Các cách thức lây truyền của virus Corona loại 2 (SARS-CoV-2) và các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến sự lây truyền qua không khí: Một bài tổng quan
Tóm tắt
Nhiều cách thức lây truyền của virus SARS-CoV-2, bao gồm lây truyền qua không khí, giọt bắn, tiếp xúc, và lây truyền qua phân - miệng, gây ra bệnh coronavirus năm 2019 (COVID-19) làm tăng nguy cơ đe dọa đến tính mạng con người trên toàn thế giới. Trong bài viết này, các cơ sở dữ liệu khác nhau được xem xét để đánh giá các phương thức lây truyền của virus SARS-CoV-2 và nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của hệ thống thông gió áp suất âm, hệ thống điều hòa không khí và các phương pháp bảo vệ liên quan đến virus này. Lây truyền qua giọt bắn thường được báo cáo xảy ra ở những hạt có đường kính >5 µm và có thể nhanh chóng lắng đọng dưới ảnh hưởng trọng lực trên các bề mặt (1–2 m). Thay vào đó, các hạt mịn và siêu mịn (lây truyền qua không khí) có thể duy trì trạng thái lơ lửng trong thời gian dài (≥2 giờ) và được vận chuyển xa hơn, ví dụ như lên đến 8 m thông qua các cơ chế khuếch tán và đối lưu đơn giản. Lây truyền qua giọt và lây truyền qua không khí của virus SARS-CoV-2 có thể được hạn chế trong nhà với thông gió đầy đủ của các phòng, qua việc khử trùng định kỳ các nhà vệ sinh, sử dụng các phòng áp suất âm, đeo khẩu trang và duy trì khoảng cách xã hội. Các biện pháp phòng ngừa khác được khuyến cáo bao gồm tăng số lượng xét nghiệm sàng lọc đối với những người nghi ngờ nhiễm SARS-CoV-2, giảm số lượng người trong một phòng để tối thiểu hóa việc chia sẻ không khí trong nhà, và theo dõi nhiệt độ của mọi người trước khi vào một tòa nhà. Bài viết tổng hợp một khối lượng tài liệu hỗ trợ sự lây truyền của SARS-CoV-2 qua không khí, gây ra bệnh COVID-19, điều này đòi hỏi các chiến lược phối hợp toàn cầu.
Từ khóa
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