N balance and cycling of Inner Mongolia typical steppe: a comprehensive case study of grazing effects

Ecological Monographs - Tập 83 Số 2 - Trang 195-219 - 2013
Marcus Giese1, Holger Brueck1,2, Yingzhi Gao3,2, Shan Lin4, Markus Steffens5, Ingrid Kögel‐Knabner5, T. Glindemann6, A. Susenbeth6, F. Taube7, Klaus Butterbach‐Bahl8, Xunhua Zheng9, Carsten Hoffmann10, Yongfei Bai11, Xingguo Han12
1Department of Crop Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 13, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
2Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
3Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Street 5268, 130024 Changchun, China
4Institute of Plant Nutrition, China Agriculture University, 100094 Bejing, China
5Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Department für Ökologie und Ökosystemmanagement, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
6Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
7Institute of Grass and Forage Science/Organic Agriculture, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
8Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
9State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
10Institute of Soil Landscape Research, Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research Müncheberg e.V., Eberswalder Strasse 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
11State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
12State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China

Tóm tắt

Increasing grazing pressure and climate change affect nitrogen (N) dynamics of grassland ecosystems in the Eurasian steppe belt with unclear consequences for future delivery of essential services such as forage production, C sequestration, and diversity conservation. The identification of key processes responsive to grazing is crucial to optimize grassland management. In this comprehensive case study of a Chinese typical steppe, we present an in‐depth analysis of grazing effects on N dynamics, including the balance of N gains and losses, and N cycling. N pools and fluxes were simultaneously quantified on three grassland sites of different long‐term grazing intensities.Dust deposition, wind erosion, and wet deposition were the predominant but most variable processes contributing to N losses and gains. Heavy grazing increased the risk of N losses by wind erosion. Hay‐making and sheep excrement export to folds during nighttime keeping were important pathways of N losses from grassland sites. Compared to these fluxes, gaseous N losses (N2O, NO, N2, and NH3) and N losses via export of sheep live mass and wool were of minor relevance. Our N balance calculation indicated mean annual net N losses of 0.9 ± 0.8 g N/m2 (mean ± SD) at the heavily grazed site, whereas the long‐term ungrazed site was an N sink receiving mean annual inputs of 1.8 ± 1.1 g N/m2, mainly due to dust deposition. Heavy grazing reduced pool sizes of topsoil organic N, above‐ and belowground biomass, and N fluxes with regard to plant N uptake, decomposition, gross microbial N turnover, and immobilization. Most N‐related processes were more intensive in seasons of higher water availability, indicating complex interactions between land use intensity and climate variability. The projected increase of atmospheric N depositions and changes in rainfall pattern imposed by land use change will likely affect N sink–source pathways and N flux dynamics, indicating high potential impact on grassland ecosystem functions. Land use practices will be increasingly important for the management of N dynamics in Chinese typical steppe and, therefore, must be considered as key component to maintain, restore or optimize ecosystem services.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.06.006

10.1073/pnas.0600599103

10.2307/2261481

10.1890/02-0712

10.2307/1941761

10.2111/1551-501X(2008)30[46:CCAEOA]2.0.CO;2

10.1007/s00442-004-1519-1

10.1038/nature02850

10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01950.x

10.1890/07-0992.1

10.1890/02-0274

10.1007/s10533-005-1424-7

10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02062.x

10.1007/s00374-002-0452-x

10.1890/04-0988

10.1007/s11104-009-0128-5

10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0813:NITCGR]2.0.CO;2

10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1330:RATVIN]2.0.CO;2

10.1007/s100219900091

Burke I. C, 2008, Ecology of the shortgrass steppe: a long-term perspective, 306

10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700040032x

Chen Q, 2011, Shifts in species composition constrain restoration of overgrazed grassland using nitrogen fertilization in Inner Mongolian steppe, China, PLoS ONE, 6

10.1007/s11104-010-0367-5

10.1023/A:1009738715891

10.2307/1940258

10.2307/2401715

Driessen P, 2001, Lecture notes on the major soils of the world

10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00429.x

10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0150:LTCODO]2.0.CO;2

10.1007/BF02858763

FAO/ISRIC/ISSS, 1998, World reference base for soil resources. World Soil Resources Report 84

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00688.x

10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980113.x

10.2307/4002255

10.1023/B:BIOG.0000025736.19381.91

10.1007/s004420050996

10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0

10.1126/science.1136674

Gao Y, 2007, Influences of different land use management on net primary productivity and belowground carbon allocation in a semi-arid Inner Mongolia Steppe

10.1007/s00442-010-1890-z

10.1007/s11284-008-0532-y

10.1007/s11104-008-9579-3

10.1007/s11104-010-0509-9

10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.08.002

10.1023/A:1015529507670

10.1007/s100219900070

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x

10.1046/j.1466-822X.2001.00267.x

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.04.010

10.1016/j.livsci.2009.01.007

10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.07.001

10.1007/s11104-010-0577-x

10.1038/nature06592

10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00486.x

10.1016/j.agee.2007.11.009

10.1016/j.catena.2008.06.003

10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.09.004

10.1007/s00374-009-0378-7

10.1007/s10021-007-9043-x

10.1007/s11104-008-9610-8

10.1007/s11104-007-9311-8

10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2686:BIASLC]2.0.CO;2

10.1007/BF01007582

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01569.x

10.1126/science.1091390

IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006, World reference base for soil resources 2006. Second edition. World soil resources reports no. 103

10.1007/978-3-540-72422-3_2

10.1007/BF00011290

10.1097/00010694-197705000-00005

10.1007/s11104-010-0473-4

10.1002/jpln.200800218

10.1080/00039420310001656712

Lauenroth W. K, 1992, The shortgrass steppe, Natural grasslands, introduction and western hemisphere, 183

10.1890/06-2057.1

10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.01.014

10.1007/s11104-010-0612-y

10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.10.010

10.1080/014311600210191

10.1086/283953

10.1007/s00442-008-1229-1

10.1126/science.278.5344.1798

10.1111/j.1467-8306.1984.tb01473.x

10.2307/2937150

10.1093/oso/9780195135824.003.0020

Mosier A. R, 2008, Ecology of the shortgrass steppe: a long-term perspective, 342

10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00165-7

NADP (National Atmospheric and Deposition Program).2009.Inorganic nitrogen wet deposition from nitrate and ammonium.http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/maplib/pdf/2009/TotalN_09.pdf

10.1890/04-0268

10.1007/BF01104990

Paladines O. L, 1964, Heat of combustion values of the protein and fat in the body and wool of sheep, Journal of Nutrition, 82, 145, 10.1093/jn/82.1.145

10.1126/science.1134853

10.1007/BF00540130

10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100050015x

10.1029/93GB02042

10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00002.x

10.1038/ngeo230

10.2307/1940667

Schiborra A, 2009, Dietary selection of sheep grazing the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China at different grazing intensities, Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 94, 446

10.1073/pnas.94.16.8280

10.1007/BF02374285

10.1007/BF02186964

10.1890/03-8002

10.1073/pnas.0810193105

10.1007/BF00002936

10.1007/s11104-010-0366-6

10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0065:IOGMOT]2.0.CO;2

10.1007/s00442-004-1520-8

10.1007/BF01052715

10.1002/ldr.784

10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200050032x

10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01104.x

10.1007/s11104-010-0594-9

10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.09.004

10.1023/A:1009715807023

10.1016/j.catena.2004.09.001

10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.01.004

10.2307/1941800

10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0737:HAOTGN]2.0.CO;2

10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00496.x

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.06.005

10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.09.009

10.1016/j.catena.2006.02.006

10.1038/nature08931

10.2307/1307227

10.1007/BF00344913

10.1007/s11104-010-0575-z

10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00590.x

10.2134/jeq2007.0196

10.1007/s10533-008-9197-4

10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00203-X

10.1007/s10021-004-0118-7

10.1029/2009JD013528

10.2134/jeq2004.1675

10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.01.023

10.1016/j.catena.2008.12.007

10.1016/j.still.2010.04.005

10.1007/s10533-006-9058-y

Zhu T. C, 1993, Natural grasslands—eastern hemisphere and resume. Volume 8B, Ecosystems of the world, 61

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Ecological Monographs

Tập 83 Số 2

195-219

Thông tin tác giả