Multi-level modeling: cornerstones of a rationale

Almeida, J.P.A., Rutle, A., Wimmer, M., Kühne, T.: The multi process challenge (2019) Almeida, J.P.A., Frank, U., Kühne, T.: Multi-level modelling (Dagstuhl Seminar 17492). Dagstuhl Rep 7(12), 18–49 (2018) Aßmann, U., Götz, S., Jézéquel, Morin, B., Trapp, M.: A reference archtitecture and roadmap for [email protected] systems. In: Bencomo, N., France, R., Cheng, B.H.C., Aßmann, U. (eds.) [email protected], State-of-the-art Survey, pp. 1–18. Springer, Cham (2014) Atkinson, C., Gerbig, R., Kühne, T.: Comparing multi-level modeling approaches. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-Level Modelling (MULTI 2014), Valencia, Spain, vol. 1286, pp. 53–61. Aachen (2014). https://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/43516/ Atkinson, C., Gerbig, R.: Flexible deep modeling with Melanee. In: Reimer, U., Betz, S. (eds.) Modellierung 2016, 2.–4. März 2016, Karlsruhe—Workshop Proceedings, Modellierung 2016, vol. 255, pp. 117–122. Gesellschaft für Informatik, Bonn (2016) Atkinson, C., Gerbig, R.: Melanie: multi-level modeling and ontology engineering. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Master Class on Model-Driven Engineering Modeling Wizards, pp. 1–2. ACM, New York (2012) Atkinson, C., Kühne, T.: On evaluating multi-level modeling. In: Burgueño, L., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Multi-Level Modeling (MULTI), pp. 274–277. CEUR-WS.org (2017) Atkinson, C., Kühne, T.: The essence of multilevel metamodeling. In: Gorgolla, M., Kobryn, C. (eds.) The Unified Modeling Language. Modeling Languages, Concepts, and Tools. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 19–33. Springer, Berlin (2001) Atkinson, C., Kühne, T.: Reducing accidental complexity in domain models. Softw. Syst. Model. 7(3), 345–359 (2008) Atkinson, C., Kühne, T., Lara, J.D.: Editorial to the theme issue on multi-level modeling. Softw. Syst. Model. 17(1), 163–165 (2018) Balaban, M., Khitron, I., Kifer, M., Maraee, A.: Multilevel modeling: what’s in a level? A position paper. In: Hebig, R., Berger, T. (eds.) Proceedings of MODELS 2018 Workshops, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2245, pp. 693–697. CEUR-WS.org (2018) Bateson, G.: Steps to an Ecology of Mind, 1st edn. Ballantine, New York (1978) Batra, D., Davis, J.G.: Conceptual data modelling in database design: similarities and differences between expert and novice designers. Int. J. Man Mach. Stud. 37(1), 83–101 (1992) Beck, K., Beedle, Mike, et al.: Manifesto for Agile Software Development. Technical reports (2001). https://agilemanifesto.org/ Becker, J., Algermissen, L., Niehaves, B., Delfmann, P.: Business process reference models for reorganizing public administrations—a case study. In: Andersen, K., Grönlund, A., Traunmüller, R., Wimmer, M. (eds.) Electronic Government—Workshop and Poster Proceedings of the Fourth International EGOV Conference 2005, August 22–26, 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark, Schriftenreihe Informatik, vol. 13, pp. 134–142. Universitätsverlag Rudolf Trauner, Linz, Austria (2005) Becker, J., Delfmann, P. (eds.): Reference Modeling: Efficient Information Systems Design Through Reuse of Information Models. Physica Verlag, Heidelberg (2007) Bencomo, N., France, R., Cheng, B.H.C., Aßmann, U. (eds.): [email protected]: foundations, applications, and roadmaps—Dagstuhl Seminar 11481 on [email protected], November 27 to December 2, 2011. In: State-of-the-art Survey, vol. 8378. Springer, Cham (2014) Benner, B.: A multilevel approach for model-based user interface development. In: Clark, T., Frank, U., Wimmer, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Multi-Level Modelling (MULTI) 2017 (2017) Bock, A.C.: The power/generality trade-off in decision and problem modeling: theoretical background and multi-level modeling as a resolution. In: Gulden, J., Reinhartz-Berger, I., Schmidt, R., Guerreiro, S., Guédria, W., Bera, P. (eds) Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling, Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol. 318, pp. 213–228. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91704-7_14 Booch, G.: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications, 2nd edn. Benjamin Cummings, Redwood City (1994) Brunelière, H., Cabot, J., Dupé, G., Madiot, F.: MoDisco: a model driven reverse engineering framework. Inf. Softw. Technol. 56(8), 1012–1032 (2014) Bruner, J.: The narrative construction of reality. Crit. Inq. 18(1), 1–21 (1991) Bunge, M.: Treatise on Basic Philosophy: Volume 3: Ontology I: The Furniture of the World. Reidel, Dordrecht (1977) Cheng, B.H.C., Eder, K.I., Gogolla, M., Grunske, Lars, et al.: Using models at runtime to address assurance for self-adaptive systems. In: Bencomo, N., France, R., Cheng, B.H.C., Aßmann, U. (eds.) [email protected], State-of-the-art Survey, pp. 101–136. Springer, Cham (2014) Clark, T., Sammut, P., Willans, J.: Applied Metamodelling: A Foundation for Language Driven Development. Ceteva, Sheffield (2008). http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6060/. First edn. published 2004 Clark, T., Sammut, P., Willans, J.: Superlanguages: developing languages and applications with XMF. Ceteva (2008) de Kinderen, S., Kaczmarek-Heß, M.: On model-based analysis of organizational structures: an assessment of current modeling approaches and application of multi-level modeling in support of design and analysis of organizational structures. Softw. Syst. Model. 19(2), 313–343 (2020) de Lara, J., Guerra, E.: Deep meta-modelling with metadepth. In: Vitek, J. (ed.) Objects, Models, Components, Patterns, pp. 1–20. Springer, Berlin (2010) de Lara, J., Guerra, E.: Refactoring multi-level models. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. (TOSEM) 27, 1–56 (2018) de Lara, J., Guerra, E., Cobos, R., Moreno-Llorena, J.: Extending deep meta-modelling for practical model-driven engineering. Comput. J. 57(1), 36–58 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxs144 de Lara, J., Guerra, E., Cuadrado, J.S.: When and how to use multilevel modelling. ACM TOSEM 24(2), 12:1-12:46 (2014) de Kinderen, S., Kaczmarek-Heß, M.: Multi-level modeling as a language architecture for reference models: on the example of the smart grid domain. In: Becker, J., Novikov, D. (eds) Proceedings of the 21st IEEE Conference on Business Informatics, CBI 2019, Volume 1—Research Papers, Moscow, pp. 174–183. IEEE (2019) Domingos, P.: The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World. Penguin Books Ltd, London (2017) Evans, J., Over, D.E., Manktelow, K.I.: Reasoning, decision making and rationality. Cognition 49(1), 165–187 (1993) Fauconnier, G., Turner, M.: The way we think: conceptual blending and the mind’s hidden complexities. Basic Books (2002) Fettke, P., Loos, P. (eds.): Reference modeling for business systems analysis. Idea Group, Hershey (2007) Fettke, P., Loos, P.: Ontological evaluation of reference models using the Bunge-Wand-Weber-model. In: Proceedings of the Ninth Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2003), pp. 2944–2955. AIS (2003) Fettke, P., Loos, P.: Referenzmodellierungsforschung. Wirtschaftsinformatik 46(5), 331–340 (2004) Florian, H., Jendrik, J., Mirko, S., Christian, W.: Construct to reconstruct—reverse engineering java code with JaMoPP. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Reverse Engineering Models from Software Artifacts, R.E.M. 2008, Satellite event of the 16th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering (WCRE), October 15, 2009, Lille, France (2009) Fonseca, C.M., Almeida, J.P.A., Guizzardi, G., de Carvalho, V.A.: Multi-level conceptual modeling: from a formal theory to a well-founded language. In: Trujillo, J., Davis, K.C.E.A. (eds) Proceedings of 37th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2018), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11157, pp. 409–423. Springer (2018) France, R.B., Rumpe, B.: Model-driven development of complex software: a research roadmap. In: Briand, L.C., Wolf, A.L. (eds.) Workshop on the Future of Software Engineering (FOSE, vol. ’07), pp. 37–54. IEEE CS Press (2007) Frank, U., Strecker, S.: Beyond ERP Systems: An Outline of Self-Referential Enterprise Systems: Requirements, Conceptual Foundation and Design Options. Technical Reports 31, Institut für Informatik und Wirtschaftsinformatik (ICB), Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen (2009) Frank, U., Töpel, D.: Contingent level classes: motivation, conceptualization, modeling guidelines, and implications for model management. In: Guerra, E., Iovino, L. (eds) Proceedings of the 23rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings, pp. 622–631. New York, NY, USA (2020) Frank, U.: Designing models and systems to support IT management: a case for multilevel modeling. In: Proceedings of MULTI 2016, pp. 3–24. CEUR-WS.org (2016) Frank, U.: Domain-specific modeling languages—requirements analysis and design guidelines. In: Reinhartz-Berger, I., Sturm, A., Clark, T., Wand, Y., Cohen, S., Bettin, J. (eds.) Domain Engineering: Product Lines, Conceptual Models, and Languages, pp. 133–157. Springer (2013) Frank, U.: Evaluating Modelling Languages: Relevant Issues, Epistemological Challenges and a Preliminary Research Framework. Technical Reports 15. Institut für Wirtschaftsinformatik, Universität Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz (1998) Frank, U.: MEMO Organisational Modelling Language: Requirements and Core Diagram Types. Technical Reports 47, ICB University of Duisburg-Essen, Campus Essen (2011) Frank, U.: Prolegomena of a multi-level modeling method. illustrated with the \(\text{FMML}^{{\rm x}}\) and the \(\text{ XModeler}^{{\rm ML}}\). In: Proceedings of the 24rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings (2021) Frank, U.: The Flexible Modelling and Execution Language (\(\text{ FMML}^{{\rm x}}\))—Version 2.0: Analysis of Requirements and Technical Terminology. Technical Reports 66, University Duisburg-Essen (2018) Frank, U.: A conceptual foundation for versatile E-Commerce platforms. J. Electron. Commer. Res. 2(2), 48–57 (2002) Frank, U.: Evaluation of reference models. In: Fettke, P., Loos, P. (eds.) Reference Modeling for Business Systems Analysis, pp. 118–140. Idea Group, Hershey (2007) Frank, U.: Multi-perspective enterprise modeling: foundational concepts, prospects and future research challenges. Softw. Syst. Model. 13(3), 941–962 (2014) Frank, U.: Multilevel modeling: toward a new paradigm of conceptual modeling and information systems design. BISE 6(6), 319–337 (2014) Frank, U., Strecker, S.: Open reference models: community-driven collaboration to promote development and dissemination of reference models. Enterp. Model. Inf. Syst. Archit. 2(2), 32–41 (2007) Garson, J.: Modal logic. In: Zalta, E.N. (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University (2021). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/logic-modal/ Goldstein, R.C., Storey, V.C.: Materialization. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 6(5), 835–842 (1994) Green, V.E., Evans, V.: Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh (2007) Grossmann, R.: The Categorical Structure of the World. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (1983) Guizzardi, G., Herre, H., Wagner, G.: On the general ontological foundations of conceptual modeling. In: Spaccapietra, S., March, S.T., Kambayashi, Y. (eds.) Conceptual modeling-ER 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2503, pp. 65–78. Springer, Berlin (2002) Igamberdiev, M., Grossmann, G., Stumptner, M.: A Feature-based categorization of multi-level modeling approaches and tools. In: Atkinson, C., Grossmann, G., Clark, T. (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Multi-Level Modelling (MULTI 2016), Saint-Malo, France, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 1722, pp. 45–55. CEUR-WS.org (2016) Jácome-Guerrero, S.P., de Lara, J.: TOTEM: reconciling multi-level modelling with standard two-level modelling. Comput. Stand. Interfaces 69, 103390 (2020) Jarke, M., Jeusfeld, M., Nissen, H., Quix, C., Staudt, M.: Metamodelling with datalog and classes: conceptbase at the age of 21. In: Norrie, M., Grossniklaus, M. (eds.) Object Databases. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5936, pp. 95–112. Springer, Berlin (2010) Jarke, M., Eherer, S., Gallersdörfer, R., Jeusfeld, M., Staudt, M.: ConceptBase: a deductive object base for meta data management. J. Intell. Inf. Syst. 4(2), 167–192 (1995) Jeusfeld, M.A., Neumayr, B.: DeepTelos: Multi-level modeling with most general instances. In: Comyn-Wattiau, I., Tanaka, K., Song, I.Y., Yamamoto, S., Saeki, M. (eds) Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2016), pp. 198–211. Springer, Cham (2016) Jeusfeld, M.: DeepTelos for ConceptBase: a contribution to the multi process challenge. In: Proceedings of MULTI 2019. CEUR-WS.org (2019) Kaczmarek-Heß, M., Nolte, M., Fritsch, A., Betz, S.: Practical experiences with multi-level modeling using \(\text{ FMML}^{{\rm x}}\): a hierarchy of domain-specific modeling languages in support of life-cycle assessment. In: Clark, T., Neumayr, B., Rutle, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Multi-Level Modelling (MULTI) 2018 (2018) Kaczmarek-Heß, M., de Kinderen, S.: A multilevel model of IT platforms for the needs of enterprise IT landscape analyses. Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. 59(5), 315–329 (2017) Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., Tversky, A. (eds.): Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1982) Kärnä, J., Tolvanen, J.P., Kelly, S.: Evaluating the use of domain-specific modeling in practice. In: The 9th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling (2009) Kelly, S., Tolvanen, J.P.: Domain-Specific Modeling: Enabling Full Code Generation. Wiley-Interscience and IEEE Computer Society, Hoboken (2008) Kuhn, T.S.: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1964) Kühne, T.: A story of levels. In: Hebig, R., Berger, T. (eds) Proceedings of MODELS 2018 Workshops, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2245, pp. 673–682. CEUR-WS.org (2018) Kühne, T., Schreiber, D.: Can programming be liberated from the two-level style: multi-level programming with deepjava. ACM SIGPLAN Notices 42(10), 229–244 (2007) Lakoff, G.: Cognitive versus generative linguistics: How commitments influence results. Lang. Commun. 1(1) (1990) Lakoff, G.: Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1987) Lakoff, G.: Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind, 1st edn. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1990) Lakoff, G., Johnson, M.: Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (2008) Langacker, R.W.: Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Theoretical Prerequisites, vol. 1. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto (1987) Lange, A., Atkinson, C.: Multi-level modeling with MELANEE. In: Proceedings of MODELS 2018 Workshops, vol. 2245. CEUR-WS.org (2018) Lethbridge, T.C., Abdelzad, V., Husseini Orabi, M., Husseini Orabi, A., Adesina, O.: Merging modeling and programming using Umple. In: Margaria, T., Steffen, B. (eds.) Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation: Discussion, Dissemination, Applications, pp. 187–197. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2016) Macías, F., Rutle, A., Stolz, V.: MultEcore: Combining the Best of Fixed-Level and Multilevel Metamodelling. In: C. Atkinson, G. Grossmann, T. Clark (eds.) Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Multi-Level Modelling, Saint-Malo,France, October 4, 2016, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 1722, pp. 66–75. CEUR-WS.org (2016) Macías, F., Rutle, A., Stolz, V., Rodríguez-Echeverría, R., Wolter, U.: An approach to flexible multilevel modelling. Enterp. Model. Inf. Syst. Archit. 13, 1–35 (2018) Metzger, W., Stadler, M., Crabus, H. (eds.): Gestalt-Psychologie: Ausgewählte Werke aus den Jahren 1950–1982. Kramer, Frankfurt A. M. (1986) Meyer, B.: Object-Oriented Software Construction, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (1997) Neumayr, B., Grün, K., Schrefl, M.: Multi-level domain modeling with M-objects and M-relationships. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Asia-Pacific Conference on Conceptual Modeling—Volume 96, APCCM ’09, pp. 107–116. Australian Computer Society Inc., Darlinghurst, Australia (2009). http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1862739.1862754 Neumayr, B., Schrefl, M.: Multi-level conceptual modeling and OWL. In: Heuser, C.A., Pernul, G. (eds.) Advances in Conceptual Modeling—Challenging Perspectives. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 189–199. Springer, Berlin (2009) Neumayr, B., Schuetz, C.G., Horner, C., Schrefl, M.: DeepRuby: extending ruby with dual deep instantiation. In: Burgueño, L., Corley, J., Neumayr, B., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of MODELS 2017 Workshops, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 2019, pp. 252–260. CEUR-WS.org (2017) Neumayr, B., Schuetz, C.G., Jeusfeld, M.A., Schrefl, M.: Dual deep modeling: multi-level modeling with dual potencies and its formalization in F-logic. Softw. Syst. Model. 17(1), 233–268 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-016-0519-z Newell, A.: Heuristic programming: Ill-structured problems. In: Aronofsky, J.S. (ed.) Progress in Operations Research. Relationship Between Operations Research and the Computer, pp. 361–414. Wiley, New York (1969) Nolte, M., Kaczmarek-Heß, M., Fritsch, A., Betz, S.: A hierarchy of DSMLs in support of product life-cycle assessment. In: Ludwig, T., Pipek, V. (eds) Human Practice. Digital Ecologies. Our Future. Proceedings of the 14th Internationale Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI 2019), pp. 1433–1447. University of Siegen (2019) Odell, J.J.: Power types. J. Object Orient. Program. 7(2), 8–12 (1994) OMG: Meta Object Facility (MOF) Core Specification: Version 2.0. Technical Report, Object Management Group (2006). http://www.omg.org/spec/MOF/2.0/ OMG: Model driven architecture (mda): Mda guide rev. 2.0. Tech. rep. (2014). https://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ormsc/14-06-01.pdf Opdahl, A.L., Henderson-Sellers, B.: Ontological evaluation of the UML using the Bunge–Wand–Weber model. Softw. Syst. Model. 1(1), 43–67 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-002-0003-9 Pirotte, A., Zimányi, E., Massart, D., Yakusheva, T.: Materialization: a powerful and ubiquitous abstraction pattern. In: Bocca, J.B., Jarke, M., Zaniolo, C. (eds) Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, VLDB ’94, pp. 630–641. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA (1994) Popper, K.R.: The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 2, impr edn. Hutchinson, London (1960) Rosch, E.: Principles of categorization. In: Rosch, E., Lloyd, B.B. (eds.) Cognition and Categorization, pp. 27–48. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1978) Rossini, A., de Lara, J., Guerra, E., Nikolov, N.: In: Taentzer, G., Bordeleau, F. (eds.) A comparison of two-level and multi-level modelling for cloud-based applications. In: Taentzer, G., Bordeleau, F. (eds) Modelling Foundations and Applications: Proceedings of the 11th European Conference, ECMFA 2015, Held as Part of STAF 2015, L‘Aquila, Italy, pp. 18–32. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2015) Schütte, R., Rotthowe, T.: The Guidelines of modeling—an approach to enhance the quality in information models. In: Ling, T.W., Ram, S., Li Lee, M. (eds.) Conceptual Modeling—ER ’98, pp. 240–254. Springer Berlin (1998) Selway, M., Stumptner, M., Mayer, W., Jordan, A., Grossmann, G., Schrefl, M.: A conceptual framework for large-scale ecosystem interoperability and industrial product lifecycles. Data Knowl. Eng. 109, 85–111 (2017) Siau, K., Loo, P.P.: Identifying difficulties in learning UML. Inf. Syst. Manag. 23(3), 43–51 (2006) Special Issue on Multi-Level Modeling: Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures 13 (2018) Stahl, T., Völter, M.: Model-Driven Software Development: Technology, Engineering, Management. Wiley, Chichester (2006) Tuggy, D.: Schematicity. In: The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics (2007) Völter, M.: DSL Engineering: Designing, Implementing and Using Domain-Specific Languages. dslbooks.org (2013) Volz, B.W.: Werkzeugunterstützung für methodenneutrale Metamodellierung. Bayreuth (2011) Wand, Y., Storey, V.C., Weber, R.: An ontological analysis of the relationship construct in conceptual modeling. ACM Trans. Database Syst. 24(4), 494–528 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1145/331983.331989 Watzlawick, P., Weakland, J.H., Fisch, R.: Change: Principles of Problem Formation and Problem Resolution. Norton, New York (1974) Yang, Y., Johnson-Laird, P.: Illusions in quantified reasoning: how to make the impossible seem possible, and vice versa. Mem. Cogn. 28(3), 452–465 (2000)