Natural graft tissues and synthetic biomaterials for periodontal and alveolar bone reconstructive applications: a review

Zeeshan Sheikh1, Nader Hamdan2, Yuichi Ikeda1, Marc D. Grynpas3, Bernhard Ganß1, Michael Glogauer1
1Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Room 221, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada
2Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Avenue, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
3Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde St, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada

Tóm tắt

Abstract Periodontal disease is categorized by the destruction of periodontal tissues. Over the years, there have been several clinical techniques and material options that been investigated for periodontal defect repair/regeneration. The development of improved biomaterials for periodontal tissue engineering has significantly improved the available treatment options and their clinical results. Bone replacement graft materials, barrier membranes, various growth factors and combination of these have been used. The available bone tissue replacement materials commonly used include autografts, allografts, xenografts and alloplasts. These graft materials mostly function as osteogenic, osteoinductive and/or osteoconductive scaffolds. Polymers (natural and synthetic) are more widely used as a barrier material in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) applications. They work on the principle of epithelial cell exclusion to allow periodontal ligament and alveolar bone cells to repopulate the defect before the normally faster epithelial cells. However, in an attempt to overcome complications related to the epithelial down-growth and/or collapse of the non-rigid barrier membrane and to maintain space, clinicians commonly use a combination of membranes with hard tissue grafts. This article aims to review various available natural tissues and biomaterial based bone replacement graft and membrane options used in periodontal regeneration applications.

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