Minireview: Gut Microbiota: The Neglected Endocrine Organ

Neish, 2014, Mucosal immunity and the microbiome, Ann Am Thorac Soc, 11, S28, 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201306-161MG

Trompette, 2014, Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis, Nat Med, 20, 159, 10.1038/nm.3444

Grenham, 2011, Brain-gut-Microbe communication in health and disease, Front Physiol, 2, 94, 10.3389/fphys.2011.00094

Forsythe, 2010, Mood and gut feelings, Brain Behav Immun, 24, 9, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.05.058

Evans, 2013, The gut microbiome: the role of a virtual organ in the endocrinology of the host, J Endocrinol, 218, R37, 10.1530/JOE-13-0131

Freestone, 2008, Microbial endocrinology: how stress influences susceptibility to infection, Trends Microbiol, 16, 55, 10.1016/j.tim.2007.11.005

Lyte, 2004, Microbial endocrinology and infectious disease in the 21st century, Trends Microbiol, 12, 14, 10.1016/j.tim.2003.11.004

Lyte, 2010, The microbial organ in the gut as a driver of homeostasis and disease, Med Hypotheses, 74, 634, 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.10.025

Russell, 2013, The gut microbial metabolome: modulation of cancer risk in obese individuals, Proc Nutr Soc, 72, 178, 10.1017/S0029665112002881

Barrett, 2012, γ-Aminobutyric acid production by culturable bacteria from the human intestine, J Appl Microbiol, 113, 411, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05344.x

Lyte, 2011, Probiotics function mechanistically as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds: Microbial endocrinology in the design and use of probiotics, BioEssays, 33, 574, 10.1002/bies.201100024

Lyte, 2013, Microbial endocrinology in the microbiome-gut-brain axis: how bacterial production and utilization of neurochemicals influence behavior, PLoS Pathog, 9, e1003726, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003726

Forsythe, 2013, Voices from within: gut microbes and the CNS, Cell Mol Life Sci, 70, 55, 10.1007/s00018-012-1028-z

Arumugam, 2011, Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome, Nature, 473, 174, 10.1038/nature09944

Qin, 2010, A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing, Nature, 464, 59, 10.1038/nature08821

Avershina, 2014, Major faecal microbiota shifts in composition and diversity with age in a geographically restricted cohort of mothers and their children, FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 87, 280, 10.1111/1574-6941.12223

Fraher, 2012, Techniques used to characterize the gut microbiota: a guide for the clinician, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 9, 312, 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.44

O'Hara, 2006, The gut flora as a forgotten organ, EMBO reports, 7, 688, 10.1038/sj.embor.7400731

Clarke, 2014, Characterizing the gut microbiome: role in brain-gut function, The OMICS: Applications in Neuroscience, 265

Weinstock, 2012, Genomic approaches to studying the human microbiota, Nature, 489, 250, 10.1038/nature11553

Morgan, 2013, Biodiversity and functional genomics in the human microbiome, Trends Genet, 29, 51, 10.1016/j.tig.2012.09.005

Human Microbiome Project Consortium, 2012, A framework for human microbiome research, Nature, 486, 215, 10.1038/nature11209

Human Microbiome Project Consortium, 2012, Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome, Nature, 486, 207, 10.1038/nature11234

Clarke, Priming for health: gut microbiota acquired in early life regulates physiology, brain and behaviour [published online May 17, 2014], Acta Paediatr

Adlerberth, 2009, Establishment of the gut microbiota in Western infants, Acta Paediatr, 98, 229, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01060.x

Cho, 2013, Cesarean section and development of the immune system in the offspring, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 208, 249, 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.009

Dominguez-Bello, 2010, Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 107, 11971, 10.1073/pnas.1002601107

Penders, 2006, Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy, Pediatrics, 118, 511, 10.1542/peds.2005-2824

Lepage, 2013, A metagenomic insight into our gut's microbiome, Gut, 62, 146, 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301805

Claesson, 2011, Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 108, 4586, 10.1073/pnas.1000097107

Claesson, 2012, Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly, Nature, 488, 178, 10.1038/nature11319

Faust, 2012, Microbial interactions: from networks to models, Nat Rev Microbiol, 10, 538, 10.1038/nrmicro2832

Tsavkelova, 2000, Detection of neurotransmitter amines in microorganisms with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography, Dokl Biochem, 372, 115

Wu, 2011, Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes, Science, 334, 105, 10.1126/science.1208344

Jeffery, 2012, Categorization of the gut microbiota: enterotypes or gradients?, Nat Rev Microbiol, 10, 591, 10.1038/nrmicro2859

Huse, 2012, A core human microbiome as viewed through 16S rRNA sequence clusters, PloS One, 7, e34242, 10.1371/journal.pone.0034242

Tremaroli, 2012, Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism, Nature, 489, 242, 10.1038/nature11552

Clarke, 2012, The gut microbiota and its relationship to diet and obesity: new insights, Gut Microbes, 3, 186, 10.4161/gmic.20168

Bäckhed, 2004, The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 15718, 10.1073/pnas.0407076101

Bäckhed, 2007, Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 979, 10.1073/pnas.0605374104

Turnbaugh, 2008, Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome, Cell Host Microbe, 3, 213, 10.1016/j.chom.2008.02.015

Turnbaugh, 2006, An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest, Nature, 444, 1027, 10.1038/nature05414

Liou, 2013, Conserved shifts in the gut microbiota due to gastric bypass reduce host weight and adiposity, Sci Transl Med, 5, 178ra141, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005687

Ridaura, 2013, Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice, Science, 341, 1241214, 10.1126/science.1241214

Greiner, 2011, Effects of the gut microbiota on obesity and glucose homeostasis, Trends Endocrinol Metab, 22, 117, 10.1016/j.tem.2011.01.002

Ley, 2005, Obesity alters gut microbial ecology, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102, 11070, 10.1073/pnas.0504978102

Kallus, 2012, The intestinal microbiota and obesity, J Clin Gastroenterol, 46, 16, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31823711fd

Ley, 2006, Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity, Nature, 444, 1022, 10.1038/4441022a

Armougom, 2009, Monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in Lactobacillus in obese patients and methanogens in anorexic patients, PloS One, 4, e7125, 10.1371/journal.pone.0007125

Santacruz, 2010, Gut microbiota composition is associated with body weight, weight gain and biochemical parameters in pregnant women, Br J Nutr, 104, 83, 10.1017/S0007114510000176

Zhang, 2009, Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106, 2365, 10.1073/pnas.0812600106

Duncan, 2008, Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss, Int J Obes (Lond), 32, 1720, 10.1038/ijo.2008.155

Schwiertz, 2010, Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects, Obesity, 18, 190, 10.1038/oby.2009.167

Hildebrandt, 2009, High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity, Gastroenterology, 137, 1716, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.042

Flint, 2012, The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 9, 577, 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.156

Davey, 2012, Gender-dependent consequences of chronic olanzapine in the rat: effects on body weight, inflammatory, metabolic and microbiota parameters, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 221, 155, 10.1007/s00213-011-2555-2

Murphy, 2012 Divergent metabolic outcomes arising from targeted manipulation of the gut microbiota in diet-induced obesity, Gut

Wald, 2012, Irritable bowel syndrome–diarrhoea, Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 26, 573, 10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.002

Koren, 2012, Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy, Cell, 150, 470, 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.008

Schellekens, 2012, Ghrelin signalling and obesity: at the interface of stress, mood and food reward, Pharmacol Ther, 135, 316, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.06.004

Cryan, 2012, Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour, Nat Rev Neurosci, 13, 701, 10.1038/nrn3346

Kovatcheva-Datchary, 2013, Nutrition, the gut microbiome and the metabolic syndrome, Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 27, 59, 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.017

Macfarlane, 2012, Bacteria, colonic fermentation, and gastrointestinal health, J AOAC Int, 95, 50, 10.5740/jaoacint.SGE_Macfarlane

Tazoe, 2008, Roles of short-chain fatty acids receptors, GPR41 and GPR43 on colonic functions, J Physiol Pharmacol, 59, 251

Karaki, 2008, Expression of the short-chain fatty acid receptor, GPR43, in the human colon, J Mol Histol, 39, 135, 10.1007/s10735-007-9145-y

Tazoe, 2009, Expression of short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR41 in the human colon, Biomed Res, 30, 149, 10.2220/biomedres.30.149

Milligan, 2009, Agonism and allosterism: the pharmacology of the free fatty acid receptors FFA2 and FFA3, Br J Pharmacol, 158, 146, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00421.x

Ganapathy, 2013, Transporters and receptors for short-chain fatty acids as the molecular link between colonic bacteria and the host, Curr Opin Pharmacol, 13, 869, 10.1016/j.coph.2013.08.006

Dass, 2007, The relationship between the effects of short-chain fatty acids on intestinal motility in vitro and GPR43 receptor activation, Neurogastroenterol Motil, 19, 66, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2006.00853.x

Holzer, 2012, Neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide in the gut-brain axis, Neuropeptides, 46, 261, 10.1016/j.npep.2012.08.005

Lin, 2013, Submerged fermentation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus YS9 for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production, Braz J Microbiol, 44, 183, 10.1590/S1517-83822013000100028

Steele, 1986, Blood-brain barrier transport of the alpha-keto acid analogs of amino acids, Fed Proc, 45, 2060

Vijay, 2014, Role of monocarboxylate transporters in drug delivery to the brain, Curr Pharm Des, 20, 1487, 10.2174/13816128113199990462

Kekuda, 2013, Monocarboxylate 4 mediated butyrate transport in a rat intestinal epithelial cell line, Dig Dis Sci, 58, 660, 10.1007/s10620-012-2407-x

Maurer, 2004, Correlation between local monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) densities in the adult rat brain, Neurosci Lett, 355, 105, 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.10.056

Pellerin, 2005, Cellular and subcellular distribution of monocarboxylate transporters in cultured brain cells and in the adult brain, J Neurosci Res, 79, 55, 10.1002/jnr.20307

Pierre, 2005, Monocarboxylate transporters in the central nervous system: distribution, regulation and function, J Neurochem, 94, 1, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03168.x

Pellerin, 2005, How astrocytes feed hungry neurons, Mol Neurobiol, 32, 59, 10.1385/MN:32:1:059

Rafiki, 2003, Highly differential expression of the monocarboxylate transporters MCT2 and MCT4 in the developing rat brain, Neuroscience, 122, 677, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.040

Naccache, 1988, Propionic acid-induced calcium mobilization in human neutrophils, J Cell Physiol, 136, 118, 10.1002/jcp.1041360115

Nakao, 1992, Alteration of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in resting and stimulated human neutrophils by short-chain carboxylic acids at neutral pH, Infect Immun, 60, 5307, 10.1128/IAI.60.12.5307-5311.1992

Nakao, 1998, Propionic acid stimulates superoxide generation in human neutrophils, Cell Biol Int, 22, 331, 10.1006/cbir.1998.0263

DeCastro, 2005, Short chain fatty acids regulate tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression through a cAMP-dependent signaling pathway, Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 142, 28, 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.09.002

Macfabe, 2012, Short-chain fatty acid fermentation products of the gut microbiome: implications in autism spectrum disorders, Microb Ecol Health Dis, 23

Bonini, 1997, Molecular cloning and tissue expression of a novel orphan G protein-coupled receptor from rat lung, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 234, 190, 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6591

Ichimura, 2009, Free fatty acid receptors act as nutrient sensors to regulate energy homeostasis, Prostagland Other Lipid Mediat, 89, 82, 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.05.003

Cummings, 1981, Short chain fatty acids in the human colon, Gut, 22, 763, 10.1136/gut.22.9.763

Cummings, 1995, Gastrointestinal effects of food carbohydrate, Am J Clin Nutr, 61, 938S, 10.1093/ajcn/61.4.938S

Topping, 2001, Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides, Physiol Rev, 81, 1031, 10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.1031

Brown, 2003, The orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids, J Biol Chem, 278, 11312, 10.1074/jbc.M211609200

Xiong, 2004, Short-chain fatty acids stimulate leptin production in adipocytes through the G protein-coupled receptor GPR41, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 1045, 10.1073/pnas.2637002100

Maslowski, 2009, Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43, Nature, 461, 1282, 10.1038/nature08530

Ge, 2008, Activation of G protein-coupled receptor 43 in adipocytes leads to inhibition of lipolysis and suppression of plasma free fatty acids, Endocrinology, 149, 4519, 10.1210/en.2008-0059

Hong, 2005, Acetate and propionate short chain fatty acids stimulate adipogenesis via GPCR43, Endocrinology, 146, 5092, 10.1210/en.2005-0545

Samuel, 2008, Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 16767, 10.1073/pnas.0808567105

Kruh, 1982, Effects of sodium butyrate, a new pharmacological agent, on cells in culture, Mol Cell Biochem, 42, 65

Schroeder, 2007, Antidepressant-like effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium butyrate, in the mouse, Biol Psychiatry, 62, 55, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.036

Marco, 2009, Lifestyle of Lactobacillus plantarum in the mouse caecum, Environ Microbiol, 11, 2747, 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02001.x

Denou, 2008, Identification of genes associated with the long-gut-persistence phenotype of the probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii strain NCC533 using a combination of genomics and transcriptome analysis, J Bacteriol, 190, 3161, 10.1128/JB.01637-07

McNulty, 2011, The impact of a consortium of fermented milk strains on the gut microbiome of gnotobiotic mice and monozygotic twins, Sci Transl Med, 3, 106ra106, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002701

Joyce, 2014, The gut microbiota and the metabolic health of the host, Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 30, 120, 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000039

Wang, 2011, Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease, Nature, 472, 57, 10.1038/nature09922

Koeth, 2013, Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis, Nat Med, 19, 576, 10.1038/nm.3145

Spencer, 2011, Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency, Gastroenterology, 140, 976, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.049

Henao-Mejia, 2012, Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity, Nature, 482, 179, 10.1038/nature10809

Dumas, 2006, Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103, 12511, 10.1073/pnas.0601056103

Visschers, 2013, The gut-liver axis, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 16, 576, 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32836410a4

West, 1998, Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse, Am J Physiol, 275, R667

O'Shea, 2012, Production of bioactive substances by intestinal bacteria as a basis for explaining probiotic mechanisms: bacteriocins and conjugated linoleic acid, Int J Food Microbiol, 152, 189, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.025

Lee, 2006, Human originated bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL60, produce conjugated linoleic acid and show anti-obesity effects in diet-induced obese mice, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1761, 736, 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.05.007

Lee, 2007, Antiobesity effect of trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid-producing Lactobacillus plantarum PL62 on diet-induced obese mice, J Appl Microbiol, 103, 1140, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03336.x

Rosberg-Cody, 2011, Recombinant lactobacilli expressing linoleic acid isomerase can modulate the fatty acid composition of host adipose tissue in mice, Microbiology, 157, 609, 10.1099/mic.0.043406-0

Wall, 2010, Impact of administered bifidobacterium on murine host fatty acid composition, Lipids, 45, 429, 10.1007/s11745-010-3410-7

Sato, 2008, Effects of milk fermented by Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 on adipocyte size in rats, Br J Nutr, 99, 1013, 10.1017/S0007114507839006

Takemura, 2010, Lactobacillus plantarum strain no. 14 reduces adipocyte size in mice fed high-fat diet, Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 235, 849, 10.1258/ebm.2010.009377

Hamad, 2009, Milk fermented by Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 influences adipocyte size via inhibition of dietary fat absorption in Zucker rats, Br J Nutr, 101, 716, 10.1017/S0007114508043808

Kadooka, 2011, The probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 inhibits enlargement of visceral adipocytes and upregulation of serum soluble adhesion molecule (sICAM-1) in rats, Int Dairy J, 21, 623, 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.02.001

Park, 2011, The inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 cell Extract on the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells, J Med Food, 14, 670, 10.1089/jmf.2010.1355

Ho, 2013, Kefir inhibits 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation through down-regulation of adipogenic transcription factor expression, J Sci Food Agr, 93, 485, 10.1002/jsfa.5792

Tanida, 2008, High-fat diet-induced obesity is attenuated by probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei ST11 (NCC2461) in rats, Obes Res Clin Pract, 2, 159, 10.1016/j.orcp.2008.04.003

Aronsson, 2010, Decreased fat storage by Lactobacillus paracasei is associated with increased levels of angiopoietin-like 4 protein (ANGPTL4), PloS One, 5, e13087, 10.1371/journal.pone.0013087

Stanaszek, 1977, Isolation, extraction, and measurement of acetylcholine from Lactobacillus plantarum, Appl Environ Microbiol, 34, 237, 10.1128/AEM.34.2.237-239.1977

Nerstedt, 2007, Administration of Lactobacillus evokes coordinated changes in the intestinal expression profile of genes regulating energy homeostasis and immune phenotype in mice, Br J Nutr, 97, 1117, 10.1017/S0007114507682907

Fak, 2012, Lactobacillus reuteri prevents diet-induced obesity, but not atherosclerosis, in a strain dependent fashion in Apoe−/− mice, PloS One, 7, e46837, 10.1371/journal.pone.0046837

Kelly, 2008, Inulin-type prebiotics–a review: part 1, Altern Med Rev, 13, 315

Delzenne, 2007, Modulation of glucagon-like peptide 1 and energy metabolism by inulin and oligofructose: experimental data, J Nutr, 137, 2547S, 10.1093/jn/137.11.2547S

Tarini, 2010, The fermentable fibre inulin increases postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and reduces free-fatty acids and ghrelin in healthy subjects, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 35, 9, 10.1139/H09-119

Dockray, Gastrointestinal hormones and the dialogue between gut and brain [published online March 17, 2014], J Physiol

Darzi, 2011, Do SCFA have a role in appetite regulation?, Proc Nutr Soc, 70, 119, 10.1017/S0029665110004039

Collins, 2012, The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, Nat Rev Microbiol, 10, 735, 10.1038/nrmicro2876

Mawe, 2013, Serotonin signalling in the gut–functions, dysfunctions and therapeutic targets, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 10, 473, 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.105

Ruddick, 2006, Tryptophan metabolism in the central nervous system: medical implications, Expert Rev Mol Med, 8, 1, 10.1017/S1462399406000068

Watts, 2012, Serotonin and blood pressure regulation, Pharmacol Rev, 64, 359, 10.1124/pr.111.004697

Berger, 2009, The expanded biology of serotonin, Annu Rev Med, 60, 355, 10.1146/annurev.med.60.042307.110802

Clarke, 2013, The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner, Mol Psychiatry, 18, 666, 10.1038/mp.2012.77

Desbonnet, 2008, The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: an assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat, J Psychiatr Res, 43, 164, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.03.009

Schwarcz, 2012, Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: when physiology meets pathology, Nat Rev Neurosci, 13, 465, 10.1038/nrn3257

Stone, 2013, An expanding range of targets for kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 34, 136, 10.1016/j.tips.2012.09.006

Bercik, 2010, Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation induces anxiety-like behavior and alters central nervous system biochemistry in mice, Gastroenterology, 139, 2102, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.063

Clarke, 2009, Irritable bowel syndrome: towards biomarker identification, Trends Mol Med, 15, 478, 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.08.001

Clarke, 2009, Tryptophan degradation in irritable bowel syndrome: evidence of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activation in a male cohort, BMC Gastroenterol, 9, 6, 10.1186/1471-230X-9-6

Clarke, 2012, A distinct profile of tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway downstream of toll-like receptor activation in irritable bowel syndrome, Front Pharmacol, 3, 90, 10.3389/fphar.2012.00090

Fitzgerald, 2008, Tryptophan catabolism in females with irritable bowel syndrome: relationship to interferon-gamma, severity of symptoms and psychiatric co-morbidity, Neurogastroenterol Motil, 20, 1291, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01195.x

Schroecksnadel, 2005, Aspirin down-regulates tryptophan degradation in stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro, Clin Exp Immunol, 140, 41, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02746.x

Schroecksnadel, 2011, Influence of immunosuppressive agents on tryptophan degradation and neopterin production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Transpl Immunol, 25, 119, 10.1016/j.trim.2011.06.005

Brint, 2011, Differential expression of toll-like receptors in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Am J Gastroenterol, 106, 329, 10.1038/ajg.2010.438

McKernan, 2011, Altered peripheral toll-like receptor responses in the irritable bowel syndrome, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 33, 1045, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04624.x

McKernan, 2009, Toll-like receptor mRNA expression is selectively increased in the colonic mucosa of two animal models relevant to irritable bowel syndrome, PloS One, 4, e8226, 10.1371/journal.pone.0008226

Milligan, 1978, Growth and amino acid requirements of various strains of group B streptococci, J Clin Microbiol, 7, 28, 10.1128/jcm.7.1.28-33.1978

Li, 2013, Indole production by the tryptophanase TnaA in Escherichia coli is determined by the amount of exogenous tryptophan, Microbiology, 159, 402, 10.1099/mic.0.064139-0

Lee, 2010, Indole as an intercellular signal in microbial communities, FEMS Microbiol Rev, 34, 426, 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00204.x

Hsiao, 2013, Immune dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder, Int Rev Neurobiol, 113, 269, 10.1016/B978-0-12-418700-9.00009-5

Raboni, 2009, Tryptophan synthase: a mine for enzymologists, Cell Mol Life Sci, 66, 2391, 10.1007/s00018-009-0028-0

Yanofsky, 2007, RNA-based regulation of genes of tryptophan synthesis and degradation, in bacteria, RNA, 13, 1141, 10.1261/rna.620507

Jimenez, 2013, Antibiotic resistance, virulence determinants and production of biogenic amines among enterococci from ovine, feline, canine, porcine and human milk, BMC Microbiol, 13, 288, 10.1186/1471-2180-13-288

Shishov, 2009, Amine neuromediators, their precursors, and oxidation products in the culture of Escherichia coli K-12 [in Russian], Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 45, 550

Wang, 2010, Regional mucosa-associated microbiota determine physiological expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in murine colon, PloS One, 5, e13607, 10.1371/journal.pone.0013607

Gosselin, 2008, MyD88 signaling in brain endothelial cells is essential for the neuronal activity and glucocorticoid release during systemic inflammation, Mol Psychiatry, 13, 480, 10.1038/sj.mp.4002122

Zacharowski, 2006, Toll-like receptor 4 plays a crucial role in the immune-adrenal response to systemic inflammatory response syndrome, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103, 6392, 10.1073/pnas.0601527103

Sudo, 2004, Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice, J Physiol, 558, 263, 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388

Crumeyrolle-Arias, 2014, Absence of the gut microbiota enhances anxiety-like behavior and neuroendocrine response to acute stress in rats, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 42, 207, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.014

Allen, 2014, Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: focus on the Trier Social Stress Test, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 38, 94, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005

Kennedy, A sustained hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to acute psychosocial stress in irritable bowel syndrome [published online March 14, 2014], Psychol Med

Dinan, 2005, Anatomy of melancholia: focus on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis overactivity and the role of vasopressin, J Anat, 207, 259, 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00443.x

Gold, 2013, Melancholic and atypical subtypes of depression represent distinct pathophysiological entities: CRH, neural circuits, and the diathesis for anxiety and depression, Mol Psychiatry, 18, 632, 10.1038/mp.2013.5

Gold, 2002, Divergent endocrine abnormalities in melancholic and atypical depression: clinical and pathophysiologic implications, Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 31, 37, 10.1016/S0889-8529(01)00022-6

Kennedy, 2012, Gut memories: towards a cognitive neurobiology of irritable bowel syndrome, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 36, 310, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.001

Bailey, 1999, Maternal separation disrupts the integrity of the intestinal microflora in infant rhesus monkeys, Dev Psychobiol, 35, 146, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199909)35:2<146::AID-DEV7>3.0.CO;2-G

O'Mahony, 2009, Early life stress alters behavior, immunity, and microbiota in rats: implications for irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illnesses, Biol Psychiatry, 65, 263, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.026

Bailey, 2010, Stressor exposure disrupts commensal microbial populations in the intestines and leads to increased colonization by Citrobacter rodentium, Infect Immun, 78, 1509, 10.1128/IAI.00862-09

Bailey, 2011, Exposure to a social stressor alters the structure of the intestinal microbiota: implications for stressor-induced immunomodulation, Brain Behav Immun, 25, 397, 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.023

Young, 2004, Cortisol pulsatility and its role in stress regulation and health, Front Neuroendocrinol, 25, 69, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2004.07.001

Desbonnet, 2010, Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression, Neuroscience, 170, 1179, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.005

Gareau, 2007, Probiotic treatment of rat pups normalises corticosterone release and ameliorates colonic dysfunction induced by maternal separation, Gut, 56, 1522, 10.1136/gut.2006.117176

McKernan, 2010, The probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 displays visceral antinociceptive effects in the rat, Neurogastroenterol Motil, 22, 1029, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01520.x

Messaoudi, 2011, Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects, Br J Nutr, 105, 755, 10.1017/S0007114510004319

Dinan, 2012, Regulation of the stress response by the gut microbiota: implications for psychoneuroendocrinology, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1369, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.007

Freestone, 2002, Growth stimulation of intestinal commensal Escherichia coli by catecholamines: a possible contributory factor in trauma-induced sepsis, Shock, 18, 465, 10.1097/00024382-200211000-00014

Lyte, 1992, Catecholamine induced growth of gram negative bacteria, Life Sci, 50, 203, 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90273-R

Jeffery, 2012, An irritable bowel syndrome subtype defined by species-specific alterations in faecal microbiota, Gut, 61, 997, 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301501

de Vos, 2012, Role of the intestinal microbiome in health and disease: from correlation to causation, Nutr Rev, 70, S45, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00505.x

Dinan, 2013, Melancholic microbes: a link between gut microbiota and depression?, Neurogastroenterol Motil, 25, 713, 10.1111/nmo.12198

Park, 2013, Altered colonic function and microbiota profile in a mouse model of chronic depression, Neurogastroenterol Motil, 25, 733, 10.1111/nmo.12153

Booijink, 2007, Microbial communities in the human small intestine: coupling diversity to metagenomics, Future Microbiol, 2, 285, 10.2217/17460913.2.3.285

David, 2014, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome, Nature, 505, 559, 10.1038/nature12820

Clarke, 2012, Review article: probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome–focus on lactic acid bacteria, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 35, 403, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04965.x

Shanahan, 2012, A commentary on the safety of probiotics, Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 41, 869, 10.1016/j.gtc.2012.08.006

Dinan, 2013, Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic, Biol Psychiatry, 74, 720, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001

Quigley, 2012, Prebiotics and probiotics: their role in the management of gastrointestinal disorders in adults, Nutr Clin Pract, 27, 195, 10.1177/0884533611423926

Guarner, 2012, World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines: probiotics and prebiotics October 2011, J Clin Gastroenterol, 46, 468, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182549092

Borody, 2012, Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 9, 88, 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.244

Kelly, 2013, Fecal microbiota transplantation–an old therapy comes of age, N Engl J Med, 368, 474, 10.1056/NEJMe1214816

Smits, 2013, Therapeutic potential of fecal microbiota transplantation, Gastroenterology, 145, 946, 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.08.058

Lyte, 2010, Microbial endocrinology as a basis for improved l-DOPA bioavailability in Parkinson's patients treated for Helicobacter pylori, Med Hypotheses, 74, 895, 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.11.001

Davey, 2013, Antipsychotics and the gut microbiome: olanzapine-induced metabolic dysfunction is attenuated by antibiotic administration in the rat, Transl Psychiatry, 3, e309, 10.1038/tp.2013.83

Munoz-Bellido, 2000, Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 14, 177, 10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00154-5

Coates, 1975, Gnotobiotic animals in research: their uses and limitations, Lab Animals, 9, 275, 10.1258/002367775780957296

Napier, 2012, Autoimmune Addison's disease, Presse Med, 41, e626, 10.1016/j.lpm.2012.09.010

Hirayama, 2007, Vitamin K deficiency of germfree mice caused by feeding standard purified diet sterilized by gamma-irradiation, Exp Anim, 56, 273, 10.1538/expanim.56.273

Hyland, 2010, A gut feeling about GABA: focus on GABA(B) receptors, Front Pharmacol, 1, 124, 10.3389/fphar.2010.00124

Ozogul, 2012, The function of lactic acid bacteria on biogenic amines production by food-borne pathogens in arginine decarboxylase broth, Food Sci Technol Res, 18, 795, 10.3136/fstr.18.795

Ozogul, 2004, Production of biogenic amines by Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Hafnia alvei using a rapid HPLC method, Eur Food Res Technol, 219, 465, 10.1007/s00217-004-0988-0

Turnbaugh, 2009, A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins, Nature, 457, 480, 10.1038/nature07540