Natural compounds and retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection

Progress in Brain Research - Tập 220 - Trang 257-281 - 2015
Luigi Antonio Morrone1,2, Laura Rombolà1, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti3, Giacinto Bagetta1,2, Carlo Nucci4, Rossella Russo1
1Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
2University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCHAD), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
3Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
4Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alm, 2015, Latanoprost in the treatment of glaucoma, Clin. Ophthalmol., 8, 1967 Altintas, 2004, The effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on quality and quantity of tear, intraocular pressure and ocular blood flow, Ophthalmologica, 218, 120, 10.1159/000076148 Anderson, 1979, Biochemical lesions associated with taurine deficiency in the cat, J. Anim. Sci., 49, 1227, 10.2527/jas1979.4951227x Arjamaa, 2006, Oxygen-dependent diseases in the retina: role of hypoxia-inducible factors, Exp. Eye Res., 83, 473, 10.1016/j.exer.2006.01.016 Bari, 2006, New insights into endocannabinoid degradation and its therapeutic potential, Mini. Rev. Med. Chem., 6, 109, 10.2174/138955706776073466 Barnett, 1980, Taurine deficiency retinopathy in the cat, J. Small Anim. Pract., 21, 521, 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1980.tb01354.x Bastianetto, 2000, The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects and rescues hippocampal cells against nitric oxide-induced toxicity: involvement of its flavonoid constituents and protein kinase C, J. Neurochem., 74, 2268, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0742268.x Beal, 1999, Coenzyme Q10 administration and its potential for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, Biofactors, 9, 261, 10.1002/biof.5520090222 Becerra, 2002, Erythropoietin—an endogenous retinal survival factor, N. Engl. J. Med., 347, 1968, 10.1056/NEJMcibr022629 Beirão, 2014, Aqueous humor erythropoietin levels in open-angle glaucoma patients with and without TTR V30M familial amyloid polyneuropathy, Mol. Vis., 20, 970 Böcker-Meffert, 2002, Erythropoietin and VEGF promote neural outgrowth from retinal explants in postnatal rats, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 43, 2021 Bond, 2014, Evidence that erythropoietin modulates neuroinflammation through differential action on neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, Front. Immunol., 5, 523, 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00523 Bulley, 2010, Reciprocal regulation between taurine and glutamate response via Ca2+-dependent pathways in retinal third-order neurons, J. Biomed. Sci., 17, S5, 10.1186/1423-0127-17-S1-S5 Burstein, 1984, Aqueous flow in human eyes is reduced by forskolin, a potent adenylate cyclase activator, Exp. Eye Res., 39, 745, 10.1016/0014-4835(84)90073-3 Caprioli, 1983, Forskolin lowers intraocular pressure in rabbits, monkeys, and man, Lancet, 1, 958, 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92084-6 Caprioli, 1984, Combined effect of forskolin and acetazolamide on intraocular pressure and aqueous flow in rabbit eyes, Exp. Eye Res., 39, 47, 10.1016/0014-4835(84)90113-1 Caprioli, 1984, Forskolin lowers intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous inflow, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 25, 268 Chan, 2007, Neuroprotective effects of Lycium barbarum Lynn on protecting retinal ganglion cells in an ocular hypertension model of glaucoma, Exp. Neurol., 203, 269, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.05.031 Chang, 2013, Erythropoietin protects adult retinal ganglion cells against NMDA-, trophic factor withdrawal-, and TNF-α-induced damage, PLoS One, 8, e55291, 10.1371/journal.pone.0055291 Cheng, 2014, An evidence-based update on the pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, Drug Des. Devel. Ther., 9, 33 Chiu, 2009, Modulation of microglia by Wolfberry on the survival of retinal ganglion cells in a rat ocular hypertension model, J. Ocul. Biol. Dis. Infor., 2, 127, 10.1007/s12177-009-9035-5 Chiu, 2010, Up-regulation of crystallins is involved in the neuroprotective effect of wolfberry on survival of retinal ganglion cells in rat ocular hypertension model, J. Cell. Biochem., 110, 311 Cho, 2009, Retinal ganglion cell death and optic nerve degeneration by genetic ablation in adult mice, Exp. Eye Res., 88, 542, 10.1016/j.exer.2008.11.021 Chu, 2005, Simultaneous determination of active ingredients in Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz. by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 37, 535, 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.018 Crandall, 2007, Neuroprotective and intraocular pressure-lowering effects of (-)Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in a rat model of glaucoma, Ophthalmic Res., 39, 69, 10.1159/000099240 Cybulska-Heinrich, 2012, Ginkgo biloba: an adjuvant therapy for progressive normal and high tension glaucoma, Mol. Vis., 18, 390 De Petrocellis, 2004, The endocannabinoid system: a general view and latest additions, Br. J. Pharmacol., 141, 765, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705666 Dirnagl, 2003, Ischemic tolerance and endogenous neuroprotection, Trends Neurosci., 26, 248, 10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00071-7 Drago, 2001, Latanoprost exerts neuroprotective activity in vitro and invivo, Exp. Eye Res., 72, 479, 10.1006/exer.2000.0975 Du, 2004, Experimental study on the enhancement of murine splenic lymphocyte proliferation by Lycium barbarum glycopeptide, J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technolog. Med. Sci., 24, 518, 10.1007/BF02831125 Duchen, 2000, Mitochondria and calcium: from cell signaling to cell death, J. Physiol., 529, 57, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00057.x Duncan, 2011, Protection of neurons in the retinal ganglion cell layer against excitotoxicity by the N-acylethanolamine, N-linoleoylethanolamine, Clin. Ophthalmol., 5, 543 El-Remessy, 2003, Neuroprotective effect of delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced retinal neurotoxicity: involvement of peroxynitrite, Am. J. Pathol., 163, 1997, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63558-4 Fago, 2006, The reaction of neuroglobin with potential redox protein partners cytochrome b5 and cytochrome c, FEBS Lett., 580, 4884, 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.003 Froger, 2012, Taurine provides neuroprotection against retinal ganglion cell degeneration, PLoS One, 7, e42017, 10.1371/journal.pone.0042017 Fu, 2008, Up-regulated endogenous erythropoietin/erythropoietin receptor system and exogenous erythropoietin rescue retinal ganglion cells after chronic ocular hypertension, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 28, 317, 10.1007/s10571-007-9155-z Fujita, 2009, Prothymosin-alpha plays a defensive role in retinal ischemia through necrosis and apoptosis inhibition, Cell Death Differ., 16, 349, 10.1038/cdd.2008.159 Gan, 2003, A polysaccharide-protein complex from Lycium barbarum upregulates cytokine expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 471, 217, 10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01827-2 Gao, 2006, Two-step purification of scutellarin from Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) Hand-Mazz by high-speed counter-current chromatography, J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 838, 139, 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.030 Garcia-Segura, 2001, Neuroprotection by estradiol, Prog. Neurobiol., 63, 29, 10.1016/S0301-0082(00)00025-3 Gaucher, 2012, Taurine deficiency damages retinal neurones: cone photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, Amino Acids, 43, 1979, 10.1007/s00726-012-1273-3 Genc, 2004, Erythropoietin as a novel neuroprotectant, Restor. Neurol. Neurosci., 22, 105 Gilbert, 2007, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol protects hippocampal neurons from excitotoxicity, Brain Res., 1128, 61, 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.011 Gu, 2014, Erythropoietin exerts a neuroprotective function against glutamate neurotoxicity in experimental diabetic retina, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 55, 8208, 10.1167/iovs.14-14435 Gui, 2011, Effect of erythropoietin on the expression of HIF-1 and iNOS in retina in chronic ocular hypertension rats, Int. J. Ophthalmol., 4, 40 Guo, 2011, Neuroprotective effects of scutellarin against hypoxic-ischemic-induced cerebral injury via augmentation of antioxidant defense capacity, Chin. J. Physiol., 54, 399 Guo, 2014, Effect of Ginkgo biloba on visual field and contrast sensitivity in Chinese patients with normal tension glaucoma: a randomized, crossover clinical trial, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 55, 110, 10.1167/iovs.13-13168 Ha, 2005, Protective effect of Lycium chinense fruit on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, J. Ethnopharmacol., 96, 529, 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.054 Hao, 2015, Estrogen prevents high-glucose-induced damage of retinal ganglion cells via mitochondrial pathway, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 253, 83, 10.1007/s00417-014-2771-7 Harizi, 2008, Arachidonic-acid-derived eicosanoids: roles in biology and immunopathology, Trends Mol. Med., 14, 461, 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.08.005 Hayes, 1975, Retinal degeneration associated with taurine deficiency in the cat, Science, 188, 949, 10.1126/science.1138364 He, 2014, Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway contributes to the protective effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in the rodent retina after ischemia-reperfusion-induced damage, PLoS One, 9, e84800, 10.1371/journal.pone.0084800 Heim, 2002, Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships, J. Nutr. Biochem., 13, 572, 10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00208-5 Hernández, 2012, Erythropoietin produced by the retina: its role in physiology and diabetic retinopathy, Endocrine, 41, 220, 10.1007/s12020-011-9579-6 Hernandez, 2008, Retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection in a rat model of glaucoma following brimonidine, latanoprost or combined treatments, Exp. Eye Res., 86, 798, 10.1016/j.exer.2008.02.008 Herold, 2005, Reactions of peroxynitrite with globin proteins and their possible physiological role, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol., 142, 124, 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.06.009 Herold, 2004, Reactivity studies of the Fe(III) and Fe(II)NO forms of human neuroglobin reveal a potential role against oxidative stress, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 22841, 10.1074/jbc.M313732200 Hillenkamp, 2004, Taurine uptake by human retinal pigment epithelium: implications for the transport of small solutes between the choroid and the outer retina, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 45, 4529, 10.1167/iovs.04-0919 Hirooka, 2004, The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) provides a neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of chronic glaucoma, Curr. Eye Res., 28, 153, 10.1076/ceyr.28.3.153.26246 Howlett, 2004, Cannabinoid physiology and pharmacology: 30 years of progress, Neuropharmacology, 47, 345, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.07.030 Hu, 2005, Neuroprotective effects of scutellarin on rat neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 26, 1454, 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00239.x Imaki, 1993, Retinal morphology and visual pigment levels in 6- and 12-month-old rhesus monkeys fed a taurine-free human infant formula, J. Neurosci. Res., 36, 290, 10.1002/jnr.490360307 Imaki, 1998, Extensive taurine depletion and retinal degeneration in cats treated with beta-alanine for 40 weeks, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 442, 449, 10.1007/978-1-4899-0117-0_55 Ishige, 2001, Flavonoids protect neuronal cells from oxidative stress by three distinct mechanisms, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 30, 433, 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00498-6 Iversen, 2003, Cannabis and the brain, Brain, 126, 1252, 10.1093/brain/awg143 Jammoul, 2009, Taurine deficiency is a cause of vigabatrin-induced retinal phototoxicity, Ann. Neurol., 65, 98, 10.1002/ana.21526 Jammoul, 2010, Taurine deficiency damages photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells in vigabatrin-treated neonatal rats, Mol. Cell. Neurosci., 43, 414, 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.01.008 Jehle, 2010, Erythropoietin protects retinal ganglion cells and visual function after ocular ischemia and optic nerve compression, Ophthalmologe, 107, 347, 10.1007/s00347-009-2030-1 Jia, 1995, The effect of Qing Guang Kang on the metabolism of retinal ganglion cells of rats after artificial acute high intraocular pressure, Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi, 31, 129 Jiang, 2003, The neuroprotective effect of erigeron breviscapus (vant) hand-mazz on retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush injury, Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi, 39, 481 Jiang, 2013, The modulatory role of taurine in retinal ganglion cells, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 775, 53, 10.1007/978-1-4614-6130-2_5 Jung, 2008, The flavonoid baicalin counteracts ischemic and oxidative insults to retinal cells and lipid peroxidation to brain membranes, Neurochem. Int., 53, 325, 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.09.004 Kanamori, 2009, Latanoprost protects rat retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, Exp. Eye Res., 88, 535, 10.1016/j.exer.2008.11.012 Kanamori, 2009, Tafluprost protects rat retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 247, 1353, 10.1007/s00417-009-1122-6 Kang, 2010, Stimulation of prostaglandin EP2 receptors on RGC-5 cells in culture blunts the negative effect of serum withdrawal, Neurochem. Res., 35, 820, 10.1007/s11064-010-0140-4 Kilic, 2005, Erythropoietin protects from axotomy-induced degeneration of retinal ganglion cells by activating ERK-1/-2, FASEB J., 19, 249, 10.1096/fj.04-2493fje King, 2007, Erythropoietin is both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative following optic nerve transection, Exp. Neurol., 205, 48, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.017 Kitaoka, 2011, Axonal protection by 17β-estradiol through thioredoxin-1 in tumor necrosis factor-induced optic neuropathy, Endocrinology, 152, 2775, 10.1210/en.2011-0046 Kozłowska, 2014, Flavonoids—food sources and health benefits, Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig., 65, 79 Kroemer, 2000, Mitochondrial control of cell death, Nat. Med., 6, 513, 10.1038/74994 Kudo, 2006, Neuroprotective effect of latanoprost on rat retinal ganglion cells, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 244, 1003, 10.1007/s00417-005-0215-0 Kumar, 2005, Role of nonfeminizing estrogen analogues in neuroprotection of rat retinal ganglion cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 38, 1152, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.12.007 Lake, 1987, Retinal morphology in rats treated with a taurine transport antagonist, Exp. Eye Res., 44, 331, 10.1016/S0014-4835(87)80169-0 Lake, 1977, The entry of taurine into the neural retina and pigment epithelium of the frog, Brain Res., 128, 497, 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90174-3 Lee, 2014, Coenzyme Q10 inhibits glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial alteration in a mouse model of glaucoma, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 55, 993, 10.1167/iovs.13-12564 Leon, 1995, Lesion topography and new histological features in feline taurine deficiency retinopathy, Exp. Eye Res., 61, 731, 10.1016/S0014-4835(05)80024-7 Li, 2007, Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on age-related oxidative stress in aged mice, J. Ethnopharmacol., 111, 504, 10.1016/j.jep.2006.12.024 Li, 2011, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides reduce neuronal damage, blood-retinal barrier disruption and oxidative stress in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, PLoS One, 6, e16380, 10.1371/journal.pone.0016380 Li, 2013, Lycium barbarum (wolfberry) reduces secondary degeneration and oxidative stress, and inhibits JNK pathway in retina after partial optic nerve transection, PLoS One, 8, e68881, 10.1371/journal.pone.0068881 Li, 2013, The relationships between chemical and genetic differentiation and environmental factors across the distribution of Erigeron breviscapus (Asteraceae), PLoS One, 8, e74490, 10.1371/journal.pone.0074490 Lin, 2007, Protective effects of scutellarin and breviscapine on brain and heart ischemia in rats, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 50, 327, 10.1097/FJC.0b013e3180cbd0e7 Lourhmati, 2013, Age-dependent astroglial vulnerability to hypoxia and glutamate: the role for erythropoietin, PLoS One, 8, e77182, 10.1371/journal.pone.0077182 Louzada, 2004, Taurine prevents the neurotoxicity of beta-amyloid and glutamate receptor agonists: activation of GABA receptors and possible implications for Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders, FASEB J., 18, 511, 10.1096/fj.03-0739com Lu, 2011, Effect on multifocal electroretinogram in persistently elevated intraocular pressure by erigeron breviscapus extract, Int. J. Ophthalmol., 4, 349 Lulli, 2012, Coenzyme Q10 instilled as eye drops on the cornea reaches the retina and protects retinal layers from apoptosis in a mouse model of kainate-induced retinal damage, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 53, 8295, 10.1167/iovs.12-10374 Luo, 2004, Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum, Life Sci., 76, 137, 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.056 Ma, 2009, Dosage dependence of the effect of Ginkgo biloba on the rat retinal ganglion cell survival after optic nerve crush, Eye (Lond.), 23, 1598, 10.1038/eye.2008.286 Ma, 2010, The effect of Ginkgo biloba on the rat retinal ganglion cell survival in the optic nerve crush model, Acta Ophthalmol., 88, 553, 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01486.x Maggi, 2004, Estrogens in the nervous system: mechanisms and nonreproductive functions, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 66, 291, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032802.154945 Maher, 2005, Flavonoids protect retinal ganglion cells from oxidative stress-induced death, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 46, 4796, 10.1167/iovs.05-0397 Maher, 2008, Flavonoids protect retinal ganglion cells from ischemia in vitro, Exp. Eye Res., 86, 366, 10.1016/j.exer.2007.11.009 Marsicano, 2002, Neuroprotective properties of cannabinoids against oxidative stress: role of the cannabinoid receptor CB1, J. Neurochem., 80, 448, 10.1046/j.0022-3042.2001.00716.x Matsunaga, 2009, Bilberry and its main constituents have neuroprotective effects against retinal neuronal damage in vitro and in vivo, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 53, 869, 10.1002/mnfr.200800394 Mechoulam, 2002, Cannabinoids and brain injury: therapeutic implications, Trends Mol. Med., 8, 58, 10.1016/S1471-4914(02)02276-1 Melamed, 2002, Neuroprotective properties of a synthetic docosanoid, unoprostone isopropyl: clinical benefits in the treatment of glaucoma, Drugs Exp. Clin. Res., 28, 63e73 Meyer, 1987, The effects of forskolin eye drops on intra-ocular pressure, S. Afr. Med. J., 71, 570 Meyer-Franke, 1995, Characterization of the signaling interactions that promote the survival and growth of developing retinal ganglion cells in culture, Neuron, 15, 805, 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90172-8 Mi, 2012, Protection of retinal ganglion cells and retinal vasculature by Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in a mouse model of acute ocular hypertension, PLoS One, 7, e45469, 10.1371/journal.pone.0045469 Mi, 2012, Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on the expression of endothelin-1 and its receptors in an ocular hypertension model of rat glaucoma, Neural Regen. Res., 7, 645 Middleton, 1998, Effect of plant flavonoids on immune and inflammatory cell function, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 439, 175, 10.1007/978-1-4615-5335-9_13 Middleton, 2000, The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer, Pharmacol. Rev., 52, 673 Militante, 2002, Taurine: evidence of physiological function in the retina, Nutr. Neurosci., 5, 75, 10.1080/10284150290018991 Mukuno, 2004, Unoprostone isopropyl rescues retinal progenitor cells from apoptosis in vitro, Curr. Eye Res., 29, 10.1080/02713680490889465 Nagayama, 1999, Cannabinoids and neuroprotection in global and focal cerebral ischemia and in neuronal cultures, J. Neurosci., 19, 2987, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-08-02987.1999 Nakajima, 2008, Coenzyme Q10 protects retinal cells against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo, Brain Res., 1226, 226, 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.026 Nakanishi, 2006, Latanoprost rescues retinal neuro-glial cells from apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3, which is mediated by p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Exp. Eye Res., 83, 1108, 10.1016/j.exer.2006.05.018 Nakayama, 2011, Neuroprotective effects of flavonoids on hypoxia-, glutamate-, and oxidative stress-induced retinal ganglion cell death, Mol. Vis., 17, 1784 Nakazawa, 2006, Estrogen has a neuroprotective effect on axotomized RGCs through ERK signal transduction pathway, Brain Res., 1093, 141, 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.084 Nucci, 2005, Neurochemical evidence to implicate elevated glutamate in the mechanisms of high intraocular pressure (IOP)-induced retinal ganglion cell death in rat, Neurotoxicology, 26, 935, 10.1016/j.neuro.2005.06.002 Nucci, 2007, Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in retinal damage after high intraocular pressure-induced ischemia in rats, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 48, 2997, 10.1167/iovs.06-1355 Nucci, 2007, Retinal damage caused by high intraocular pressure-induced transient ischemia is prevented by coenzyme Q10 in rat, Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 82, 397, 10.1016/S0074-7742(07)82022-8 Nucci, 2008, Potential roles of (endo)cannabinoids in the treatment of glaucoma: from intraocular pressure control to neuroprotection, Prog. Brain Res., 173, 451, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)01131-X Ogueta, 1999, Estrogen receptor in the human eye: influence of gender and age on gene expression, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 1906 Opere, 2006, Inhibition of potassium- and ischemia-evoked [3H] D-aspartate release from isolated bovine retina by cannabinoids, Curr. Eye Res., 31, 645, 10.1080/02713680600762747 Ou, 2009, Ginkgo biloba extract attenuates oxLDL-induced oxidative functional damages in endothelial cells, J. Appl. Physiol., 106, 1674, 10.1152/japplphysiol.91415.2008 Pacher, 2013, Modulating the endocannabinoid system in human health and disease: successes and failures, FEBS J., 280, 1918, 10.1111/febs.12260 Papucci, 2003, Coenzyme Q10 prevents apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial depolarization independently of its free radical scavenging property, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 28220, 10.1074/jbc.M302297200 Parisi, 2014, Effects of coenzyme Q10 in conjunction with vitamin E on retinal-evoked and cortical-evoked responses in patients with open-angle glaucoma, J. Glaucoma, 23, 391, 10.1097/IJG.0b013e318279b836 Pasantes-Morales, 1983, Effects of the taurine transport antagonist, guanidinoethane sulfonate, and beta-alanine on the morphology of rat retina, J. Neurosci. Res., 9, 135, 10.1002/jnr.490090205 Patel, 1996, Requirement for superoxide in excitotoxic cell death, Neuron, 16, 345, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80052-5 Peng, 2010, Effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on rat retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve axotomy, Exp. Eye Res., 90, 528, 10.1016/j.exer.2010.01.007 Perkins, 1975, Prostaglandins and the eye, Adv. Ophthalmol., 29, 2 Pertwee, 2005, Pharmacological actions of cannabinoids, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 168, 1, 10.1007/3-540-26573-2_1 Pescosolido, 2010, Oral administration of an association of forskolin, rutin and vitamins B1 and B2 potentiates the hypotonising effects of pharmacological treatments in POAG patients, Clin. Ter., 161, e81 Pinar-Sueiro, 2013, Neuroprotective effects of topical CB1 agonist WIN 55212-2 on retinal ganglion cells after acute rise in intraocular pressure induced ischemia in rat, Exp. Eye Res., 110, 55, 10.1016/j.exer.2013.02.009 Pow, 2002, Localization of taurine transporters, taurine, and (3)H taurine accumulation in the rat retina, pituitary, and brain, Glia, 37, 153, 10.1002/glia.10026 Quaranta, 2003, Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on preexisting visual field damage in normal tension glaucoma, Ophthalmology, 110, 359, 10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01745-1 Rajendram, 2007, Neuroglobin in normal retina and retina from eyes with advanced glaucoma, Br. J. Ophthalmol., 91, 663, 10.1136/bjo.2006.093930 Ritch, 2000, Potential role for Ginkgo biloba extract in the treatment of glaucoma, Med. Hypotheses, 54, 221, 10.1054/mehy.1999.0025 Ritch, 2007, Natural compounds: evidence for a protective role in eye disease, Can. J. Ophthalmol., 42, 425, 10.3129/i07-044 Ross, 2002, Dietary flavonoids: bioavailability, metabolic effects, and safety, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 22, 19, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.111401.144957 Russo, 2008, Rational basis for the development of coenzyme Q10 as a neurotherapeutic agent for retinal protection, Prog. Brain Res., 173, 575, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)01139-4 Russo, 2008, 17Beta-estradiol prevents retinal ganglion cell loss induced by acute rise of intraocular pressure in rat, Prog. Brain Res., 173, 583, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)01144-8 Russo, 2009, Identification of novel pharmacological targets to minimize excitotoxic retinal damage, Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 85, 407, 10.1016/S0074-7742(09)85028-9 Russo, 2011, Calpain-mediated cleavage of Beclin-1 and autophagy deregulation following retinal ischemic injury in vivo, Cell Death Dis., 2, e144, 10.1038/cddis.2011.29 Russo, 2013, Impairment of neuronal glutamate uptake and modulation of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 induced by retinal ischemia, PLoS One, 8, e69250, 10.1371/journal.pone.0069250 Russo, 2013, In search of new targets for retinal neuroprotection: is there a role for autophagy?, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 13, 72, 10.1016/j.coph.2012.09.004 Schmidt, 1976, Retinal degeneration in the taurine-deficient cat, Trans. Sect. Ophthalmol. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol., 81, OP687 Schmidt, 2003, How does the eye breathe? Evidence for neuroglobin-mediated oxygen supply in the mammalian retina, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 1932, 10.1074/jbc.M209909200 Seto, 1986, Acute effects of topical forskolin on aqueous humor dynamics in man, Jpn. J. Ophthalmol., 30, 238 Shi, 2004, Neuroprotective effect of erigeron breviscapus (vant) hand-mazz on NMDA-induced retinal neuron injury in the rats, Yan Ke Xue Bao, 20, 113 Sommer, 2006, Neuroprotective cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716A prevents downregulation of excitotoxic NMDA receptors in the ischemic penumbra, Acta Neuropathol., 12, 277, 10.1007/s00401-006-0110-8 Song, 2015, Neuroprotective therapies for glaucoma, Drug Des. Devel. Ther., 9, 1469, 10.2147/DDDT.S80594 Sturman, 1988, Taurine in development, J. Nutr., 118, 1169, 10.1093/jn/118.10.1169 Sun, 2001, Neuroglobin is up-regulated by and protects neurons from hypoxic-ischemic injury, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 15306, 10.1073/pnas.251466698 Sun, 2003, Neuroglobin protects the brain from experimental stroke in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 3497, 10.1073/pnas.0637726100 Tan, 2012, Erythropoietin promotes axonal regeneration after optic nerve crush in vivo by inhibition of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, Neuropharmacology, 63, 1182, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.037 Takano, 2013, Bimatoprost protects retinal neuronal damage via Akt pathway, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 702, 56, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.038 Tezel, 2006, Oxidative stress in glaucomatous neurodegeneration: mechanisms and consequences, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 25, 490, 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2006.07.003 Tomi, 2008, Function of taurine transporter (Slc6a6/TauT) as a GABA transporting protein and its relevance to GABA transport in rat retinal capillary endothelial cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1778, 2138, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.04.012 Tomida, 2004, Cannabinoids and glaucoma, Br. J. Ophthalmol., 88, 708, 10.1136/bjo.2003.032250 Toris, 2008, Update on the mechanism of action of topical prostaglandins for intraocular pressure reduction, Surv. Ophthalmol., 53, S107, 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.08.010 Tornquist, 1986, Carrier-mediated transport of amino acids through the blood-retinal and the blood–brain barriers, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 224, 21, 10.1007/BF02144127 Tsai, 2005, Intravitreal administration of erythropoietin and preservation of retinal ganglion cells in an experimental rat model of glaucoma, Curr. Eye Res., 30, 1025, 10.1080/02713680500320729 Udawatte, 2008, Taurine suppresses the spread of cell death in electrically coupled RPE cells, Mol. Vis., 14, 1940 Vajaranant, 2012, Estrogen deficiency accelerates aging of the optic nerve, Menopause, 19, 942, 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182443137 Veldhuis, 2003, Neuroprotection by the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide and arvanil against in vivo excitotoxicity in the rat: role of vanilloid receptors and lipoxygenases, J. Neurosci., 23, 4127, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04127.2003 Velpandian, 2010, Closed gateways–can neuroprotectants shield the retina in glaucoma?, Drugs R D., 10, 93, 10.2165/11539310-000000000-00000 Vetrugno, 2012, Oral administration of forskolin and rutin contributes to intraocular pressure control in primary open angle glaucoma patients under maximum tolerated medical therapy, J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther., 28, 536, 10.1089/jop.2012.0021 Vidal, 2010, Reaction of Müller cells in an experimental rat model of increased intraocular pressure following timolol, latanoprost and brimonidine, Brain Res. Bull., 82, 18, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.02.011 Voaden, 1977, Studies on the distribution of taurine and other neuroactive amino acids in the retina, Exp. Eye Res., 25, 249, 10.1016/0014-4835(77)90091-4 Wang, 1993, Differential effects of new breviscapine on arachidonic acid metabolisms in blood cells and endothelial cells, Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao, 14, 148 Wang, 2011, Neuroprotection of Scutellarin is mediated by inhibition of microglial inflammatory activation, Neuroscience, 185, 150, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.005 Wang, 2012, Caffeic acid ester fraction from Erigeron breviscapus inhibits microglial activation and provides neuroprotection, Chin. J. Integr. Med., 18, 437, 10.1007/s11655-012-1114-y Watanabe, 2002, Survival and axonal regeneration of retinal ganglion cells in adult cats, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 21, 529, 10.1016/S1350-9462(02)00037-X Watanabe, 2003, Intravitreal injections of neurotrophic factors and forskolin enhance survival and axonal regeneration of axotomized beta ganglion cells in cat retina, Neuroscience, 116, 733, 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00562-6 Wei, 2011, Neuroglobin is an endogenous neuroprotectant for retinal ganglion cells against glaucomatous damage, Am. J. Pathol., 179, 2788, 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.015 Weishaupt, 2004, Effect of erythropoietin axotomy-induced apoptosis in rat retinal ganglion cells, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 45, 1514, 10.1167/iovs.03-1039 Wimpissinger, 2007, Influence of Ginkgo biloba on ocular blood flow, Acta Ophthalmol., 85, 445, 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.00887.x Wise, 2003, Estradiol exerts neuroprotective actions against ischemic brain injury: insights derived from animal models, Endocrine, 21, 11, 10.1385/ENDO:21:1:11 Xie, 2010, Neuroprotective effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in optic nerve crush model in rats, Neurosci. Lett., 479, 26, 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.020 Yamagishi, 2011, Neuroprotective effects of prostaglandin analogues on retinal ganglion cell death independent of intraocular pressure reduction, Exp. Eye. Res., 93, 265, 10.1016/j.exer.2011.06.022 Yamasaki, 2005, Neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin on glutamate and nitric oxide toxicity in primary cultured retinal ganglion cells, Brain Res., 1050, 15, 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.037 Yang, 2011, Protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on retinal ganglion cells in vitro, Int. J. Ophthalmol., 4, 377 Yazulla, 2008, Endocannabinoids in the retina: from marijuana to neuroprotection, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 27, 501, 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.07.002 Yu, 2007, Characterization of the effects of anti-aging medicine Fructus lycii on beta-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity, Int. J. Mol. Med., 20, 261 Zeng, 2009, Dietary taurine supplementation prevents glial alterations in retina of diabetic rats, Neurochem. Res., 34, 244, 10.1007/s11064-008-9763-0 Zhang, 2007, Epigallocatechin gallate, an active ingredient from green tea, attenuates damaging influences to the retina caused by ischemia/reperfusion, Brain Res., 1159, 40, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.029 Zheng, 2011, Latanoprost promotes neurite outgrowth in differentiated RGC-5 cells via the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 31, 597, 10.1007/s10571-011-9653-x Zhong, 2007, Erythropoietin promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells in DBA/2J glaucoma mice, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 48, 1212, 10.1167/iovs.06-0757 Zhong, 2008, Erythropoietin with retrobulbar administration protects retinal ganglion cells from acute elevated intraocular pressure in rats, J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther., 24, 453, 10.1089/jop.2008.0021 Zhong, 2010, Visual field protective effect of Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) Hand. Mazz. extract on glaucoma with controlled intraocular pressure: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial, Drugs R D, 10, 75, 10.2165/11539090-000000000-00000 Zhou, 1992, Effect of new-breviscapine on fibrinolysis and anticoagulation of human vascular endothelial cells, Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao, 13, 239 Zhou, 2007, Retinal ganglion cell protection by 17-beta-estradiol in a mouse model of inherited glaucoma, Dev. Neurobiol., 67, 603, 10.1002/dneu.20373 Zhu, 2000, The effect of Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) Hand-Mazz on axoplasmic transport of optic nerve in rats with experimentally elevated intraocular pressure, Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi, 36, 289