyelitis spectrum disorders: comparative sensitivities and specificities of immunohistochemical and immunoprecipitation assays, Arch Neurol, 66, 1134, 10.1001/archneurol.2009.178
Isobe, 2012, Quantitative assays for anti-aquaporin-4 antibody with subclass analysis in neuromyelitis optica, Mult Scler, 18, 1541, 10.1177/1352458512443917
Jarius, 2008, Mechanisms of disease: aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica, Nat Clin Pract Neurol, 4, 202, 10.1038/ncpneuro0764
Kim, 2012, Quantitative measurement of anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified recombinant human aquaporin-4, Mult Scler, 18, 578, 10.1177/1352458511424590
Takahashi, 2007, Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody is involved in the pathogenesis of NMO: a study on antibody titre, Brain, 130, 1235, 10.1093/brain/awm062
Chihara, 2011, Interleukin 6 signaling promotes anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody production from plasmablasts in neuromyelitis optica, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 108, 3701, 10.1073/pnas.1017385108
Jarius, 2010, Frequency and prognostic impact of antibodies to aquaporin-4 in patients with optic neuritis, J Neurol Sci, 298, 158, 10.1016/j.jns.2010.07.011
Weinshenker, 2006, Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, Ann Neurol, 59, 566, 10.1002/ana.20770
Matiello, 2008, NMO-IgG predicts the outcome of recurrent optic neuritis, Neurology, 70, 2197, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000303817.82134.da
Akman-Demir, 2011, Prognostic implications of aquaporin-4 antibody status in neuromyelitis optica patients, J Neurol, 258, 464, 10.1007/s00415-010-5780-4
Kitley, 2012, Prognostic factors and disease course in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from the United Kingdom and Japan, Brain, 135, 1834, 10.1093/brain/aws109
Bonnan, 2009, Plasma exchange in severe spinal attacks associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Mult Scler, 15, 487, 10.1177/1352458508100837
Khatri, 2012, Maintenance plasma exchange therapy for steroid-refractory neuromyelitis optica, J Clin Apher, 27, 183, 10.1002/jca.21215
Kim, 2013, Clinical efficacy of plasmapheresis in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and effects on circulating anti-aquaporin-4 antibody levels, J Clin Neurol, 9, 36, 10.3988/jcn.2013.9.1.36
Merle, 2012, Treatment of optic neuritis by plasma exchange (add-on) in neuromyelitis optica, Arch Ophthalmol, 130, 858, 10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.1126
Watanabe, 2007, Therapeutic efficacy of plasma exchange in NMO-IgG-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica, Mult Scler, 13, 128, 10.1177/1352458506071174
Watanabe, 2007, Successful treatment of a hypothalamic lesion in neuromyelitis optica by plasma exchange, J Neurol, 254, 670, 10.1007/s00415-006-0329-2
Bedi, 2011, Impact of rituximab on relapse rate and disability in neuromyelitis optica, Mult Scler, 17, 1225, 10.1177/1352458511404586
Cree, 2005, An open label study of the effects of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 64, 1270, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000159399.81861.D5
Jacob, 2008, Treatment of neuromyelitis optica with rituximab: retrospective analysis of 25 patients, Arch Neurol, 65, 1443, 10.1001/archneur.65.11.noc80069
Kim, 2011, Repeated treatment with rituximab based on the assessment of peripheral circulating memory B cells in patients with relapsing neuromyelitis optica over 2 years, Arch Neurol, 68, 1412, 10.1001/archneurol.2011.154
Pellkofer, 2011, Long-term follow-up of patients with neuromyelitis optica after repeated therapy with rituximab, Neurology, 76, 1310, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182152881
Araki, 2012, Clinical improvement in a patient with neuromyelitis optica following therapy with the anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody tocilizumab, Mod Rheumatol, 23, 827, 10.3109/s10165-012-0715-9
Ayzenberg, 2013, Interleukin 6 receptor blockade in patients with neuromyelitis optica nonresponsive to anti-CD20 therapy, JAMA Neurol, 70, 394, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1246
Kieseier, 2013, Disease amelioration with tocilizumab in a treatment-resistant patient with neuromyelitis optica: implication for cellular immune responses, Arch Neurol, 70, 390
Matiello, 2013, Aquaporin 4 expression and tissue susceptibility to neuromyelitis optica, JAMA Neurol, 70, 1118, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.3124
Misu, 2007, Loss of aquaporin 4 in lesions of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis, Brain, 130, 1224, 10.1093/brain/awm047
Roemer, 2007, Pattern-specific loss of aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity distinguishes neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis, Brain, 130, 1194, 10.1093/brain/awl371
Sinclair, 2007, Absence of aquaporin-4 expression in lesions of neuromyelitis optica but increased expression in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal-appearing white matter, Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 113, 187, 10.1007/s00401-006-0169-2
Misu, 2013, Presence of six different lesion types suggests diverse mechanisms of tissue injury in neuromyelitis optica, Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 125, 815, 10.1007/s00401-013-1116-7
Hinson, 2007, Pathogenic potential of IgG binding to water channel extracellular domain in neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 69, 2221, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000289761.64862.ce
Hinson, 2012, Molecular outcomes of neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-IgG binding to aquaporin-4 in astrocytes, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 109, 1245, 10.1073/pnas.1109980108
Rossi, 2012, Neuromyelitis optica IgG does not alter aquaporin-4 water permeability, plasma membrane M1/M23 isoform content, or supramolecular assembly, Glia, 60, 2027, 10.1002/glia.22417
Hinson, 2008, Aquaporin-4-binding autoantibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica impair glutamate transport by down-regulating EAAT2, J Exp Med, 205, 2473, 10.1084/jem.20081241
Melamud, 2012, Neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G present in sera from neuromyelitis optica patients affects aquaporin-4 expression and water permeability of the astrocyte plasma membrane, J Neurosci Res, 90, 1240, 10.1002/jnr.22822
Vincent, 2008, Functional consequences of neuromyelitis optica-IgG astrocyte interactions on blood–brain barrier permeability and granulocyte recruitment, J Immunol, 181, 5730, 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5730
Ratelade, 2011, Evidence against cellular internalization in vivo of NMO-IgG, aquaporin-4, and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 in neuromyelitis optica, J Biol Chem, 286, 45156, 10.1074/jbc.M111.297275
Saadoun, 2010, Intra-cerebral injection of neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G and human complement produces neuromyelitis optica lesions in mice, Brain, 133, 349, 10.1093/brain/awp309
Bennett, 2009, Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica, Ann Neurol, 66, 617, 10.1002/ana.21802
Bradl, 2009, Neuromyelitis optica: pathogenicity of patient immunoglobulin in vivo, Ann Neurol, 66, 630, 10.1002/ana.21837
Kinoshita, 2009, Neuromyelitis optica: passive transfer to rats by human immunoglobulin, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 386, 623, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.085
Kinoshita, 2010, Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody induces astrocytic cytotoxicity in the absence of CNS antigen-specific T cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 394, 205, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.157
Jarius, 2007, NMO-IgG/Aqp4-Ab belongs to the IgG1 subclass and activates complement in vitro, Mult Scler, 13, P533
Kalluri, 2010, Quantification and functional characterization of antibodies to native aquaporin 4 in neuromyelitis optica, Arch Neurol, 67, 1201, 10.1001/archneurol.2010.269
Kuroda, 2013, Increase of complement fragment C5a in cerebrospinal fluid during exacerbation of neuromyelitis optica, J Neuroimmunol, 254, 178, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.09.002
Pittock, 2013, Eculizumab in AQP4-IgG-positive relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: an open-label pilot study, Lancet Neurol, 12, 554, 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70076-0
Paul, 2013, Hope for a rare disease: eculizumab in neuromyelitis optica, Lancet Neurol, 12, 529, 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70089-9
Hinson, 2009, Prediction of neuromyelitis optica attack severity by quantitation of complement-mediated injury to aquaporin-4-expressing cells, Arch Neurol, 66, 1164, 10.1001/archneurol.2009.188
Sabater, 2009, Cytotoxic effect of neuromyelitis optica antibody (NMO-IgG) to astrocytes: an in vitro study, J Neuroimmunol, 215, 31, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.07.014
Phuan, 2012, Complement-dependent cytotoxicity in neuromyelitis optica requires aquaporin-4 protein assembly in orthogonal arrays, J Biol Chem, 287, 13829, 10.1074/jbc.M112.344325
Zhang, 2011, Ex vivo spinal cord slice model of neuromyelitis optica reveals novel immunopathogenic mechanisms, Ann Neurol, 70, 943, 10.1002/ana.22551
Tradtrantip, 2012, Anti-aquaporin-4 monoclonal antibody blocker therapy for neuromyelitis optica, Ann Neurol, 71, 314, 10.1002/ana.22657
Tradtrantip, 2013, Therapeutic cleavage of anti-aquaporin-4 autoantibody in neuromyelitis optica by an IgG-selective proteinase, Mol Pharmacol, 83, 1268, 10.1124/mol.113.086470
Tradtrantip, 2013, Enzymatic deglycosylation converts pathogenic neuromyelitis optica anti-aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G into therapeutic antibody, Ann Neurol, 73, 77, 10.1002/ana.23741
Phuan, 2012, A small-molecule screen yields idiotype-specific blockers of neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G binding to aquaporin-4, J Biol Chem, 287, 36837, 10.1074/jbc.M112.408716
Tradtrantip, 2012, Small-molecule inhibitors of NMO-IgG binding to aquaporin-4 reduce astrocyte cytotoxicity in neuromyelitis optica, FASEB J, 26, 2197, 10.1096/fj.11-201608
Saadoun, 2012, Paucity of natural killer and cytotoxic T cells in human neuromyelitis optica lesions, Neuroreport, 23, 1044, 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32835ab480
Icoz, 2010, Enhanced IL-6 production in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica patients, Int J Neurosci, 120, 71, 10.3109/00207450903428970
Uzawa, 2009, Markedly increased CSF interleukin-6 levels in neuromyelitis optica, but not in multiple sclerosis, J Neurol, 256, 2082, 10.1007/s00415-009-5274-4
Wang, 2012, Cerebrospinal fluid BAFF and APRIL levels in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis patients during relapse, J Clin Immunol, 32, 1007, 10.1007/s10875-012-9709-9
Vaknin-Dembinsky, 2010, Preferential increase of B-cell activating factor in the cerebrospinal fluid of neuromyelitis optica in a white population, Mult Scler, 16, 1453, 10.1177/1352458510380416
Quan, 2013, Impaired regulatory function and enhanced intrathecal activation of B cells in neuromyelitis optica: distinct from multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler, 19, 289, 10.1177/1352458512454771
Korn, 2008, IL-6 controls Th17 immunity in vivo by inhibiting the conversion of conventional T cells into Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 18460, 10.1073/pnas.0809850105
Goodman, 2009, IL-6 signaling in psoriasis prevents immune suppression by regulatory T cells, J Immunol, 183, 3170, 10.4049/jimmunol.0803721
Wang, 2011, Interleukin-17-secreting T cells in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis during relapse, J Clin Neurosci, 18, 1313, 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.01.031
Linhares, 2013, The ex vivo production of IL-6 and IL-21 by CD4+ T cells is directly associated with neurological disability in neuromyelitis optica patients, J Clin Immunol, 33, 179, 10.1007/s10875-012-9780-2
Arellano, 2012, Human aquaporin 4281-300 is the immunodominant linear determinant in the context of HLA-DRB1*03:01: relevance for diagnosing and monitoring patients with Neuromyelitis optica, Arch Neurol, 69, 1125, 10.1001/archneurol.2012.1300
Varrin-Doyer, 2012, Aquaporin 4-specific T cells in neuromyelitis optica exhibit a Th17 bias and recognize Clostridium ABC transporter, Ann Neurol, 72, 53, 10.1002/ana.23651
Quan, 2012, Impaired regulatory function and enhanced intrathecal activation of B cells in neuromyelitis optica: distinct from multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler, 19, 289, 10.1177/1352458512454771
Wang, 2012, Interleukin 17 gene polymorphism is associated with anti-aquaporin 4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica in the Southern Han Chinese – a case control study, J Neurol Sci, 314, 26, 10.1016/j.jns.2011.11.005
Ishizu, 2005, Intrathecal activation of the IL-17/IL-8 axis in opticospinal multiple sclerosis, Brain, 128, 988, 10.1093/brain/awh453
Bjerke, 1996, Human blood eosinophils produce and secrete interleukin 4, Respir Med, 90, 271, 10.1016/S0954-6111(96)90098-0
Jarius, 2011, Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica: Results from 211 lumbar punctures, J Neurol Sci, 306, 82, 10.1016/j.jns.2011.03.038
Saadoun, 2012, Neutrophil protease inhibition reduces neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G-induced damage in mouse brain, Ann Neurol, 71, 323, 10.1002/ana.22686
Jacob, 2012, Detrimental role of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in neuromyelitis optica: clinical case and histological evidence, Mult Scler, 18, 1801, 10.1177/1352458512443994
Zhang, 2013, Eosinophil pathogenicity mechanisms and therapeutics in neuromyelitis optica, J Clin Invest, 123, 2306, 10.1172/JCI67554
Barnett, 2012, Massive astrocyte destruction in neuromyelitis optica despite natalizumab therapy, Mult Scler, 18, 108, 10.1177/1352458511421185
Kleiter, 2012, Failure of natalizumab to prevent relapses in neuromyelitis optica, Arch Neurol, 69, 239, 10.1001/archneurol.2011.216
Jacob, 2012, Does natalizumab therapy worsen neuromyelitis optica?, Neurology, 79, 1065, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826845fe
Ratelade, 2012, Neuromyelitis optica IgG and natural killer cells produce NMO lesions in mice without myelin loss, Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 123, 861, 10.1007/s00401-012-0986-4
Mitsdoerffer, 2010, Proinflammatory T helper type 17 cells are effective B-cell helpers, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 107, 14292, 10.1073/pnas.1009234107
Brum, 2010, HLA-DRB association in neuromyelitis optica is different from that observed in multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler, 16, 21, 10.1177/1352458509350741
Zephir, 2009, Is neuromyelitis optica associated with human leukocyte antigen?, Mult Scler, 15, 571, 10.1177/1352458508102085
Nelson, 2010, Immunodominant T cell determinants of aquaporin-4, the autoantigen associated with neuromyelitis optica, PLOS ONE, 5, e15050, 10.1371/journal.pone.0015050
Kalluri, 2011, Functional characterization of aquaporin-4 specific T cells: towards a model for neuromyelitis optica, PLOS ONE, 6, e16083, 10.1371/journal.pone.0016083
Vaknin-Dembinsky, 2012, T-cell reactivity against AQP4 in neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 79, 945, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318266fc2b
Warabi, 2006, Characterization of the T cell receptor repertoire in the Japanese neuromyelitis optica: T cell activity is up-regulated compared to multiple sclerosis, J Neurol Sci, 249, 145, 10.1016/j.jns.2006.06.011
Matsuya, 2011, Increased T-cell immunity against aquaporin-4 and proteolipid protein in neuromyelitis optica, Int Immunol, 23, 565, 10.1093/intimm/dxr056
Ren, 2012, Cross-immunoreactivity between bacterial aquaporin-Z and human aquaporin-4: potential relevance to neuromyelitis optica, J Immunol, 189, 4602, 10.4049/jimmunol.1200486
Jarius, 2011, Homology between Klebsiella pneumoniae and human aquaporin-4: no evidence for cross-reactivity in neuromyelitis optica. A study on 114 patients, J Neurol, 258, 929, 10.1007/s00415-010-5839-2
Sellner, 2010, The clinical spectrum and immunobiology of parainfectious neuromyelitis optica (Devic) syndromes, J Autoimmun, 34, 371, 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.013
Menge, 2012, Neuromyelitis optica following human papillomavirus vaccination, Neurology, 79, 285, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825fdead
Alberdi, 2006, Activation of kainate receptors sensitizes oligodendrocytes to complement attack, J Neurosci, 26, 3220, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3780-05.2006
Nicchia, 2009, Aquaporin-4 orthogonal arrays of particles are the target for neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies, Glia, 57, 1363, 10.1002/glia.20855
Rossi, 2012, Consequences of NMO-IgG binding to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 109, E1511, 10.1073/pnas.1203463109
Jarius, 2010, Immunoglobulin M antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders, Clin Chem Lab Med, 48, 659, 10.1515/CCLM.2010.127
Jiao, 2013, Updated estimate of AQP4-IgG serostatus and disability outcome in neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 81, 1197, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a6cb5c
Marignier, 2013, Aquaporin-4 antibody-negative neuromyelitis optica: distinct assay sensitivity-dependent entity, Neurology, 80, 2194, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318296e917
Waters, 2012, Serologic diagnosis of NMO: a multicenter comparison of aquaporin-4-IgG assays, Neurology, 78, 665, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318248dec1
Mori, 2011, Detection of mumps virus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuromyelitis optica, Neurol Sci, 32, 795, 10.1007/s10072-011-0564-x
Koga, 2011, A serological analysis of viral and bacterial infections associated with neuromyelitis optica, J Neurol Sci, 300, 19, 10.1016/j.jns.2010.10.013
Mader, 2011, Complement activating antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders, J Neuroinflammation, 8, 184, 10.1186/1742-2094-8-184
Rostasy, 2013, Persisting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in aquaporin-4 antibody negative pediatric neuromyelitis optica, Mult Scler, 19, 1052, 10.1177/1352458512470310
Kitley, 2012, Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype, Neurology, 79, 1273, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826aac4e
Mayer, 2013, Distinction and temporal stability of conformational epitopes on myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein recognized by patients with different inflammatory central nervous system diseases, J Immunol, 191, 3594, 10.4049/jimmunol.1301296
Jarius, 2012, Antibodies to CV2/CRMP5 in neuromyelitis optica-like disease: case report and review of the literature, Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 114, 331, 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.10.048
Kruer, 2010, NMDA receptor encephalitis mimicking seronegative neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 74, 1473, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181dc1a7f
Trebst, 2011, Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis – it's not all neuromyelitis optica, Nat Rev Neurol, 7, 688, 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.176
Kitley, 2012, The differential diagnosis of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, Mult Scler, 18, 271, 10.1177/1352458511406165
Andersson, 1994, Cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus report, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 57, 897, 10.1136/jnnp.57.8.897
Reiber, 2009, Paediatric and adult multiple sclerosis: age-related differences and time course of the neuroimmunological response in cerebrospinal fluid, Mult Scler, 15, 1466, 10.1177/1352458509348418
Walsh, 1986, Temporal invariance and clonal uniformity of brain and cerebrospinal IgG, IgA, and IgM in multiple sclerosis, J Exp Med, 163, 41, 10.1084/jem.163.1.41
Reiber, 1998, The intrathecal, polyspecific and oligoclonal immune response in multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler, 4, 111, 10.1177/135245859800400304
Jarius, 2009, The intrathecal, polyspecific antiviral immune response: specific for MS or a general marker of CNS autoimmunity?, J Neurol Sci, 280, 98, 10.1016/j.jns.2008.08.002
Jarius, 2012, Usefulness of antibody index assessment in cerebrospinal fluid from patients negative for total-IgG oligoclonal bands, Fluids Barriers CNS, 9, 14, 10.1186/2045-8118-9-14
Jarius, 2008, Polyspecific, antiviral immune response distinguishes multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 79, 1134, 10.1136/jnnp.2007.133330
Jarius, 2013, Aquaporin-4 antibodies, CNS acidosis and neuromyelitis optica: a potential link, Med Hypotheses, 81, 1090, 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.10.011
Lepur, 2009, Neuromyelitis optica with CSF examination mimicking bacterial meningomyelitis, Neurol Sci, 30, 51, 10.1007/s10072-008-0002-x
Jarius, 2010, Antibodies to aquaporin-4 in non-small cell lung cancer: a study on 50 patients, Neurol Sci, 31, 871, 10.1007/s10072-010-0290-9
Symmonds, 2012, Devastating aquaporin-4 and HTLV-1-associated necrotizing encephalopathy, J Neurol, 259, 2732, 10.1007/s00415-012-6651-y
von Glehn, 2012, Aquaporin-4 antibodies are not related to HTLV-1 associated myelopathy, PLOS ONE, 7, e39372, 10.1371/journal.pone.0039372
Wildemann, 2009, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following vaccination against human papilloma virus, Neurology, 72, 2132, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181aa53bb
Jarius, 2010, Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders: frequency, origin, and diagnostic relevance, J Neuroinflammation, 7, 52, 10.1186/1742-2094-7-52
Dujmovic, 2011, Temporal dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, J Neuroimmunol, 234, 124, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.01.007
Heerlein, 2009, Aquaporin-4 antibody positive longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis following varicella zoster infection, J Neurol Sci, 276, 184, 10.1016/j.jns.2008.08.015
Kiyat-Atamer, 2013, Long-term MRI findings in neuromyelitis optica: seropositive versus seronegative patients, Eur J Neurol, 20, 781, 10.1111/ene.12058
Lim, 2013, Factors associated with the effectiveness of plasma exchange for the treatment of NMO-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, Mult Scler, 19, 1216, 10.1177/1352458512471875
Yonezu, 2013, ‘Bright spotty lesions’ on spinal magnetic resonance imaging differentiate neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler, 10.1177/1352458513495581
Klawiter, 2012, Increased radial diffusivity in spinal cord lesions in neuromyelitis optica compared with multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler, 18, 1259, 10.1177/1352458512436593
Naismith, 2013, Spinal cord tract diffusion tensor imaging reveals disability substrate in demyelinating disease, Neurology, 80, 2201, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318296e8f1
Ciccarelli, 2013, Low myo-inositol indicating astrocytic damage in a case series of NMO, Ann Neurol, 10.1002/ana.23909
Pittock, 2006, Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica, Arch Neurol, 63, 390, 10.1001/archneur.63.3.390
Matthews, 2013, Distinction of seropositive NMO spectrum disorder and MS brain lesion distribution, Neurology, 80, 1330, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182887957
Kim, 2012, Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Mult Scler Int, 2012, 735486
Sinnecker, 2012, Distinct lesion morphology at 7-T MRI differentiates neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis, Neurology, 79, 708, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182648bc8
Kister, 2013, Ultrahigh-field MR (7 T) imaging of brain lesions in neuromyelitis optica, Mult Scler Int, 2013, 398259
Popescu, 2010, Absence of cortical demyelination in neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 75, 2103, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318200d80c
Calabrese, 2012, No MRI evidence of cortical lesions in neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 79, 1671, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826e9a96
Pittock, 2006, Neuromyelitis optica brain lesions localized at sites of high aquaporin 4 expression, Arch Neurol, 63, 964, 10.1001/archneur.63.7.964
Zhang, 2014, Comparison of deep gray matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging among adults with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, and neuromyelitis optica, Mult Scler, 10.1177/1352458513499420
Chan, 2011, Brain involvement in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, Arch Neurol, 68, 1432, 10.1001/archneurol.2011.249
Makino, 2012, Diffuse and heterogeneous T2-hyperintense lesions in the splenium are characteristic of neuromyelitis optica, Mult Scler, 19, 308, 10.1177/1352458512454772
Kim, 2010, Characteristic brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in central nervous system aquaporin-4 autoimmunity, Mult Scler, 16, 1229, 10.1177/1352458510376640
Banker, 2012, Pencil-thin ependymal enhancement in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, Mult Scler, 18, 1050, 10.1177/1352458511431730
Ito, 2009, ‘Cloud-like enhancement’ is a magnetic resonance imaging abnormality specific to neuromyelitis optica, Ann Neurol, 66, 425, 10.1002/ana.21753
Chanson, 2013, White matter volume is decreased in the brain of patients with neuromyelitis optica, Eur J Neurol, 20, 361, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03867.x
Sanchez-Catasus, 2013, Brain tissue volumes and perfusion change with the number of optic neuritis attacks in relapsing neuromyelitis optica: a voxel-based correlation study, PLOS ONE, 8, e66271, 10.1371/journal.pone.0066271
Rueda Lopes, 2012, The role of demyelination in neuromyelitis optica damage: diffusion-tensor MR imaging study, Radiology, 263, 235, 10.1148/radiol.12111241
Liu, 2012, A tract-based diffusion study of cerebral white matter in neuromyelitis optica reveals widespread pathological alterations, Mult Scler, 18, 1013, 10.1177/1352458511431731
Zhao, 2012, Diffusion tensor imaging characterization of occult brain damage in relapsing neuromyelitis optica using 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging techniques, Neuroimage, 59, 3173, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.022
Matsuoka, 2008, Heterogeneity and continuum of multiple sclerosis in Japanese according to magnetic resonance imaging findings, J Neurol Sci, 266, 115, 10.1016/j.jns.2007.09.010
Ishizu, 2009, Heterogeneity and continuum of multiple sclerosis phenotypes in Japanese according to the results of the fourth nationwide survey, J Neurol Sci, 280, 22, 10.1016/j.jns.2009.01.008
Pfueller, 2011, Imaging the visual pathway in neuromyelitis optica, Mult Scler Int, 2011, 869814
Brandt, 2012, Patterns of retinal damage facilitate differential diagnosis between Susac syndrome and MS, PLOS ONE, 7, e38741, 10.1371/journal.pone.0038741
Stricker, 2011, Temporal retinal nerve fiber loss in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, PLOS ONE, 6, e23024, 10.1371/journal.pone.0023024
Zimmermann, 2013, Optic neuritis interferes with optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging correlations, Mult Scler, 19, 443, 10.1177/1352458512457844
Bock, 2010, Time domain and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a comparative cross-sectional study, Mult Scler, 16, 893, 10.1177/1352458510365156
Brandt, 2011, Primary retinal pathology in multiple sclerosis as detected by optical coherence tomography, Brain, 134, e193, 10.1093/brain/awr095
Roth, 2013, Optical coherence tomography does not support optic nerve involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Eur J Neurol, 20, 1170, 10.1111/ene.12146
Kaufhold, 2013, Optic neuritis is associated with inner nuclear layer thickening and microcystic macular edema independently of multiple sclerosis, PLOS ONE, 8, e71145, 10.1371/journal.pone.0071145
Kaufhold, 2012, Optic nerve head quantification in idiopathic intracranial hypertension by spectral domain OCT, PLOS ONE, 7, e36965, 10.1371/journal.pone.0036965
Naismith, 2009, Optical coherence tomography differs in neuromyelitis optica compared with multiple sclerosis, Neurology, 72, 1077, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000345042.53843.d5
Ratchford, 2009, Optical coherence tomography helps differentiate neuromyelitis optica and MS optic neuropathies, Neurology, 73, 302, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181af78b8
von Glehn, 2014, Structural brain abnormalities are related to retinal nerve fiber layer thinning and disease duration in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, Mult Scler, 10.1016/j.jns.2013.01.040
Gelfand, 2013, Microcystic inner nuclear layer abnormalities and neuromyelitis optica, JAMA Neurol, 70, 629, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1832
Sotirchos, 2013, In vivo identification of morphologic retinal abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 80, 1406, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828c2f7a
Schneider, 2013, Optical coherence tomography reveals distinct patterns of retinal damage in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis, PLOS ONE, 8, e66151, 10.1371/journal.pone.0066151
Bouyon, 2013, Longitudinal follow-up of vision in a neuromyelitis optica cohort, Mult Scler, 19, 1320, 10.1177/1352458513476562
Ringelstein, 2013, Visual evoked potentials in neuromyelitis optica and its spectrum disorders, Mult Scler, 10.1177/1352458513503053
Kimbrough, 2012, Treatment of neuromyelitis optica: review and recommendations, Mult Scler Relat Disord, 1, 180, 10.1016/j.msard.2012.06.002
Magana, 2011, Beneficial plasma exchange response in central nervous system inflammatory demyelination, Arch Neurol, 68, 870, 10.1001/archneurol.2011.34
Elsone, 2013, Role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of acute relapses of neuromyelitis optica: experience in 10 patients, Mult Scler, 10.1177/1352458513495938
Greenberg, 2012, Rituximab dosing and monitoring strategies in neuromyelitis optica patients: creating strategies for therapeutic success, Mult Scler, 18, 1022, 10.1177/1352458511432896
Pellkofer, 2009, Course of neuromyelitis optica during inadvertent pregnancy in a patient treated with rituximab, Mult Scler, 15, 1006, 10.1177/1352458509106512
Costanzi, 2011, Azathioprine: tolerability, efficacy, and predictors of benefit in neuromyelitis optica, Neurology, 77, 659, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31822a2780
Watanabe, 2007, Low-dose corticosteroids reduce relapses in neuromyelitis optica: a retrospective analysis, Mult Scler, 13, 968, 10.1177/1352458507077189
Bichuetti, 2010, Neuromyelitis optica treatment: analysis of 36 patients, Arch Neurol, 67, 1131, 10.1001/archneurol.2010.203
Mandler, 1998, Devic's neuromyelitis optica: a prospective study of seven patients treated with prednisone and azathioprine, Neurology, 51, 1219, 10.1212/WNL.51.4.1219
Jacob, 2009, Treatment of neuromyelitis optica with mycophenolate mofetil: retrospective analysis of 24 patients, Arch Neurol, 66, 1128, 10.1001/archneurol.2009.175
Kitley, 2013, Methotrexate is an alternative to azathioprine in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 antibodies, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 84, 918, 10.1136/jnnp-2012-304774
Kim, 2011, Efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone in patients with highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica, Arch Neurol, 68, 473, 10.1001/archneurol.2010.322
Weinstock-Guttman, 2006, Study of mitoxantrone for the treatment of recurrent neuromyelitis optica (Devic disease), Arch Neurol, 63, 957, 10.1001/archneur.63.7.957
Cabre, 2013, Efficacy of mitoxantrone in neuromyelitis optica spectrum: clinical and neuroradiological study, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 84, 511, 10.1136/jnnp-2012-303121
Dorr, 2009, Severe cardiac failure in a patient with multiple sclerosis following low-dose mitoxantrone treatment, Neurology, 73, 991, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b878f6
Stroet, 2012, Incidence of therapy-related acute leukaemia in mitoxantrone-treated multiple sclerosis patients in Germany, Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 5, 75, 10.1177/1756285611433318
Stroet, 2012, Acute myeloid leukemia in Italian patients with multiple sclerosis treated with mitoxantrone, Neurology, 78, 933, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000413366.14351.54
Trebst, 2013, Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica: recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS), J Neurol, 261, 1, 10.1007/s00415-013-7169-7
Kim, 2012, Does interferon beta treatment exacerbate neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder?, Mult Scler, 78, 1179
Palace, 2010, Interferon beta treatment in neuromyelitis optica: increase in relapses and aquaporin 4 antibody titers, Arch Neurol, 67, 1016, 10.1001/archneurol.2010.188
Papeix, 2007, Immunosuppressive therapy is more effective than interferon in neuromyelitis optica, Mult Scler, 13, 256, 10.1177/1352458506070732
Shimizu, 2008, Development of extensive brain lesions following interferon beta therapy in relapsing neuromyelitis optica and longitudinally extensive myelitis, J Neurol, 255, 305, 10.1007/s00415-007-0730-5
Uzawa, 2010, Different responses to interferon beta-1b treatment in patients with neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis, Eur J Neurol, 17, 672, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02897.x
Warabi, 2007, Interferon beta-1b exacerbates multiple sclerosis with severe optic nerve and spinal cord demyelination, J Neurol Sci, 252, 57, 10.1016/j.jns.2006.10.008
Min, 2012, Development of extensive brain lesions following fingolimod (FTY720) treatment in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Mult Scler, 18, 113, 10.1177/1352458511431973
Izaki, 2013, A case of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder developing a fulminant course with multiple white-matter lesions following fingolimod treatment, Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 53, 513, 10.5692/clinicalneurol.53.513
Qian, 2011, Lack of response to monoclonal antibody therapy in neuromyelitis optica, Arch Neurol, 68, 1207, 10.1001/archneurol.2011.194