Mid‐Career Change

Employee Relations - Tập 16 Số 7 - Trang 58-72 - 1994
TeresaHolmes1, SueCartwright2
1Lecturer at the Liverpool Community College, Liverpool L13 0BQ, England.
2Lecturer in Organisational Psychology in the Manchester School of Management, UMIST, Manchester M60 1QD, England.

Tóm tắt

The research summarized focuses on the career change experiences of managers and professionals over the ages of 35. An initial pilot study was conducted and formed the basis of a questionnaire which was distributed to a sample of successful and unsuccessful career changers. In addition, a third group of participants were tracked for six months as they pursued a career change. In seeking to identify the key factors predictive of a successful mid‐career change, the research findings suggest that this is linked to three variables. Age itself did not emerge as a major explanatory variable.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

1. Gooding, G.J., “Career Moves – for the Employee, for the Organization”, Personnel, Vol. 65 No. 4, 1988, pp. 112‐16.

2. Holmes, T. and Cartwright, S., “Career Change: Myth or Reality?”, Employee Relations, Vol. 15 No. 6, 1993, pp. 37‐53.

3. Mayo, A., Managing Careers: Strategies for Organizations, IPM, 1991.

4. Cooper, C.L. and Torrington, D.P. (Eds), After Forty: The Time for Achievement?, Wiley, Chichester, 1981.

5. Fogarty, M.P., Forty to Sixty: How We Waste the Middle Aged, Centre for Studies in Social Policy, Bedford Square Press of the National Council for Social Service, 1975.

6. Hartley, J., “Career Transition Among Managers Over Forty”, in Cooper, C.L. and Torrington, D. (Eds), After Forty: The Time for Achievement? Wiley, Chichester, 1981.

7. McGoldrick, A.E. and Arrowsmith, J., “Age Discrimination in Recruitment: An Analysis of Age Bias in Job Advertisements”, Discussion Paper presented to the Employment of Older Workers in the 1990″s, University of Sheffield, April, 1992.

8. Riley, M.W. et al., (Eds), Aging and Society Volume 2: Aging and the Professions, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY, 1969.

9. Hayes, J., “Over Forties in Professional, Managerial and Administrative Work ”, in Cooper, C.L. and Torrington, D. (Eds), After Forty: The Time for Achievement?, Wiley , Chichester, 1981.

10. Kanchier, C.J. and Unruh, W.R., “Frequency and Direction of Managerial Occupational Change”, The Career Development Quarterly, Vol. 35 No. 4, June 1987, pp. 304‐15.

11. Guerrier, Y. and Philpot, N., The British Manager, Management Survey No. 39, British Institute of Management Foundation , Windsor, 1978.

12. Nicholson, N. and West, M.A., Managerial Job Change: Men and Women in Transition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988.

13. IPM, Executive Redundancy, IPM Information Report, Vol. 30, London, 1980.

14. Makin, P., Cooper, C.L. and Cox, C., Managing People at Work, The British Psychological Society and Routledge Ltd, London, 1989.

15. Birch, S. and McMillan, B., Managers on the Move: A Study of British Managerial Mobility, Management Survey Report No. 7, British Institute of Management, London, 1971.

16. Brenner, O.C. and Singer, M.G., “Career Repotters: to Know Them Could be to Keep Them”, Personnel, Vol. 65 No. 11, November 1988, pp. 54‐60.

17. Cole, N., “No Longer a Job for Life”, Director (UK), Vol. 42 No. 3, October 1988, pp. 110‐14.

18. Kanchier, C.J. and Unruh, W.R., “Work Values: How Do Managers Who Change Jobs Differ From Those Who Do Not?”, Journal of Employment Counselling, Vol. 26 No. 3, September1989, pp. 107‐16.

19. Coe, T. and Stark, A. , On the Move: Manager Mobility in the 1990″s, British Institute of Management (BIM) Report, Northants, 1991.

20. Leider, R.J., “Why a Second Career?”, The Personnel Administrator, March‐April 1974, pp. 40‐5.

21. Leider, R.J., “Mid‐Career Renewal”, Training and Development Journal, May 1976, pp. 16‐20.

22. Davis, J. and Rodela, E.S., “Mid‐Career Transition”, Prevention in Human Services, Vol. 8 No. 1, 1990, pp. 205‐18.

23. Spector, P.E., “Development of the Work Locus of Control Scale”, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 61, 1988, pp. 335‐40.

24. Rotter, J.B., “Generalised Expectancies for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement”, Psychological Monographs General and Applied, Whole No. 009, 1966.

25. Levenson, H., “Activism and Powerful Others: Distinctions within the Concept of Internal‐External Control”, Journal of Personality , Vol. 38, 1974, pp. 377‐83.

26. O′Brien, G.F., “Locus of Control, Work and Retirement”, in Lefcourt, H.M. (Ed.), Research in Locus of Control, Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1983.

27. Spector, P.E., “Behaviour in Organizations as a Function of an Employee′s Locus of Control”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 91, 1982, pp. 482‐97.

28. Haire, M. et al., Managerial Thinking: An International Study, Wiley, New York, NY, 1963.

29. Cox, C.J. and Cooper, C.L., High Flyers: An Anatomy of Managerial Success, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988.

30. Moore, K.K. and Cox, J.A., “Doctor, Lawyer...or Indian Chief? The Effects of Birth Order”, Baylor Business Review, Winter, Vol. 8 No. 1, 1990, pp. 18‐21.

31. Zajonc, R.B. and Markus, G.B., “Birth Order and Intellectual Development ”, Psychological Review, Vol. 82, 1975, pp. 74‐88.

32. Altus, W.C., “Birth Order and its Sequelae”, Science, Vol. 151, 1966, pp. 44‐9.

33. Carrigan, W.C. and Julian, J.W., “Sex and Birth Order Differences in Conformity as a Function of Need Afffliation Arousal”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. III, 1966, pp. 479‐82.

34. Dubno, P., Bedrosian, H. and Freedman, R., “Birth Order, Conformity and Management Achievement”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 22, 1969, pp. 269‐79.

35. Dubno, P. and Freedman, R.D., “Birth Order, Educational Achievement and Managerial Attainment”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 24, 1971, pp. 63‐70.

36. Berger, P.K. and Ivancevich, J.M., “Birth Order, Educational and Managerial Achievement”, Management Journal, Vol. 16, 1973, pp. 515‐19.

37. Toman, W., “Birth Order Rules All”, Psychology Today, December 1970, pp. 45‐69.

38. Oliver, P. and Birnbaum, S., “Birth Order and Personality”, Scholastic Choices, March 1987, pp. 87‐8.

39. Hedderson, J., SPSS/PC+ Made Simple, Wadsworth, CA, 1991.

40. Cronbach, L.J., “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests”, Psychometrika, Vol. 16, 1951, pp. 475‐94.

41. Kinicki, A.J., “Predicting Occupational Role Choice after Involuntary Job Loss ”, Journal ofVocational Behaviour, Vol. 35 No. 2, October 1989, pp. 204‐18.

42. Coulson‐Thomas, C., Too Old at 40?, British Institute of Management, London, 1989.

43. Employment Department, Labour Market Quarterly Report, May, Skills and Enterprise Network Publications, Sheffield, 1992.

44. General Household Survey, Her Majesty′s Stationery Office, London, 1986.

Blotnick, S., “Second Careers ”, Forbes, Vol. 139 No. 9, 1987, pp. 150‐51. Doering, M. et al., The Aging Worker, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 1983.