Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 273 Số 1582 - Trang 11-17 - 2006
Allan J. Baker1,2, Sérgio L. Pereira1, Oliver Haddrath1, Kerri‐Anne Edge3
1Department of Natural History, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario MuseumToronto, ON, Canada M5S 2C6
2Department of Zoology, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada M5S 1AI
3Department of Zoology, University of OtagoPO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand

Tóm tắt

Classic problems in historical biogeography are where did penguins originate, and why are such mobile birds restricted to the Southern Hemisphere? Competing hypotheses posit they arose in tropical–warm temperate waters, species-diverse cool temperate regions, or in Gondwanaland ∼100 mya when it was further north. To test these hypotheses we constructed a strongly supported phylogeny of extant penguins from 5851 bp of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Using Bayesian inference of ancestral areas we show that an Antarctic origin of extant taxa is highly likely, and that more derived taxa occur in lower latitudes. Molecular dating estimated penguins originated about 71 million years ago in Gondwanaland when it was further south and cooler. Moreover, extant taxa are inferred to have originated in the Eocene, coincident with the extinction of the larger-bodied fossil taxa as global climate cooled. We hypothesize that, as Antarctica became ice-encrusted, modern penguins expanded via the circumpolar current to oceanic islands within the Antarctic Convergence, and later to the southern continents. Thus, global cooling has had a major impact on penguin evolution, as it has on vertebrates generally. Penguins only reached cooler tropical waters in the Galapagos about 4 mya, and have not crossed the equatorial thermal barrier.

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Tập 273 Số 1582

11-17

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