Micronutrients in Human Milk: Analytical Methods

Belitz, 2013 Sherwood, 2011 Tamura, 2006, Folate determination in human milk, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 52, 161, 10.3177/jnsv.52.161 Roughead, 1990, Flavin composition of human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 52, 854, 10.1093/ajcn/52.5.854 Shane, 1980, Folate assay: a comparison of radioassay and microbiological methods, Clin Chim Acta, 100, 13, 10.1016/0009-8981(80)90180-1 Dold, 2016, Optimization of a new mass spectrometry method for measurement of breast milk iodine concentrations (BMIC) and an assessment of the effect of analytic method and timing of within-feed sample collection on BMIC, Thyroid, 26, 287, 10.1089/thy.2015.0317 Picciano, 1998, Human milk: nutritional aspects of a dynamic food, Biol Neonate, 74, 84, 10.1159/000014015 Stuetz, 2012, Micronutrient status in lactating mothers before and after introduction of fortified flour: cross-sectional surveys in Maela refugee camp, Eur J Nutr, 51, 425, 10.1007/s00394-011-0226-z Hampel, 2016, Analyzing B-vitamins in human milk: methodological approaches, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 56, 494, 10.1080/10408398.2013.783550 Deibel, 1957, Microbiological assay for thiamin using Lactobacillus viridescens, J Bacteriol, 74, 818, 10.1128/jb.74.6.818-821.1957 Banhidi, 1958, Some aspects of the nutrition of Lactobacillus fermenti 36 in the tube assay of thiamine, Acta Chem Scand, 12, 517, 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.12-0517 Ford, 1983, Comparison of the B vitamin composition of milk from mothers of preterm and term babies, Arch Dis Child, 58, 367, 10.1136/adc.58.5.367 Eitenmiller, 1999 Fernández-Muiño, 2008, Water-soluble vitamins, 401 Wielders, 1983, Quantitative analysis of total thiamine in human blood, milk and cerebrospinal fluid by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography, J Chromatogr, 277, 145, 10.1016/S0378-4347(00)84831-8 Böhm, 1997, [Vitamin B1, B2, A and E and beta-carotene content in transitional breast milk and comparative studies in maternal and umbilical cord blood.], Z Ernahrungswiss, 36, 214, 10.1007/BF01623366 McGready, 2001, Postpartum thiamine deficiency in a Karen displaced population, Am J Clin Nutr, 74, 808, 10.1093/ajcn/74.6.808 Sakurai, 2005, Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamin contents of breast milk from Japanese women, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 51, 239, 10.3177/jnsv.51.239 Stuetz, 2012, Thiamine diphosphate in whole blood, thiamine and thiamine monophosphate in breast-milk in a refugee population, PLoS One, 7, e36280, 10.1371/journal.pone.0036280 Coats, 2013, Thiamine pharmacokinetics in Cambodian mothers and their breastfed infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 98, 839, 10.3945/ajcn.113.062737 Allen, 2015, Antiretroviral therapy provided to HIV-infected Malawian women in a randomized trial diminishes the positive effects of lipid-based nutrient supplements on breast-milk B vitamins, Am J Clin Nutr, 102, 1468, 10.3945/ajcn.114.105106 Hampel, 2016, Thiamin and riboflavin in human milk: effects of lipid-based nutrient supplementation and stage of lactation on vitamer secretion and contributions to total vitamin content, PLoS One, 11, e0149479, 10.1371/journal.pone.0149479 Shi, 2011, The chemical composition of human milk from inner Mongolia of China, Food Chem, 127, 1193, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.123 Hampel, 2012, Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for the rapid, simultaneous analysis of thiamin, riboflavin, flavin adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide and pyridoxal in human milk, J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 903, 7, 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.024 Ren, 2015, Application of UPLC-MS/MS method for analyzing B-vitamins in human milk, Biomed Environ Sci, 28, 738 1998 Nail, 1980, The effect of thiamin and riboflavin supplementation on the level of those vitamins in human breast milk and urine, Am J Clin Nutr, 33, 198, 10.1093/ajcn/33.2.198 Thomas, 1980, The effects of vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, riboflavin, and thiamin on the breast milk and maternal status of well-nourished women at 6 months postpartum, Am J Clin Nutr, 33, 2151, 10.1093/ajcn/33.10.2151 Rönnholm, 1986, Need for riboflavin supplementation in small prematures fed with human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 43, 1, 10.1093/ajcn/43.1.1 Toyosaki, 1986, Simultaneous analysis of riboflavin and its decomposition products in various milks by high-performance liquid chromatography, J Micronutr Anal, 2, 117 Bates, 1985, Susceptibility of riboflavin and vitamin A in breast milk to photodegradation and its implications for the use of banked breast milk in infant feeding, Acta Paediatr Scand, 74, 40, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10918.x Strohecker, 1965 Bates, 1982, Riboflavin requirements of lactating Gambian women: a controlled supplementation trial, Am J Clin Nutr, 35, 701, 10.1093/ajcn/35.4.701 Woodcock, 1982, Riboflavin photochemical degradation in pasta measured by high performance liquid chromatography, J Food Sci, 47, 545, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb10120.x van Herwaarden, 2007, Multidrug transporter ABCG2/breast cancer resistance protein secretes riboflavin (vitamin B2) into milk, Mol Cell Biol, 27, 1247, 10.1128/MCB.01621-06 Israel-Ballard, 2008, Vitamin content of breast milk from HIV-1–infected mothers before and after flash-heat treatment, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 48, 444, 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31817beb8d McCormick, 1968, Nature of the intramolecular complex of flavine adenine dinucleotide, 377 Rettenmaier, 1983, A simple method for the determination of riboflavin in human milk, Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 53, 32 Ren, 2015, B-vitamin levels in human milk among different lactation stages and areas in China, PLoS One, 10, e0133285, 10.1371/journal.pone.0133285 Mikheeva, 2009, Study of the voltammetric behavior of vitamin B 2 and the development of a procedure for its determination in breast milk, J Anal Chem, 64, 731, 10.1134/S1061934809070120 Greer, 2001, Do breastfed infants need supplemental vitamins?, Pediatr Clin North Am, 48, 415, 10.1016/S0031-3955(08)70034-8 Ummarino, 2017, Simultaneous quantitation of nicotinamide riboside, nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in milk by a novel enzyme-coupled assay, Food Chem, 221, 161, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.032 Coryell, 1945, Human milk studies; nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid and biotin contents of colostrum and mature human milk, Am J Dis Child, 70, 150 Macy, 1949, Composition of human colostrum and milk, Am J Dis Child, 78, 589 Pratt, 1951, Metabolism of women during the reproductive cycle. XVIII. The effect of multivitamin supplements on the secretion of B vitamins in human milk, J Nutr, 44, 141, 10.1093/jn/44.1.141 Eitenmiller, 1985, Niacin, 385 Shamsia, 2009, Nutritional and therapeutic properties of camel and human milks, Int J Genet Mol Biol, 1, 52 Smilowitz, 2013, The human milk metabolome reveals diverse oligosaccharide profiles, J Nutr, 143, 1709, 10.3945/jn.113.178772 Vanderslice, 1983, Forms of vitamin B6 in human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 37, 867, 10.1093/ajcn/37.5.867 Hamaker, 1985, Analysis of B-6 vitamers in human milk by reverse-phase liquid chromatography, Am J Clin Nutr, 42, 650, 10.1093/ajcn/42.4.650 Morrison, 1985, Quantities of B6 vitamers in human milk by high-performance liquid chromatography: influence of maternal vitamin B6 status, J Chromatogr, 337, 249, 10.1016/0378-4347(85)80038-4 West, 1976, Influence of vitamin B6 intake on the content of the vitamin in human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 29, 961, 10.1093/ajcn/29.9.961 Roepke, 1979, Vitamin B6 nutriture during pregnancy and lactation. II. The effect of long-term use of oral contraceptives, Am J Clin Nutr, 32, 2257, 10.1093/ajcn/32.11.2257 Sneed, 1981, The effects of ascorbic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid supplementation on the breast milk and maternal nutritional status of low socioeconomic lactating women, Am J Clin Nutr, 34, 1338, 10.1093/ajcn/34.7.1338 Borschel, 1986, Effects of vitamin B6 intake on nutriture and growth of young infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 43, 7, 10.1093/ajcn/43.1.7 Karra, 1986, Changes in specific nutrients in breast milk during extended lactation, Am J Clin Nutr, 43, 495, 10.1093/ajcn/43.4.495 Leklem, 2001 Parrish, 1955, A study of the yeast method for vitamin B-6, J Assoc Off Agric Chem, 38, 506 Parrish, 1956, Further studies on the yeast method for vitamin B-6, J Assoc Off Agric Chem, 39, 157 Storvick, 1964, Chemical and microbiological determination of vitamin B6, Methods Biochem Anal, 12, 183 Thiele, 1966, Chromatographic separation and microbiologic assay of vitamin B6 in tissues from normal and vitamin B6-depleted rats, J Nutr, 90, 347, 10.1093/jn/90.4.347 Polansky, 1981, Microbiological assay of vitamin B-6 in foods, 21 Barton-Wright, 1971, The microbiological assay of the vitamin B6 complex (pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine) with Kloeckera brevis, Analyst, 96, 314, 10.1039/an9719600314 Wilson, 1984, Vitamin B6 intake and plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations in the first 2 weeks of life, Acta Paediatr Scand, 73, 218, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1984.tb09932.x Gatti, 2005, Liquid chromatographic determination with fluorescence detection of B6 vitamers and riboflavin in milk and pharmaceuticals, Anal Chim Acta, 538, 135, 10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.025 Yagi, 2013, Contents of all forms of vitamin B 6, pyridoxine-β-glucoside and 4-pyridoxic acid in mature milk of Japanese women according to 4-pyridoxolactone-conversion high performance liquid chromatography, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 59, 9, 10.3177/jnsv.59.9 Kolhouse, 1978, Cobalamin analogues are present in human plasma and can mask cobalamin deficiency because current radioisotope dilution assays are not specific for true cobalamin, N Engl J Med, 299, 785, 10.1056/NEJM197810122991501 Adjalla, 1993, Existence of vitamin B12 analogs in biological samples: a reality, J Nutr Biochem, 4, 543, 10.1016/0955-2863(93)90091-A Adjalla, 1994, Forms of cobalamin and vitamin B12 analogs in maternal plasma, milk, and cord plasma, J Nutr Biochem, 5, 406, 10.1016/0955-2863(94)90059-0 Craft, 1971, Cobalamins in human pregnancy and lactation, J Clin Pathol, 24, 449, 10.1136/jcp.24.5.449 Sandberg, 1981, The content, binding, and forms of vitamin B12 in milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 34, 1717, 10.1093/ajcn/34.9.1717 Lildballe, 2009, High concentrations of haptocorrin interfere with routine measurement of cobalamins in human serum and milk: a problem and its solution, Clin Chem Lab Med, 47, 182, 10.1515/CCLM.2009.047 Jadhav, 1962, Vitamin B12 deficiency in Indian infants: a clinical syndrome, Lancet, 2, 903, 10.1016/S0140-6736(62)90682-7 Jathar, 1970, Maternal milk and serum vitamin B12, folic acid, and protein levels in Indian subjects, Arch Dis Child, 45, 236, 10.1136/adc.45.240.236 Samson, 1980, Vitamin B12 in human colostrum and milk: quantitation of the vitamin and its binder and the uptake of bound vitamin B12 by intestinal bacteria, Acta Paediatr Scand, 69, 93, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1980.tb07037.x Shive, 1951, Replacement of vitamin B12 by desoxynucleotides in promoting growth of certain Lactobacilli, J Am Chem Soc, 73, 867, 10.1021/ja01146a528 Ross, 1952, Vitamin B12 assay in body fluids using Euglena gracilis, J Clin Pathol, 5, 250, 10.1136/jcp.5.3.250 Lau, 1965, Measurement of serum vitamin B12 level using radioisotope dilution and coated charcoal, Blood, 26, 202, 10.1182/blood.V26.2.202.202 Areekul, 1977, Determination of vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 binding proteins in human and cow's milk, Mod Med Asia, 13, 17 Thomas, 1979, The effects of vitamin C, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 supplementation on the breast milk and maternal status of well-nourished women, Am J Clin Nutr, 32, 1679, 10.1093/ajcn/32.8.1679 Van Zoeren-Grobben, 1987, Human milk vitamin content after pasteurisation, storage, or tube feeding, Arch Dis Child, 62, 161, 10.1136/adc.62.2.161 McPhee, 1988, Vitamin B12 deficiency in a breast fed infant, Arch Dis Child, 63, 921, 10.1136/adc.63.8.921 Specker, 1990, Vitamin B-12: low milk concentrations are related to low serum concentrations in vegetarian women and to methylmalonic aciduria in their infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 52, 1073, 10.1093/ajcn/52.6.1073 Donangelo, 1989, Iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12 nutritional status and milk composition of low-income Brazilian mothers, Eur J Clin Nutr, 43, 253 Trugo, 1994, Cobalamin and cobalamin-binding capacity in human milk, Nutr Res, 14, 22, 10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80364-1 Casterline, 1997, Vitamin B-12 deficiency is very prevalent in lactating Guatemalan women and their infants at three months postpartum, J Nutr, 127, 1966, 10.1093/jn/127.10.1966 Patel, 1998, Vitamin B12 status of East Indian vegetarian lactating women living in the United States, Nutr Res, 18, 1839, 10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00153-5 Neumann, 2013, Low vitamin B12 intake during pregnancy and lactation and low breastmilk vitamin B12 content in rural Kenyan women consuming predominantly maize diets, Food Nutr Bull, 34, 151, 10.1177/156482651303400204 Chin, 1984, Vitamin B12, 19, 497ff Honzik, 2010, Clinical presentation and metabolic consequences in 40 breastfed infants with nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency-what have we learned?, Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 14, 488, 10.1016/j.ejpn.2009.12.003 Deegan, 2012, Breast milk vitamin B-12 concentrations in Guatemalan women are correlated with maternal but not infant vitamin B-12 status at 12 months postpartum, J Nutr, 142, 112, 10.3945/jn.111.143917 Greibe, 2013, Cobalamin and haptocorrin in human milk and cobalamin-related variables in mother and child: a 9-mo longitudinal study, Am J Clin Nutr, 98, 389, 10.3945/ajcn.113.058479 Hampel, 2014, Competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for vitamin B12 analysis in human milk, Food Chem, 153, 60, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.033 Duggan, 2014, Vitamin B-12 supplementation during pregnancy and early lactation increases maternal, breast milk, and infant measures of vitamin B-12 status, J Nutr, 144, 758, 10.3945/jn.113.187278 Siddiqua, 2016, Vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum improves B12 status of both mothers and infants but vaccine response in mothers only: a randomized clinical trial in Bangladesh, Eur J Nutr, 55, 281, 10.1007/s00394-015-0845-x Bae, 2015, Vitamin B-12 status differs among pregnant, lactating, and control women with equivalent nutrient intakes, J Nutr, 145, 1507, 10.3945/jn.115.210757 Shahab-Ferdows, 2015, Regional, socioeconomic, and dietary risk factors for vitamin B-12 deficiency differ from those for folate deficiency in Cameroonian women and children, J Nutr, 145, 2587, 10.3945/jn.115.210195 Smith, 1985, Folate intake and blood concentrations of term infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 41, 590, 10.1093/ajcn/41.3.590 Brown, 1986, Forms of human milk folacin and variation patterns, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 5, 278, 10.1097/00005176-198605020-00020 Selhub, 1989, Determination of tissue folate composition by affinity chromatography followed by high-pressure ion pair liquid chromatography, Anal Biochem, 182, 84, 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90722-7 O'Connor, 1991, Pteroylpolyglutamates in human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 53, 930, 10.1093/ajcn/53.4.930 Álvarez-Sánchez, 2010, Automated determination of folate catabolites in human biofluids (urine, breast milk and serum) by on-line SPE–HILIC–MS/MS, J Chromatogr A, 1217, 4688, 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.010 O'Connor, 1997, Maternal folate status and lactation, J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 2, 279, 10.1023/A:1026388522182 Houghton, 2009, Unmetabolized folic acid and total folate concentrations in breast milk are unaffected by low-dose folate supplements, Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 216, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26564 Herbert, 1961, The assay and nature of folic acid activity in human serum, J Clin Invest, 40, 81, 10.1172/JCI104240 Ramasastri, 1965, Folate activity in human milk, Br J Nutr, 19, 581, 10.1079/BJN19650052 Metz, 1968, Folic acid binding by serum and milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 21, 289, 10.1093/ajcn/21.4.289 Tamura, 1972, Lactobacillus casei response to pteroylpolyglutamates, Anal Biochem, 49, 517, 10.1016/0003-2697(72)90456-3 Tamura, 1980, Human milk folate and folate status in lactating mothers and their infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 33, 193, 10.1093/ajcn/33.2.193 Butte, 1981, Evaluation of lactational performance of Navajo women, Am J Clin Nutr, 34, 2210, 10.1093/ajcn/34.10.2210 Cooperman, 1982, The folate in human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 36, 576, 10.1093/ajcn/36.4.576 Ek, 1983, Plasma, red cell, and breast milk folacin concentrations in lactating women, Am J Clin Nutr, 38, 929, 10.1093/ajcn/38.6.929 Smith, 1983, Folate supplementation during lactation: maternal folate status, human milk folate content, and their relationship to infant folate status, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2, 622, 10.1097/00005176-198311000-00009 Eitenmiller, 1984, Folate content of human milk during early lactational stages, Nutr Res, 4, 391, 10.1016/S0271-5317(84)80100-1 Bank, 1985, Effect of storage time and temperature on folacin and vitamin C levels in term and preterm human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 41, 235, 10.1093/ajcn/41.2.235 Udipi, 1985, Vitamin B6, vitamin C and folacin levels in milk from mothers of term and preterm infants during the neonatal period, Am J Clin Nutr, 42, 522, 10.1093/ajcn/42.3.522 Swiatlo, 1990, Relative folate bioavailability from diets containing human, bovine and goat milk, J Nutr, 120, 172, 10.1093/jn/120.2.172 Keizer, 1995, Postpartum folic acid supplementation of adolescents: impact on maternal folate and zinc status and milk composition, Am J Clin Nutr, 62, 377, 10.1093/ajcn/62.2.377 Büttner, 2014, Effect of type of heat treatment of breastmilk on folate content and pattern, Breastfeed Med, 9, 86, 10.1089/bfm.2013.0008 Lim, 1998, Measurable human milk folate is increased by treatment with [alpha]-amylase and protease in addition to folate conjugase, Food Chem, 63, 401, 10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00054-5 Song, 1984, Effect of pantothenic acid status on the content of the vitamin in human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 40, 317, 10.1093/ajcn/40.2.317 Pearson, 1946, The thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid content of colostrum and milk of the cow and ewe, J Nutr, 31, 51, 10.1093/jn/31.1.51 Friend, 1983, The effect of processing and storage on key enzymes, B vitamins, and lipids of mature human milk. I. Evaluation of fresh samples and effects of freezing and frozen storage, Pediatr Res, 17, 61, 10.1203/00006450-198301000-00012 Goldsmith, 1983, Effects of processing and storage on the water-soluble vitamin content of human milk, J Food Sci, 48, 994, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb14951.x Wyse, 1979, Radioimmunoassay for pantothenic acid in blood and other tissues, Clin Chem, 25, 108, 10.1093/clinchem/25.1.108 Zafra-Gómez, 2006, Simultaneous determination of eight water-soluble vitamins in supplemented foods by liquid chromatography, J Agric Food Chem, 54, 4531, 10.1021/jf060346e Picciano, 1995, Vitamins in milk: A. Water soluble vitamins in human milk, 675 Mock, 1997, Concentrations of biotin metabolites in human milk, J Pediatr, 131, 456, 10.1016/S0022-3476(97)80077-7 Mock, 1992, Secretory patterns of biotin in human milk, J Nutr, 122, 546, 10.1093/jn/122.3.546 Mock, 1992, Biotin in human milk: methods, location, and chemical form, J Nutr, 122, 535, 10.1093/jn/122.3.535 Mock, 2001, Biotin, 397 Goldsmith, 1982, Biotin content of human milk during early lactational stages, Nutr Res, 2, 579, 10.1016/S0271-5317(82)80069-9 Hudson, 1984, Determination of pantothenic acid, biotin, and vitamin B12 in nutritional products, J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 67, 994 Mock, 1986, A sequential, solid-phase assay for biotin in physiologic fluids that correlates with expected biotin status, Anal Biochem, 153, 272, 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90092-8 Hirano, 1992, Longitudinal variations of biotin content in human milk, Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 62, 281 Paul, 1978 Salmenperä, 1985, Biotin concentrations in maternal plasma and milk during prolonged lactation, Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 55, 281 Holmes-McNary, 1996, Choline and choline esters in human and rat milk and in infant formulas, Am J Clin Nutr, 64, 572, 10.1093/ajcn/64.4.572 Holmes, 2000, Changes in the choline content of human breast milk in the first 3 weeks after birth, Eur J Pediatr, 159, 198, 10.1007/s004310050050 Reid, 1971, Enzymic radioassay for acetylcholine and choline in brain, Anal Biochem, 42, 390, 10.1016/0003-2697(71)90053-4 Haubrich, 1974, Use of choline kinase in the radioisotopic estimation of brain choline and acetylcholine, 33 Haubrich, 1975, Increase in rat brain acetylcholine induced by choline or deanol, Life Sci, 17, 975, 10.1016/0024-3205(75)90451-8 Zeisel, 1986, Choline, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in human and bovine milk and infant formulas, J Nutr, 116, 50, 10.1093/jn/116.1.50 Zeisel, 1982, Choline content of mothers' milk in Ecuador and Boston, N Engl J Med, 306, 175, 10.1056/NEJM198201213060317 Holmes, 1996, The choline content of human breast milk expressed during the first few weeks of lactation, Biochem Soc Trans, 24, 350S, 10.1042/bst024350s Holmes, 1998, Choline metabolism in the neonatal period, Biochem Soc Trans, 26, S94, 10.1042/bst026s094 Koc, 2002, Quantitation of choline and its metabolites in tissues and foods by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-isotope dilution mass spectrometry, Anal Chem, 74, 4734, 10.1021/ac025624x Fischer, 2010, Choline intake and genetic polymorphisms influence choline metabolite concentrations in human breast milk and plasma, Am J Clin Nutr, 92, 336, 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29459 Ozarda, 2014, Relations of human breastmilk choline content with maternal hormonal status, Breastfeed Med, 9, 39, 10.1089/bfm.2013.0029 Ozarda, 2014, Breast milk choline contents are associated with inflammatory status of breastfeeding women, J Hum Lact, 30, 161, 10.1177/0890334413508004 Artegoitia, 2014, Choline and choline metabolite patterns and associations in blood and milk during lactation in dairy cows, PLoS One, 9, e103412, 10.1371/journal.pone.0103412 Davenport, 2015, Choline intakes exceeding recommendations during human lactation improve breastmilk choline content by increasing PEMT pathway metabolites, J Nutr Biochem, 26, 903, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.03.004 Buss, 2001, Vitamin C is reduced in human milk after storage, Acta Paediatr, 90, 813, 10.1080/080352501750315753 Romeu-Nadal, 2006, Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for vitamin C determination in human milk versus an enzymatic method, J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 830, 41, 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.10.018 Selleg, 1936, The vitamin C content of human milk and its variation with diet, J Nutr, 11, 599, 10.1093/jn/11.6.599 Hochberg, 1943, Photometric determination of reduced and total ascorbic acid, Industr Eng Chem Anal Ed, 15, 182, 10.1021/i560115a011 Munks, 1945, XXV. Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in colostrum and mature human milk, Am J Dis Child, 70, 176 Roe, 1943, The determination of ascorbic acid in whole blood an urine through the 2, 4-dinitro-phenylhydralarzine, J Biol Chem, 147, 339, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72395-8 Byerley, 1985, Effects of different levels of vitamin C intake on the vitamin C concentration in human milk and the vitamin C intakes of breast-fed infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 41, 665, 10.1093/ajcn/41.4.665 Deodhar, 1960, Studies on human lactation (relation between the dietary intake of lactating women and the chemical composition of milk with regard to vitamin content.), J Trop Pediatr Afr Child Health, 6, 44 Salmenperä, 1984, Vitamin C nutrition during prolonged lactation: optimal in infants while marginal in some mothers, Am J Clin Nutr, 40, 1050, 10.1093/ajcn/40.5.1050 Hoppu, 2005, Vitamin C in breast milk may reduce the risk of atopy in the infant, Eur J Clin Nutr, 59, 123, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602048 Moltó-Puigmartí, 2011, Effects of pasteurisation and high-pressure processing on vitamin C, tocopherols and fatty acids in mature human milk, Food Chem, 124, 697, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.079 2000 Lammi-Keefe, 1984, Fat-soluble vitamins in human milk, Nutr Rev, 42, 365, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1984.tb02264.x Gebre-Medhin, 1976, Breast milk composition in Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. I. Vitamin A and beta-carotene, Am J Clin Nutr, 29, 441, 10.1093/ajcn/29.4.441 Hrubetz, 1945, Studies on carotenoid metabolism V. The effect of a high vitamin A intake on the composition of human milk, J Nutr, 29, 245, 10.1093/jn/29.4.245 Lesher, 1945, XXVI. Vitamin A and carotenoid contents of colostrum and mature human milk, Am J Dis Child, 70, 182 Ajans, 1965, Influence of vitamin A on human colostrum and early milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 17, 139, 10.1093/ajcn/17.3.139 Roy, 1997, Impact of a single megadose of vitamin A at delivery on breastmilk of mothers and morbidity of their infants, Eur J Clin Nutr, 51, 302, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600398 Chappell, 1985, Vitamin A and E content of human milk at early stages of lactation, Early Hum Dev, 11, 157, 10.1016/0378-3782(85)90103-3 Chappell, 1986, Simultaneous high performance liquid chromatography analysis of retinol ester and tocopherol isomers in human milk, Nutr Res, 6, 849, 10.1016/S0271-5317(86)80167-1 Barua, 1997, Retinol and alpha-tocopherol content in breast milk of Bangladeshi mothers under low socio-economic status, Int J Food Sci Nutr, 48, 13, 10.3109/09637489709006959 Kim, 1990, Vitamin A and carotenoids in human milk, J Agric Food Chem, 38, 1930, 10.1021/jf00100a011 Stoltzfus, 1993, High dose vitamin A supplementation of breast-feeding Indonesian mothers: effects on the vitamin A status of mother and infant, J Nutr, 123, 666, 10.1093/jn/123.4.666 Giuliano, 1994, Quantitation of and inter/intra-individual variability in major carotenoids of mature human milk, J Nutr Biochem, 5, 551, 10.1016/0955-2863(94)90054-X de Pee, 1995, Lack of improvement in vitamin A status with increased consumption of dark-green leafy vegetables, Lancet, 346, 75, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92111-7 Ortega, 1997, Vitamin A status during the third trimester of pregnancy in Spanish women: influence on concentrations of vitamin A in breast milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 66, 564, 10.1093/ajcn/66.3.564 Liu, 1998, Enzymatic hydrolysis, extraction, and quantitation of retinol and major carotenoids in mature human milk, J Nutr Biochem, 9, 178, 10.1016/S0955-2863(97)00183-6 Filteau, 1999, Breast milk immune factors in Bangladeshi women supplemented postpartum with retinol or β-carotene, Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 953, 10.1093/ajcn/69.5.953 Rice, 1999, Maternal vitamin A or β-carotene supplementation in lactating Bangladeshi women benefits mothers and infants but does not prevent subclinical deficiency, J Nutr, 129, 356, 10.1093/jn/129.2.356 Rice, 2000, Evaluation of serum retinol, the modified-relative-dose-response ratio, and breast-milk vitamin A as indicators of response to postpartum maternal vitamin A supplementation, Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 799, 10.1093/ajcn/71.3.799 Schweigert, 2000, Improved extraction procedure for carotenoids from human milk, Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 70, 79, 10.1024/0300-9831.70.3.79 Schweigert, 2004, Effect of the stage of lactation in humans on carotenoid levels in milk, blood plasma and plasma lipoprotein fractions, Eur J Nutr, 43, 39, 10.1007/s00394-004-0439-5 Canfield, 2001, Red palm oil in the maternal diet increases provitamin A carotenoids in breastmilk and serum of the mother-infant dyad, Eur J Nutr, 40, 30, 10.1007/PL00007383 Canfield, 2003, Multinational study of major breast milk carotenoids of healthy mothers, Eur J Nutr, 42, 133, 10.1007/s00394-003-0403-9 Macias, 2001, Changes in the concentration of carotenoids, vitamin A, alpha-tocopherol and total lipids in human milk throughout early lactation, Ann Nutr Metab, 45, 82, 10.1159/000046711 Muslimatun, 2001, Weekly vitamin A and iron supplementation during pregnancy increases vitamin A concentration of breast milk but not iron status in Indonesian lactating women, J Nutr, 131, 2664, 10.1093/jn/131.10.2664 Bahl, 2002, Vitamin A supplementation of women postpartum and of their infants at immunization alters breast milk retinol and infant vitamin A status, J Nutr, 132, 3243, 10.1093/jn/132.11.3243 Góes, 2002, Nutrient composition of banked human milk in Brazil and influence of processing on zinc distribution in milk fractions, Nutrition, 18, 590, 10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00813-4 Gossage, 2002, Carotenoid composition of human milk during the first month postpartum and the response to beta-carotene supplementation, Am J Clin Nutr, 76, 193, 10.1093/ajcn/76.1.193 Tanumihardjo, 2002, Simplified methodology to determine breast milk retinol concentrations, J Lipid Res, 43, 350, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)30178-4 Ahmed, 2004, Antioxidant micronutrient profile (vitamin E, C, A, copper, zinc, iron) of colostrum: association with maternal characteristics, J Trop Pediatr, 50, 357, 10.1093/tropej/50.6.357 Jewell, 2004, A comparison of lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in formula and human milk samples from Northern Ireland mothers, Eur J Clin Nutr, 58, 90, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601753 Dancheck, 2005, Breast milk retinol concentrations are not associated with systemic inflammation among breast-feeding women in Malawi, J Nutr, 135, 223, 10.1093/jn/135.2.223 Meneses, 2005, Retinol, β-carotene, and lutein + zeaxanthin in the milk of Brazilian nursing women: associations with plasma concentrations and influences of maternal characteristics, Nutr Res, 25, 443, 10.1016/j.nutres.2005.03.003 de Azeredo, 2008, Retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherols in the milk of lactating adolescents and relationships with plasma concentrations, Nutrition, 24, 133, 10.1016/j.nut.2007.10.011 Tijerina-Sáenz, 2009, Antioxidant capacity of human milk and its association with vitamins A and E and fatty acid composition, Acta Paediatr, 98, 1793, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01437.x Agne-Djigo, 2012, High prevalence of vitamin A deficiency is detected by the modified relative dose-response test in six-month-old Senegalese breast-fed infants, J Nutr, 142, 1991, 10.3945/jn.112.166454 Francis, 2012, Decreasing retinol and α-tocopherol concentrations in human milk and infant formula using varied bottle systems, Matern Child Nutr, 8, 215, 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00279.x Kašparová, 2012, Rapid sample preparation procedure for determination of retinol and α-tocopherol in human breast milk, Talanta, 93, 147, 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.065 Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz, 2012, Longitudinal study of vitamins A, E and lipid oxidative damage in human milk throughout lactation, Early Hum Dev, 88, 421, 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.10.007 Turner, 2012, Rapid isocratic HPLC method and sample extraction procedures for measuring carotenoid, retinoid, and tocopherol concentrations in human blood and breast milk for intervention studies, Chromatographia, 75, 241, 10.1007/s10337-012-2193-9 Turner, 2013, Am J Clin Nutr, 98, 1200, 10.3945/ajcn.113.058180 Kučerová, 2013, Comparison of a new high-resolution monolithic column with core-shell and fully porous columns for the analysis of retinol and α-tocopherol in human serum and breast milk by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, J Sep Sci, 36, 2223, 10.1002/jssc.201300242 Plíšek, 2013, Application of core–shell technology for determination of retinol and alpha-tocopherol in breast milk, Talanta, 107, 382, 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.01.031 Engle-Stone, 2014, Comparison of breast milk vitamin A concentration measured in fresh milk by a rapid field assay (the iCheck FLUORO) with standard measurement of stored milk by HPLC, Eur J Clin Nutr, 68, 938, 10.1038/ejcn.2014.63 Engle-Stone, 2014, J Nutr, 144, 209, 10.3945/jn.113.179788 Souza, 2015, Vitamin A concentration in human milk and its relationship with liver reserve formation and compliance with the recommended daily intake of vitamin A in pre-term and term infants in exclusive breastfeeding, Arch Gynecol Obstet, 291, 319, 10.1007/s00404-014-3404-4 Canfield, 1997, beta-Carotene in breast milk and serum is increased after a single beta-carotene dose, Am J Clin Nutr, 66, 52, 10.1093/ajcn/66.1.52 Canfield, 1998, Kinetics of the response of milk and serum beta-carotene to daily beta-carotene supplementation in healthy, lactating women, Am J Clin Nutr, 67, 276, 10.1093/ajcn/67.2.276 Kamao, 2007, Quantification of fat-soluble vitamins in human breast milk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 859, 192, 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.09.023 2001, Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc Dawodu, 2012, Maternal vitamin D status: effect on milk vitamin D content and vitamin D status of breastfeeding infants, Adv Nutr, 3, 353, 10.3945/an.111.000950 Hollis, 1981, Vitamin D and its metabolites in human and bovine milk, J Nutr, 111, 1240, 10.1093/jn/111.7.1240 Hollis, 1981, Occurrence of vitamin D sulfate in human milk whey, J Nutr, 111, 384, 10.1093/jn/111.2.384 Sahashi, 1969, Antirachitic potency of vitamin D sulfate in human milk, J Vitaminol (Kyoto), 15, 78, 10.5925/jnsv1954.15.78 Lakdawala, 1977, Vitamin-D in human milk, Lancet, 1, 167, 10.1016/S0140-6736(77)91764-0 Reeve, 1982, Vitamin D of human milk: identification of biologically active forms, Am J Clin Nutr, 36, 122, 10.1093/ajcn/36.1.122 Ala-Houhala, 1988, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D in human milk: effects of supplementation and season, Am J Clin Nutr, 48, 1057, 10.1093/ajcn/48.4.1057 Hollis, 1983, Individual quantitation of vitamin D 2, vitamin D 3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 2, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 in human milk, Anal Biochem, 131, 211, 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90157-4 Hollis, 1986, Relationships among vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and vitamin D-binding protein concentrations in the plasma and milk of human subjects, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 62, 41, 10.1210/jcem-62-1-41 Greer, 1984, Effects of maternal ultraviolet B irradiation on vitamin D content of human milk, J Pediatr, 105, 431, 10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80021-9 Greer, 1984, High concentrations of vitamin D2 in human milk associated with pharmacologic doses of vitamin D 2, J Pediatr, 105, 61, 10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80361-3 Takeuchi, 1989, Effects of ergocalciferol supplementation on the concentration of vitamin D and its metabolites in human milk, J Nutr, 119, 1639, 10.1093/jn/119.11.1639 Oberhelman, 2013, Maternal vitamin D supplementation to improve the vitamin D status of breast-fed infants: a randomized controlled trial, Mayo Clin Proc, 88, 1378, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.09.012 2010 Jansson, 1981, Vitamin E and fatty acid composition of human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 34, 8, 10.1093/ajcn/34.1.8 Antonakou, 2011, Breast milk tocopherol content during the first six months in exclusively breastfeeding Greek women, Eur J Nutr, 50, 195, 10.1007/s00394-010-0129-4 Martysiak-Żurowska, 2013, Concentrations of alpha-and gamma-tocopherols in human breast milk during the first months of lactation and in infant formulas, Matern Child Nutr, 9, 473, 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00401.x Hiromasa, 1975, Identification of α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherols and their contents in human milk, Biochim Biophys Acta Lipids Lipid Metab, 380, 282, 10.1016/0005-2760(75)90014-4 Herting, 1969, Vitamin E content of milk, milk products, and simulated milks: relevance to infant nutrition, Am J Clin Nutr, 22, 147, 10.1093/ajcn/22.2.147 Ali, 1986, Changes in human milk vitamin E and total lipids during the first twelve days of lactation, Am J Clin Nutr, 43, 925, 10.1093/ajcn/43.6.925 Moffatt, 1987, Alpha and gamma tocopherols in pooled mature human milk after storage, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 6, 225, 10.1097/00005176-198703000-00011 Moltó-Puigmartí, 2009, Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of tocopherols in human colostrum and milk, J Chromatogr A, 1216, 4388, 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.088 Boersma, 1991, Vitamin E, lipid fractions, and fatty acid composition of colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk: an international comparative study, Am J Clin Nutr, 53, 1197, 10.1093/ajcn/53.5.1197 Clemente, 2015, Maternal supplementation with natural or synthetic vitamin E and its levels in human colostrum, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 60, 533, 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000635 Delgado, 2013, Effect of high pressure thermal processing on some essential nutrients and immunological components present in breast milk, Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol, 19, 50, 10.1016/j.ifset.2013.05.006 Haque, 2014, Antioxidant vitamin (E&C) contents in colostrum of Bangladeshi women, Delta Med Coll J, 2, 53, 10.3329/dmcj.v2i2.20524 Henderson, 1992, Effect of fish oil on the fatty acid composition of human milk and maternal and infant erythrocytes, Lipids, 27, 863, 10.1007/BF02535865 Lacomba, 2012, Stability of fatty acids and tocopherols during cold storage of human milk, Int Dairy J, 27, 22, 10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.06.002 Lammi-Keefe, 1986, Tocopherols in human milk: analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 5, 934, 10.1097/00005176-198611000-00020 Lammi-Keefe, 1990, Changes in human milk at 0600, 1000, 1400, 1800, and 2200 h, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 11, 83, 10.1097/00005176-199007000-00017 Ortega, 1998, Influence of smoking on vitamin E status during the third trimester of pregnancy and on breast-milk tocopherol concentrations in Spanish women, Am J Clin Nutr, 68, 662, 10.1093/ajcn/68.3.662 Quiles, 2006, Coenzyme Q concentration and total antioxidant capacity of human milk at different stages of lactation in mothers of preterm and full-term infants, Free Radic Res, 40, 199, 10.1080/10715760500404805 Resende, 2014, Alpha-tocopherol concentration in serum and colostrum of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus, Rev Paul Pediatr, 32, 178, 10.1590/0103-0582201432214113 Syväoja, 1985, Tocopherols and tocotrienols in Finnish foods: human milk and infant formulas, Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 55, 159 Romeu-Nadal, 2008, Effect of cold storage on vitamins C and E and fatty acids in human milk, Food Chem, 106, 65, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.046 Romeu-Nadal, 2006, Determination of γ- and α-tocopherols in human milk by a direct high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV–vis detection and comparison with evaporative light scattering detection, J Chromatogr A, 1114, 132, 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.049 Rodrigo, 2002, High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tocopherols in infant formulas, J Chromatogr A, 947, 97, 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01596-5 Gentili, 2013, Comprehensive profiling of carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins in milk from different animal species by LC-DAD-MS/MS hyphenation, J Agric Food Chem, 61, 1628, 10.1021/jf302811a Lammi-Keefe, 1985, Alpha tocopherol, total lipid and linoleic acid contents of human milk at 2, 6, 12 and 16 weeks, 241 Isshiki, 1988, Determination of phylloquinone and menaquinone in human milk using high performance liquid chromatography, J Dairy Sci, 71, 627, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79600-9 Indyk, 1997, Vitamin K in milk and infant formulas: determination and distribution of phylloquinone and menaquinone-4, Analyst, 122, 465, 10.1039/a608221a Dam, 1942, Investigations into the cause of the physiological hypoprothrombinemia in new-born children, Acta Med Scand, 112, 210, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1942.tb10014.x von Kries, 1987, Vitamin K1 content of maternal milk: influence of the stage of lactation, lipid composition, and vitamin K1 supplements given to the mother, Pediatr Res, 22, 513, 10.1203/00006450-198711000-00007 Greer, 1991, Vitamin K status of lactating mothers, human milk, and breast-feeding infants, Pediatrics, 88, 751 Haroon, 1982, The content of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in human milk, cows' milk and infant formula foods determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, J Nutr, 112, 1105, 10.1093/jn/112.6.1105 Haroon, 1984, Liquid chromatographic dual electrode detection system for vitamin K compounds, J Chromatogr Sci, 22, 89, 10.1093/chromsci/22.3.89 Canfield, 1991, Vitamin K in colostrum and mature human milk over the lactation period—a cross-sectional study, Am J Clin Nutr, 53, 730, 10.1093/ajcn/53.3.730 Canfield, 1990, Quantitation of vitamin K in human milk, Lipids, 25, 406, 10.1007/BF02537985 Fournier, 1987, Variations of phylloquinone concentration in human milk at various stages of lactation and in cow's milk at various seasons, Am J Clin Nutr, 45, 551, 10.1093/ajcn/45.3.551 Abe, 1979, Fluorometric determination of phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 in biological materials using high performance liquid chromatography, J Pharm Soc Japan, 99, 192, 10.1248/yakushi1947.99.2_192 Lambert, 1992, Enzymatic sample hydrolysis and HPLC in a study of phylloquinone concentration in human milk, Clin Chem, 38, 1743, 10.1093/clinchem/38.9.1743 Thijssen, 2002, Menaquinone-4 in breast milk is derived from dietary phylloquinone, Br J Nutr, 87, 219, 10.1079/BJN2001505 Shino, 1988, Determination of endogenous vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinone-n) in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using platinum oxide catalyst reduction and fluorescence detection, Analyst, 113, 393, 10.1039/an9881300393 Bolisetty, 1998, Vitamin K in preterm breastmilk with maternal supplementation, Acta Paediatr, 87, 960, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01766.x Pietschnig, 1993, Vitamin K in breast milk: no influence of maternal dietary intake, Eur J Clin Nutr, 47, 209 Kojima, 2004, Vitamin K concentrations in the maternal milk of Japanese women, Acta Paediatr, 93, 457 Fransson, 1980, Iron in human milk, J Pediatr, 96, 380, 10.1016/S0022-3476(80)80676-7 Montalbetti, 2014, Nutrient transport in the mammary gland: calcium, trace minerals and water soluble vitamins, J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 19, 73, 10.1007/s10911-014-9317-9 Lönnerdal, 1981, Iron, copper, zinc, and manganese in milk, Annu Rev Nutr, 1, 149, 10.1146/annurev.nu.01.070181.001053 Sandell, 1944 Murthy, 1971, Cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc in evaporated milk, infant products, and human milk, J Dairy Sci, 54, 1001, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(71)85962-3 Picciano, 1976, Copper, iron, and zinc contents of mature human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 29, 242, 10.1093/ajcn/29.3.242 Siimes, 1979, Breast milk iron—a declining concentration during the course of lactation, Acta Paediatr Scand, 68, 29, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1979.tb04425.x Vaughan, 1979, Longitudinal changes in the mineral content of human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 32, 2301, 10.1093/ajcn/32.11.2301 Fransson, 1983, Distribution of trace elements and minerals in human and cow's milk, Pediatr Res, 17, 912, 10.1203/00006450-198311000-00015 Fransson, 1984, The human milk contents of iron, copper, zinc, calcium and magnesium in a population with a habitually high intake of iron, Acta Paediatr Scand, 73, 471, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1984.tb09957.x Vuori, 1980, The effects of the dietary intakes of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc on the trace element content of human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 33, 227, 10.1093/ajcn/33.2.227 Garza, 1982, Effects of methods of collection and storage on nutrients in human milk, Early Hum Dev, 6, 295, 10.1016/0378-3782(82)90123-2 Lemons, 1982, Differences in the composition of preterm and term human milk during early lactation, Pediatr Res, 16, 113, 10.1203/00006450-198202000-00007 Mendelson, 1982, Zinc, copper and iron content of milk from mothers of preterm and full-term infants, Early Hum Dev, 6, 145, 10.1016/0378-3782(82)90101-3 Dewey, 1983, Milk and nutrient intake of breast-fed infants from 1 to 6 months: relation to growth and fatness, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2, 497, 10.1097/00005176-198302030-00018 Sandström, 1983, Zinc absorption from human milk, cow's milk, and infant formulas, Am J Dis Child, 137, 726 Fransson, 1984, Iron, copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium in human milk fat, Am J Clin Nutr, 39, 185, 10.1093/ajcn/39.2.185 Gunshin, 1985, Trace elements in human milk, cow's milk, and infant formula, Agric Biol Chem, 49, 21 Lipsman, 1985, Breast-feeding among teenage mothers: milk composition, infant growth, and maternal dietary intake, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 4, 426, 10.1097/00005176-198506000-00018 Butte, 1987, Macro- and trace-mineral intakes of exclusively breast-fed infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 45, 42, 10.1093/ajcn/45.1.42 Atkinson, 1989, Abnormal zinc content in human milk: risk for development of nutritional zinc deficiency in infants, Am J Dis Child, 143, 608, 10.1001/archpedi.1989.02150170110034 Hallberg, 1992, Bioavailability in man of iron in human milk and cow's milk in relation to their calcium contents, Pediatr Res, 31, 524, 10.1203/00006450-199205000-00024 Davidsson, 1994, Influence of lactoferrin on iron absorption from human milk in infants, Pediatr Res, 35, 117, 10.1203/00006450-199401000-00025 Arnaud, 1995, Copper, iron, manganese and zinc contents in human colostrum and transitory milk of French women, Sci Total Environ, 159, 9, 10.1016/0048-9697(94)04314-D Zavaleta, 1995, Effect of acute maternal infection on quantity and composition of breast milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 62, 559, 10.1093/ajcn/62.3.559 Rodríguez Rodríguez, 2000, Concentrations of iron, copper and zinc in human milk and powdered infant formula, Int J Food Sci Nutr, 51, 373, 10.1080/096374800426966 Silvestre, 2001, Copper, iron, and zinc contents in human milk during the first three months of lactation: a longitudinal study, Biol Trace Elem Res, 80, 1, 10.1385/BTER:80:1:01 Silvestre, 2000, Copper, iron and zinc determinations in human milk using FAAS with microwave digestion, Food Chem, 68, 95, 10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00160-0 Silvestre, 2000, A study of factors that may influence the determination of copper, iron, and zinc in human milk during sampling and in sample individuals, Biol Trace Elem Res, 76, 217, 10.1385/BTER:76:3:217 Leotsinidis, 2005, Toxic and essential trace elements in human milk from Greek lactating women: association with dietary habits and other factors, Chemosphere, 61, 238, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.084 Bosscher, 2001, In vitro availability of calcium, iron, and zinc from first-age infant formulae and human milk, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 32, 54, 10.1097/00005176-200101000-00016 Hannan, 2009, Maternal milk concentration of zinc, iron, selenium, and iodine and its relationship to dietary intakes, Biol Trace Elem Res, 127, 6, 10.1007/s12011-008-8221-9 Domellöf, 2004, Iron, zinc, and copper concentrations in breast milk are independent of maternal mineral status, Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 111, 10.1093/ajcn/79.1.111 Feeley, 1983, Copper, iron, and zinc contents of human milk at early stages of lactation, Am J Clin Nutr, 37, 443, 10.1093/ajcn/37.3.443 Schramel, 1988, Mineral- and trace element concentrations in human breast milk, placenta, maternal blood, and the blood of the newborn, Biol Trace Elem Res, 16, 67, 10.1007/BF02795335 Anderson, 1992, Comparison of trace elements in milk of four species, J Dairy Sci, 75, 3050, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78068-0 Anderson, 1993, Longitudinal changes of trace elements in human milk during the first 5 months of lactation, Nutr Res, 13, 499, 10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80677-3 Krachler, 2000, Concentrations of selected trace elements in human milk and in infant formulas determined by magnetic sector field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Biol Trace Elem Res, 76, 97, 10.1385/BTER:76:2:97 Fransson, 1982, Zinc, copper, calcium, and magnesium in human milk, J Pediatr, 101, 504, 10.1016/S0022-3476(82)80690-2 Lönnerdal, 1982, Zinc and copper binding proteins in human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 36, 1170, 10.1093/ajcn/36.6.1170 Wooten, 1996, Ceruloplasmin is found in milk and amniotic fluid and may have a nutritional role, J Nutr Biochem, 7, 632, 10.1016/S0955-2863(96)00127-1 Eden, 1940, Micro-determination of copper in biological material, Biochem J, 34, 1202, 10.1042/bj0341202 Vuori, 1979, Intake of copper, iron, manganese and zinc by healthy, exclusively-breast-fed infants during the first 3 months of life, Br J Nutr, 42, 407, 10.1079/BJN19790131 Rajalakshmi, 1980, Copper, zinc, and magnesium content of breast milk of Indian women, Am J Clin Nutr, 33, 664, 10.1093/ajcn/33.3.664 Ohtake, 1981, Zinc and copper concentrations in human milk and in serum from exclusively-breast-fed infants during the first 3 months of life, Tohoku J Exp Med, 135, 335, 10.1620/tjem.135.335 Higashi, 1982, Zinc and copper contents in breast milk of Japanese women, Tohoku J Exp Med, 137, 41, 10.1620/tjem.137.41 Casey, 1985, Studies in human lactation: zinc, copper, manganese and chromium in human milk in the first month of lactation, Am J Clin Nutr, 41, 1193, 10.1093/ajcn/41.6.1193 Casey, 1989, Studies in human lactation: secretion of zinc, copper, and manganese in human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 49, 773, 10.1093/ajcn/49.5.773 Nagra, 1989, Longitudinal study in biochemical composition of human milk during first year of lactation, J Trop Pediatr, 35, 126, 10.1093/tropej/35.3.126 Simmer, 1990, Breast milk zinc and copper concentrations in Bangladesh, Br J Nutr, 63, 91, 10.1079/BJN19900094 Benemariya, 1995, Copper, zinc and selenium concentrations in milk from middle-class women in Burundi (Africa) throughout the first 10 months of lactation, Sci Total Environ, 164, 161, 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04456-B Campillo, 1998, Direct determination of copper and zinc in cow milk, human milk and infant formula samples using electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 46, 615, 10.1016/S0039-9140(97)00306-8 Kantol, 2001, Changes in selenium, zinc, copper and cadmium contents in human milk during the time when selenium has been supplemented to fertilizers in Finland, J Trace Elem Med Biol, 15, 11, 10.1016/S0946-672X(01)80020-1 Bhatia, 1988, Human milk supplementation: delivery of energy, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, and zinc, Am J Dis Child, 142, 445, 10.1001/archpedi.1988.02150040099028 Wasowicz, 2001, Selenium, zinc, and copper concentrations in the blood and milk of lactating women, Biol Trace Elem Res, 79, 221, 10.1385/BTER:79:3:221 Biego, 1998, Determination of mineral contents in different kinds of milk and estimation of dietary intake in infants, Food Addit Contam, 15, 775, 10.1080/02652039809374709 Krachler, 1998, Changes in the concentrations of trace elements in human milk during lactation, J Trace Elem Med Biol, 12, 159, 10.1016/S0946-672X(98)80005-9 Rossipal, 1998, Pattern of trace elements in human milk during the course of lactation, Nutr Res, 18, 11, 10.1016/S0271-5317(97)00196-6 Friel, 1999, Elemental composition of human milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants during the first 3 months of lactation, Biol Trace Elem Res, 67, 225, 10.1007/BF02784423 Aquilio, 1996, Trace element content in human milk during lactation of preterm newborns, Biol Trace Elem Res, 51, 63, 10.1007/BF02790148 Hannan, 2005, Copper, selenium, and zinc concentrations in human milk during the first three weeks of lactation, Biol Trace Elem Res, 107, 11, 10.1385/BTER:107:1:011 Parkash, 1967, Status of zinc in cow's milk, J Dairy Sci, 50, 127, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(67)87376-4 Bermejo, 2002, Iron and zinc in hydrolised fractions of human milk and infant formulas using an in vitro method, Food Chem, 77, 361, 10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00111-5 Krebs, 1985, Zinc in human milk: diurnal and within-feed patterns, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 4, 227, 10.1097/00005176-198504000-00012 Krebs, 1995, Zinc supplementation during lactation: effects on maternal status and milk zinc concentrations, Am J Clin Nutr, 61, 1030, 10.1093/ajcn/61.5.1030 Shen, 1995, Estimation of the bioavailability of zinc and calcium from human, cow's, goat, and sheep milk by an in vitro method, Biol Trace Elem Res, 49, 107, 10.1007/BF02788960 Johnson, 1978, Relative zinc availability in human breast milk, infant formulas, and cow's milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 31, 416, 10.1093/ajcn/31.3.416 Lamounier, 1989, Zinc concentrations in human milk during lactation: a 6-month longitudinal study in southern Brazil, J Trop Pediatr, 35, 31, 10.1093/tropej/35.1.31 Neville, 1984, Studies on human lactation. I. Within-feed and between-breast variation in selected components of human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 40, 635, 10.1093/ajcn/40.3.635 Frković, 1996, Zinc levels in human milk and umbilical cord blood, Sci Total Environ, 192, 207, 10.1016/S0048-9697(96)05319-3 Moore, 1984, Zinc supplementation in lactating women: evidence for mammary control of zinc secretion, J Pediatr, 105, 600, 10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80430-8 Karra, 1988, Variation in zinc, calcium, and magnesium concentrations of human milk within a 24-hour period from 1 to 6 months of lactation, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 7, 100, 10.1097/00005176-198801000-00019 Moser, 1983, Dietary zinc intake and zinc concentrations of plasma, erythrocytes, and breast milk in antepartum and postpartum lactating and nonlactating women: a longitudinal study, Am J Clin Nutr, 38, 101, 10.1093/ajcn/38.1.101 Sievers, 1992, Longitudinal zinc balances in breast-fed and formula-fed infants, Acta Paediatr, 81, 1, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12068.x Brätter, 1997, Maternal selenium status influences the concentration and binding pattern of zinc in human milk, J Trace Elem Med Biol, 11, 203, 10.1016/S0946-672X(97)80014-4 Bates, 1994, Breast milk as a source of vitamins, essential minerals and trace elements, Pharmacol Ther, 62, 193, 10.1016/0163-7258(94)90011-6 Gushurst, 1984, Breast milk iodide: reassessment in the 1980s, Pediatrics, 73, 354, 10.1542/peds.73.3.354 Etling, 1984, Iodinated compounds and thyroxine binding to albumin in human breast milk, Pediatr Res, 18, 901, 10.1203/00006450-198409000-00020 Spitzweg, 1998, Analysis of human sodium iodide symporter gene expression in extrathyroidal tissues and cloning of its complementary deoxyribonucleic acids from salivary gland, mammary gland, and gastric mucosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 1746, 10.1210/jcem.83.5.4839 Bazrafshan, 2005, An assessment of urinary and breast milk iodine concentrations in lactating mothers from Gorgan, Iran, 2003, Thyroid, 15, 1165, 10.1089/thy.2005.15.1165 Brown-Grant, 1957, The iodide concentrating mechanism of the mammary gland, J Physiol, 135, 644, 10.1113/jphysiol.1957.sp005736 Brown-Grant, 1961, Extrathyroidal iodide concentrating mechanisms, Physiol Rev, 41, 189, 10.1152/physrev.1961.41.1.189 Bruhn, 1983, Iodine in human milk, J Dairy Sci, 66, 1396, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81950-X Etling, 1986, First-month variations in total iodine content of human breast milks, Early Hum Dev, 13, 81, 10.1016/0378-3782(86)90101-5 Pearce, 2007, Breast milk iodine and perchlorate concentrations in lactating Boston-area women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92, 1673, 10.1210/jc.2006-2738 Böhles, 1993, Development of thyroid gland volume during the first 3 months of life in breast-fed versus iodine-supplemented and iodine-free formula-fed infants, Clin Investig, 71, 13, 10.1007/BF00210957 Laurberg, 2004, Iodine nutrition in breast-fed infants is impaired by maternal smoking, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 181, 10.1210/jc.2003-030829 Mulrine, 2010, Breast-milk iodine concentration declines over the first 6 mo postpartum in iodine-deficient women, Am J Clin Nutr, 92, 849, 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29630 Chung, 2009, Subclinical hypothyroidism in Korean preterm infants associated with high levels of iodine in breast milk, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 94, 4444, 10.1210/jc.2009-0632 Ordookhani, 2007, Assessment of thyroid function and urinary and breast milk iodine concentrations in healthy newborns and their mothers in Tehran, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 67, 175, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02857.x Skeaff, 2005, Are breast-fed infants and toddlers in New Zealand at risk of iodine deficiency?, Nutrition, 21, 325, 10.1016/j.nut.2004.07.004 Yan, 2005, Attention to the hiding iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women after universal salt iodization: a multi-community study in China, J Endocrinol Invest, 28, 547, 10.1007/BF03347244 Pedersen, 1993, Amelioration of some pregnancy-associated variations in thyroid function by iodine supplementation, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 77, 1078 Azizi, 2007, Iodine nutrition in pregnancy and lactation in Iran, Public Health Nutr, 10, 1596, 10.1017/S1368980007360977 Nøhr, 1994, Iodine status in neonates in Denmark: regional variations and dependency on maternal iodine supplementation, Acta Paediatr, 83, 578, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13085.x Glinoer, 1995, A randomized trial for the treatment of mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal effects, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80, 258 Johnson, 1990, A survey of the iodide concentration of human milk, N Z Med J, 103, 393 Wang, 2009, Iodine status and thyroid function of pregnant, lactating women and infants (0–1 yr) residing in areas with an effective universal salt iodization program, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 18, 34 Haldimann, 1998, Direct determination of urinary iodine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using isotope dilution with iodine-129, Clin Chem, 44, 817, 10.1093/clinchem/44.4.817 Andersson, 2010, The Swiss iodized salt program provides adequate iodine for school children and pregnant women, but weaning infants not receiving iodine-containing complementary foods as well as their mothers are iodine deficient, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 95, 5217, 10.1210/jc.2010-0975 Bader, 2005, Pilot study: tendency of increasing iodine content in human milk and cow's milk, Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 113, 8, 10.1055/s-2004-830508 Bouhouch, 2014, Direct iodine supplementation of infants versus supplementation of their breastfeeding mothers: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2, 197, 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70155-4 Chan, 2003, Postpartum maternal iodine status and the relationship to neonatal thyroid function, Thyroid, 13, 873, 10.1089/105072503322401078 Sanchez, 1999, Speciation analysis for iodine in milk by size-exclusion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection (SEC-ICP MS), J Anal At Spectrom, 14, 1697, 10.1039/A905558D Nishiyama, 2004, Transient hypothyroidism or persistent hyperthyrotropinemia in neonates born to mothers with excessive iodine intake, Thyroid, 14, 1077, 10.1089/thy.2004.14.1077 Moon, 1999, Iodine content of human milk and dietary iodine intake of Korean lactating mothers, Int J Food Sci Nutr, 50, 165, 10.1080/096374899101201 Dasgupta, 2008, Intake of iodine and perchlorate and excretion in human milk, Environ Sci Technol, 42, 8115, 10.1021/es801549w Kirk, 2005, Perchlorate and iodide in dairy and breast milk, Environ Sci Technol, 39, 2011, 10.1021/es048118t Kirk, 2007, Temporal patterns in perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodide excretion in human milk, Environ Health Perspect, 115, 182, 10.1289/ehp.9558 Harada, 1994, Influence of iodine excess due to iodine-containing antiseptics on neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan, Screening, 3, 115, 10.1016/0925-6164(94)90019-1 Milner, 1987, Distribution of selenium in human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 45, 617, 10.1093/ajcn/45.3.617 McCarthy, 1981, Improved method for selenium determination in biological samples by gas chromatography, J Chromatogr, 225, 9, 10.1016/S0378-4347(00)80238-8 Smith, 1982, Selenium intakes and status of human milk and formula fed infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 35, 521, 10.1093/ajcn/35.3.521 Mannan, 1987, Influence of maternal selenium status on human milk selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity, Am J Clin Nutr, 46, 95, 10.1093/ajcn/46.1.95 Funk, 1990, Milk selenium of rural African women: influence of maternal nutrition, parity, and length of lactation, Am J Clin Nutr, 51, 220, 10.1093/ajcn/51.2.220 Ellis, 1990, The impact of gestational length on human milk selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity, Pediatr Res, 27, 32, 10.1203/00006450-199001000-00007 Debski, 1989, Selenium content and glutathione peroxidase activity of milk from vegetarian and nonvegetarian women, J Nutr, 119, 215, 10.1093/jn/119.2.215 Tamari, 1986, Fluorometry of nanogram amounts of selenium in biological samples, Clin Chem, 32, 1464, 10.1093/clinchem/32.8.1464 Shearer, 1975, Geographic distribution of selenium in human milk, Arch Environ Health, 30, 230, 10.1080/00039896.1975.10666686 Trafikowska, 1998, Organic and inorganic selenium supplementation to lactating mothers increase the blood and milk Se concentrations and Se intake by breast-fed infants, J Trace Elem Med Biol, 12, 77, 10.1016/S0946-672X(98)80029-1 Hojo, 1986, Sequential study on glutathione peroxidase and selenium contents of human milk, Sci Total Environ, 52, 83, 10.1016/0048-9697(86)90106-3 Hadjimarkos, 1973, Selenium in mature human milk, Am J Clin Nutr, 26, 583, 10.1093/ajcn/26.6.583 Bratakos, 1991, Selenium in human milk and dietary selenium intake by Greeks, Sci Total Environ, 105, 101, 10.1016/0048-9697(91)90332-9 Higashi, 1983, Longitudinal changes in selenium content of breast milk, Acta Paediatr Scand, 72, 433, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09742.x Tamari, 1995, Longitudinal study on selenium content in human milk particularly during early lactation compared to that in infant formulas and cow's milk in Japan, J Trace Elem Med Biol, 9, 34, 10.1016/S0946-672X(11)80006-4 Levander, 1987, Dietary selenium intake and selenium concentrations of plasma, erythrocytes, and breast milk in pregnant and postpartum lactating and nonlactating women, Am J Clin Nutr, 46, 694, 10.1093/ajcn/46.4.694 L'Abbé, 1996, The selenium content of Canadian infant formulas and breast milk, J Food Compos Anal, 9, 119, 10.1006/jfca.1996.0019 Zachara, 2001, Daily selenium intake by breast-fed infants and the selenium concentration in the milk of lactating women in western Poland, Med Sci Monit, 7, 1002 Alegría, 1998, Optimization of selenium determination in human milk and whole blood by flow injection hydride atomic absorption spectrometry, J AOAC Int, 81, 457, 10.1093/jaoac/81.2.457 Mandić, 1995, [Selenium content of breast milk (in German)], Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 201, 209, 10.1007/BF01192989 Robberecht, 1985, Longitudinal study of the selenium content in human breast milk in Belgium, Acta Paediatr Scand, 74, 254, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10960.x Schramel, 1988, Selenium, cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations in human breast milk, in placenta, maternal blood, and the blood of the newborn, Biol Trace Elem Res, 15, 111, 10.1007/BF02990130 Grandjean, 1995, Relation of a seafood diet to mercury, selenium, arsenic, and polychlorinated biphenyl and other organochlorine concentrations in human milk, Environ Res, 71, 29, 10.1006/enrs.1995.1064 Li, 1999, Determination of selenium in human milk by hydride cold-trapping atomic absorption spectrometry and calculation of daily selenium intake, J Agric Food Chem, 47, 3265, 10.1021/jf990268d Flax, 2014, Plasma and breast-milk selenium in HIV-infected Malawian mothers are positively associated with infant selenium status but are not associated with maternal supplementation: results of the Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition Sstudy, Am J Clin Nutr, 99, 950, 10.3945/ajcn.113.073833 Theodorolea, 2005, Determination of selenium in human milk by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and chemical modification, Anal Chim Acta, 547, 132, 10.1016/j.aca.2005.01.030 Lombeck, 1978, Selenium content of human milk, cow's milk and cow's milk infant formulas, Eur J Pediatr, 129, 139, 10.1007/BF00442157 Hadjimarkos, 1963, Selenium content of human milk: possible effect on dental caries, J Pediatr, 63, 273, 10.1016/S0022-3476(63)80338-8 Cumming, 1992, Selenium and human lactation in Australia: milk and blood selenium levels in lactating women, and selenium intakes of their breast-fed infants, Acta Paediatr, 81, 292, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12228.x Michalke, 1997, Selenium speciation in human milk with special respect to quality control, Biol Trace Elem Res, 59, 45, 10.1007/BF02783229 Navarro-Blasco, 2004, Selenium content of Spanish infant formulae and human milk: influence of protein matrix, interactions with other trace elements and estimation of dietary intake by infants, J Trace Elem Med Biol, 17, 277, 10.1016/S0946-672X(04)80030-0 Moser, 1988, Copper, iron, zinc, and selenium dietary intake and status of Nepalese lactating women and their breast-fed infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 47, 729, 10.1093/ajcn/47.4.729 National Institute of Standard and Technology,. Standard reference materials [Internet]. National Institute of Standard and Technology, Department of Commerce; c2017 [cited 2017 Feb 1]. Available from: https://www.nist.gov/srm Bader, 1980, A systematic approach to standard addition methods in instrumental analysis, J Chem Educ, 57, 703, 10.1021/ed057p703 Hampel, 2017, Vitamin Concentrations in Human Milk Vary with Time within Feed, Circadian Rhythm, and Single-Dose Supplementation, J Nutr, 147, 603, 10.3945/jn.116.242941 Pomfret, 1989, Measurement of choline and choline metabolite concentrations using high-pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Anal Biochem, 180, 85, 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90091-2