Gulson B, McCall M, Korsch M, Gomez L, Casey P, Oytam Y, et al. Small amounts of zinc from zinc oxide particles in sunscreens applied outdoors are absorbed through human skin. Toxicol Sci. 2010;118:140–9.
Gulson B, Wong H, Korsch M, Gomez L, Casey P, McCall M, et al. Comparison of dermal absorption of zinc from different sunscreen formulations and differing UV exposure based on stable isotope tracing. Sci Total Environ. 2012;420:313–8.
Miller G, Sales L. Nano-ingredients in sunscreen. The need for regulation. Friends of the Earth, Australia. 2012.
Lane ME. Nanoparticles and the skin—applications and limitations. J Microencapsulation. 2011;28:709–16.
Menon GK, Cleary GM, Lane ME. The structure and function of the stratum corneum. Int J Pharm. 2012;435:3–9.
Michaels AS, Chandrasekaran SK, Shaw JE. Drug permeation through human skin: theory and in vitro experimental measurement. AIChE. 1975;21:985–96.
Simonetti O, Hoogstraate AJ, Bialik W, Kempenaar JA, Schrijvers AH, Boddé HE, et al. Visualization of diffusion pathways across the stratum corneum of native and in-vitro-reconstructed epidermis by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Arch Dermatol Res. 1995;287:465–73.
Peck KD, Ghanem AH, Higuchi WI. Hindered diffusion of polar molecules through and effective pore radii estimates of intact and ethanol treated human epidermal membrane. Pharm Res. 1994;11:1306–14.
Peck KD, Ghanem AH, Higuchi WI. The effect of temperature upon the permeation of polar and ionic solutes through human epidermal membrane. J Pharm Sci. 1995;84:975–82.
Wang TF, Kasting GB, Nitsche JM. A multiphase microscopic diffusion model for stratum corneum permeability. I. Formulation, solution, and illustrative results for representative compounds. J Pharm Sci. 2006;95:620–48.
Wang TF, Kasting GB, Nitsche JM. A multiphase microscopic diffusion model for stratum corneum permeability. II. Estimation of physicochemical parameters, and application to a large permeability database. J Pharm Sci. 2007;96:3024–51.
Mitragotri S. Temperature dependence of skin permeability to hydrophilic and hydrophobic solutes. J Pharm Sci. 2007;96:1832–9.
Scheuplein RJ. Mechanism of percutaneous adsorption. I. Routes of penetration and the influence of solubility. J Invest Dermatol. 1965;45:334–46.
Scheuplein RJ. Mechanism of percutaneous absorption. II. Transient diffusion and the relative importance of various routes of skin penetration. J Invest Dermatol. 1967;48:79–88.
Kasting GB, Smith RL, Cooper ER. Effect of lipid solubility and molecular size on percutaneous absorption. In: Shroot B, Schaefer H, editors. Pharmacology and the skin: skin pharmacokinetics, volume 1. Basel: Karger; 1987. p. 138–53.
Onyenemezu CN, Gold D, Roman M, Miller WG. Diffusion of polystyrene latex spheres in linear polystyrene nonaqueous solutions. Macromolecules. 1993;26:3833–7.
Potts RO, Guy RH. Predicting skin permeability. Pharm Res. 1992;9:663–9.
Potts RO, Guy RH. A predictive algorithm for skin permeability: the effects of molecular size and hydrogen bond activity. Pharm Res. 1995;12:1628–33.
Yano T, Nakagawa A, Tsuji M, Noda K. Skin permeability of various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in man. Life Sci. 1986;39(12):1043–50.
Magnusson BM, Anissimov YG, Cross SE, Roberts MS. Molecular size as the main determinant of solute maximum flux across the skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;122:993–9.
Lademann J, Richter H, Schaefer UF, Blume-Peytavi U, Teichmann A, Otberg N, et al. Hair follicles—a long-term reservoir for drug delivery. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;19:232–6.
Lademann J, Richter H, Teichmann A, Otberg N, Blume-Peytavi U, Luengo J, et al. Nanoparticles—an efficient carrier for drug delivery into the hair follicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007;66:159–64.
Ley EE, Bunge AL. Chemical transport in silicone rubber membranes from pure powders and saturated aqueous solutions. J Membr Sci. 2007;292:35–44.
Romonchuk WJ, Bunge AL. Permeation of 4-cyanophenol and methyl paraben from powder and saturated aqueous solution through silicone rubber membranes and human skin. J Pharm Sci. 2006;95:2526–33.
Mezei M, Gulasekharam V. Liposomes—a selective drug delivery system for the topical route of administration. Lotion dosage form. Life Sci. 1980;26:1473–7.
Cevc G, Schätzlein A, Blume G. Transdermal drug carriers, basic properties, optimization and transfer-efficiency in the case of epicutaneously applied peptides. J Control Release. 1995;36:3–16.
Dingler A, Blum RP, Niehus H, Müller RH, Gohla S. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN/Lipopearls)—a pharmaceutical and cosmetic carrier for the application of vitamin E in dermal products. J Microencapsul. 1999;16:751–67.
Maia CS, Mehnert W, Schäfer-Korting M. Solid lipid nanoparticles as drug carriers for topical glucocorticoids. Int J Pharm. 2000;196:165–7.
Pardeike J, Hommoss A, Müller RH. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products. Int J Pharm. 2009;366:170–84.
Ness SA. Factors affecting chemical permeation. In: Ness SA, editor. Surface and dermal monitoring for toxic exposures. New York: Wiley; pp. 31–45. 1994.
Santos P, Watkinson AC, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Oxybutynin permeation in skin: the influence of drug and solvent activity. Int J Pharm. 2010;384:67–72.