Neural Maturational Delay as a Link in the Chain of Events Leading to SIDS
Tóm tắt
Although numerous etiological or triggering factors have been suggested in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the underlying mechanism of death is ultimately cardiac and/or respiratory in nature. As there is no evidence of lung or heart abnormalities, attention has focussed on the neural control of respiration and cardiac function. It is important to appreciate the methodological limitations involved in utilizing autopsy material and the criteria for selection of appropriate controls. This report reviews the pathological evidence for developmental delay in SIDS emphasizing delay of neural maturation of both myelination and synapses. Other abnormalities of the nervous system apparently associated with hypoxia-ischemia such as brainstem astrogliosis are also discussed. The occurrence of SIDS at a precise age together with our preliminary studies indicate that neural developmental delay is an important link in the chain of events leading to SIDS.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Steinschneider, 1977, Nasopharyngitis and the sudden infant death syndrome, Pediatrics, 60, 531, 10.1542/peds.60.4.531
Kinney, 1983, Reactive gliosis’ in the medulla oblongata of victims of the sudden infant death syndrome, Pediatrics, 72, 181, 10.1542/peds.72.2.181
Becker, 1988, Electron microscopic morphometric analysis of the postnatal development of the phrenic nerve, SIDS-Symposium
Langlais, 1985, CNS monoamine metabolites: correlation with age in normal infants and children, Pediatrics, 75, 580
Cole, 1979, Ultrastructural abnormalities of the the carotid body in sudden infant death syndrome, Pediatrics, 63, 13, 10.1542/peds.63.1.13
Southall, 1982, Prolonged apnea and cardiac arrhythmias in infants discharged from neonatal intensive care units: failure to predict an increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome, Pediatrics, 70, 844, 10.1542/peds.70.6.844
Kozakewich, 1984, Cerebrospinal fluid met-enkephalin in sudden infant death syndrome, Lab Invest
Lagercrantz, 1982, International Research Conference on the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Winn, 1982, Sudden infant death syndrome pathology following repeated episodes of anoxia, Lab Invest
Weinstein, 1985, QTc and R-R intervals in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome, Am J Dis Child, 139, 987
Takashima, Dendritic development of motor neurons in the cervical anterior horn and hypoglossal nucleus of normal infants and victims of sudden infant death syndrome, Neuropediatrics
Pasi, 1983, Regional levels of β-lipotropin and β-endorphin in the brain and hypophysis of victims of sudden infant death syndrome, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 107, 336
Southall, 1988, Role of apnea in the sudden infant death syndrome: a personal view, Pediatrics, 81, 73
Takashima, 1978, Cerebral white matter lesions in sudden infant death syndrome, Pediatrics, 62, 155, 10.1542/peds.62.2.155
Pearson, 1983, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 115
Bradley, 1988, Autoradiographic localization of [3H] forskolin binding to adenylate cyclase in the human infant brainstem, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 317
Cutz, 1988, Hyperplasia of bombesin immunoreactive (BI) cells in lungs of SIDS victims, Lab Invest
Becker, 1983, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 99
Steinschneider, 1972, Prolonged apnea and the sudden infant death syndrome: clinical and laboratory observations, Pediatrics, 50, 646, 10.1542/peds.50.4.646
Feldman, 1988, Neural Control of Rhythmic Movements in Vertebrates, 73
Bryan, 1988, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Risk Factors and Basic Mechanisms, 249
van Belle, 1988, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Risk Factors and Basic Mechanisms, 203
Denoroy, 1980, Activités des enzymes de synthése des catécholamines dans des régions du tronc cérébral au cours de la mort subite du nourrisson, C R Acad Sc Paris t, 291, 217
Deykin, 1984, Apnea of infancy and subsequent neurologic, cognitive, and behavioral status, Pediatrics, 73, 638, 10.1542/peds.73.5.638
Larroche, 1973, Glia of myelination and fat deposit during early myelogenesis, Biol Menonate, 22, 421
Kinney, 1988, Delayed CNS myelination in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 370
Teixeira, 1988, Postnatal development of phrenic nerve: an electron-microscopic morphometric study, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 313
Sachis, 1979, Differential delay in myelination of vagal fibres — its relation to apnea of prematurity and the sudden-infant-death syndrome, Arch Dis Child, 54, 152
Perrin, 1984, Ultrastructure of carotid bodies in sudden infant death syndrome, Pediatrics, 73, 646, 10.1542/peds.73.5.646
Rognum, 1988, Elevated levels of hypoxanthine in vitreous humor indicate prolonged cerebral hypoxia in victims of sudden infant death syndrome, Pediatrics, 82, 615, 10.1542/peds.82.4.615
Naeye, 1977, The sudden infant death syndrome: a review of recent advances, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 101, 165
Froggatt, 1971, Epidemiology of sudden unexpected death in infants (“cot death”) in Northern Ireland, Br J Prev Soc Med, 25, 119
Pereyra, 1989, Disturbance of growth rate in sudden infant death syndrome, Lab Invest