Microencapsulation of vitamin A: A review

Trends in Food Science & Technology - Tập 51 - Trang 76-87 - 2016
Antónia Gonçalves1, Berta N. Estevinho1, Fernando Rocha1
1LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aghbashlo, 2012, The correlation of wall material composition with flow characteristics and encapsulation behavior of fish oil emulsion, Food Research International, 49, 379, 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.07.031 Aguilera, 2008 Albertini, 2010, Encapsulation of vitamin A palmitate for animal supplementation: formulation, manufacturing and stability implications, Journal of Microencapsulation, 27, 150, 10.3109/02652040903052036 Arayachukeat, 2011, Retinyl acetate-loaded nanoparticles: dermal penetration and release of the retinyl acetate, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 404, 281, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.11.019 Arsić, 1999, Influence of liposomes on the stability of vitamin A incorporated in polyacrylate hydrogel, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 21, 219, 10.1046/j.1467-2494.1999.181682.x Aveyard, 2003, Emulsions stabilised solely by colloidal particles, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 100–102, 503, 10.1016/S0001-8686(02)00069-6 Bansode, 2010, Microencapsulation: a review, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 1, 38 Bloch, 1931, Effects of deficiency in vitamins in infancy: caries of the teeth and vitamins, American Journal of Diseases of Children, 42, 263, 10.1001/archpedi.1931.01940140003001 Blomhoff, 2006, Overview of retinoid metabolism and function, Journal of Neurobiology, 66, 606, 10.1002/neu.20242 Blomhoff, 1990, Transport and storage of vitamin A, Science, 250, 399, 10.1126/science.2218545 Blomhoff, 1982, In vivo uptake of chylomicron [3H]retinyl ester by rat liver: evidence for retinol transfer from parenchymal to nonparenchymal cells, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 79, 7326, 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7326 Bouillet, 1997, Developmental expression pattern of Stra6, a retinoic acid-responsive gene encoding a new type of membrane protein, Mechanisms of Development, 63, 173, 10.1016/S0925-4773(97)00039-7 Bustos-Garza, 2013, Thermal and pH stability of spray-dried encapsulated astaxanthin oleoresin from haematococcus pluvialis using several encapsulation wall materials, Food Research International, 54, 641, 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.061 Cano-Higuita, 2015, Microencapsulation of turmeric oleoresin in binary and ternary blends of gum arabic, maltodextrin and modified starch, Ciência E Agrotecnologia, 39, 173, 10.1590/S1413-70542015000200009 Carlotti, 2005, Photostability and stability over time of retinyl palmitate in an O/W emulsion and in SLN introduced in the emulsion, Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 26, 125, 10.1081/DIS-200045403 Champagne, 2007, Microencapsulation for the improved delivery of bioactive compounds into foods, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 18, 184, 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.03.001 Chapman, 2012, Vitamin A: history, current uses, and controversies, Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 31, 11, 10.1016/j.sder.2011.11.009 Clagett-Dame, 2011, Vitamin A in reproduction and development, Nutrients, 3, 385, 10.3390/nu3040385 Dary, 2002, Food fortification to reduce vitamin A deficiency: international vitamin A consultative group recommendations, The Journal of Nutrition, 132, 2927S, 10.1093/jn/132.9.2927S De Azeredo, 2005, Encapsulação: aplicação à tecnologia de alimentos, Alimentos E Nutrição, 16, 89 De Vos, 2010, Encapsulation for preservation of functionality and targeted delivery of bioactive food components, International Dairy Journal, 20, 292, 10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.11.008 Deng, 2014, Spray-drying microencapsulation of β-carotene by soy protein isolate and/or OSA-modified starch, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131, 1, 10.1002/app.40399 Desai, 2005, Recent developments in microencapsulation of food ingredients, Drying Technology, 23, 1361, 10.1081/DRT-200063478 Desobry, 1997, Comparison of spray-drying drum-drying and freeze-drying for β-carotene encapsulation and preservation, Journal of Food Science, 62, 1158, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb12235.x Dickman, 1997, Temporally-regulated retinoic acid depletion produces specific neural crest, ocular and nervous system defects, Development (Cambridge, England), 124, 3111, 10.1242/dev.124.16.3111 Dixon, 1983, Nomenclature of retinoids, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 55, 721, 10.1351/pac198855040721 Donhowe, 2014, Characterization and invitro bioavailability of β-carotene: effects of microencapsulation method and food matrix, LWT – Food Science and Technology, 57, 42, 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037 Dowling, 1958, Vitamin A deficiency and night blindness, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 44, 648, 10.1073/pnas.44.7.648 Dowling, 1960, The biological function of vitamin A acid, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 46, 587, 10.1073/pnas.46.5.587 Drummond, 1920, Researches on the fat-soluble accessory factor (vitamin A). VI: effect of heat and oxygen on the nutritive value of butter, The Biochemical Journal, 14, 734, 10.1042/bj0140734 Drusch, 2006, Physicochemical characterization and oxidative stability of fish oil encapsulated in an amorphous matrix containing trehalose, Food Research International, 39, 807, 10.1016/j.foodres.2006.03.003 Dziezak, 1988, Microencapsulation and encapsulated ingredients, Journal of Food Technology, 42, 136 Ebell, 1937 Ellison, 1932, Intensive vitamin therapy in measles, British Medical Journal, 2, 708, 10.1136/bmj.2.3745.708 Estevinho, 2016, Soluble vitamins (vitamin B12 and vitamin C) microencapsulated with different biopolymers by a spray drying process, Powder Technology, 289, 71, 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.11.019 Estevinho, 2015, Effect of the pH in the formation of β-galactosidase microparticles produced by a spray-drying process, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 78, 238, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.049 Estevinho, 2013, Microencapsulation with chitosan by spray drying for industry applications – a review, Trends in Food Science and Technology, 31, 138, 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.04.001 Estevinho, 2013, Using water-soluble chitosan for flavour microencapsulation in food industry, Journal of Microencapsulation, 30, 571, 10.3109/02652048.2013.764939 Evans, 1928, The effects of inadequate vitamin A on the sexual physiology of the female, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 77, 651, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)74018-4 Fang, 2010, Encapsulation of polyphenols – a review, Trends in Food Science and Technology, 21, 510, 10.1016/j.tifs.2010.08.003 Faria, 2010, Characterization and singlet oxygen quenching capacity of spray-dried microcapsules of edible biopolymers containing antioxidant molecules, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 8004, 10.1021/jf100925j Fávaro, 2011, Stability of vitamin A during storage of enteral feeding formulas, Food Chemistry, 126, 827, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.014 Fraser, 2004, The biosynthesis and nutritional uses of carotenoids, Progress in Lipid Research, 43, 228, 10.1016/j.plipres.2003.10.002 Gao, 2010, Dual nanocomposite multihollow polymer microspheres prepared by suspension polymerization based on a multiple pickering emulsion, Polymer Chemistry, 1, 75, 10.1039/B9PY00255C Gharsallaoui, 2007, Applications of spray-drying in microencapsulation of food ingredients: an overview, Food Research International, 40, 1107, 10.1016/j.foodres.2007.07.004 Ghosh, 2006, Functional coatings and microencapsulation: a general Perspective Gibbs, 1999, Encapsulation in the food industry: a review, International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 50, 213, 10.1080/096374899101256 Gonnet, 2010, New trends in encapsulation of liposoluble vitamins, Journal of Controlled Release, 146, 276, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.01.037 Goodman, 1965, Biosynthesis of vitamin A with rat intestinal enzymes, Science (New York, N.Y.), 149, 879, 10.1126/science.149.3686.879 Gouin, 2004, Microencapsulation: industrial appraisal of existing technologies and trends, Trends in Food Science and Technology, 15, 330, 10.1016/j.tifs.2003.10.005 Green, 1928, Vitamin A as an anti-infective agent, British Medical Journal, 2, 691, 10.1136/bmj.2.3537.691 Green, 1931, Diet as a prophylactic agent against puerperal sepsis, British Medical Journal, 2, 595, 10.1136/bmj.2.3691.595 Griffiths, 1998, Dowling oration delivered at the royal college of physicians, London, Friday 5 June 1998. Retinoids: renaissance and reformation, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 24, 329, 10.1046/j.1365-2230.1999.00491.x Hale, 1933, Pigs born without eye balls, Journal of Heredity, 24, 105, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a103720 Harrison, 2005, Mechanisms of digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A, Annual Review of Nutrition, 25, 87, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092614 He, 2013, In vitro and in vivo studies on ocular vitamin A palmitate cationic liposomal in situ gels, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 458, 305, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.10.033 Heller, 1985, Synthetic retinoids in dermatology, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 132, 1129 Herr, 1992, Differential interaction of lecithin-retinol acyltransferase with cellular retinol binding proteins, Biochemistry, 31, 6748, 10.1021/bi00144a014 Isler, 1947, Synthese des vitamin A, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 30, 1911, 10.1002/hlca.19470300666 Jenning, 2000, Comparison of wax and glyceride solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN®), International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 196, 219, 10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00426-3 Jenning, 2000, Vitamin A loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical use: occlusive properties and drug targeting to the upper skin, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 49, 211, 10.1016/S0939-6411(99)00075-2 Jenning, 2000, Vitamin A-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical use: drug release properties, Journal of Controlled Release, 66, 115, 10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00223-0 Junyaprasert, 2001, Effect of process variables on the microencapsulation of vitamin A palmitate by gelatin-acacia coacervation, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 27, 561, 10.1081/DDC-100105181 Kaiser, 2003, Vitamin A deficiency in the late gastrula stage rat embryo results in a one to two vertebral anteriorization that extends throughout the axial skeleton, Developmental Biology, 257, 14, 10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00044-7 Karrer, 1966, Carotenoids, flavins and vitamin A and B2: Nobel lecture, December 11, 1937, 433 Karrer, 1931, Zur Kenntnis des Vitamins A in Gischtranen, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 14, 1431, 10.1002/hlca.19310140622 Kawaguchi, 2007, A membrane receptor for retinol binding protein mediates cellular uptake of vitamin A, Science (New York, N.Y.), 315, 820, 10.1126/science.1136244 Kha, 2014, Microencapsulation of gac oil: optimisation of spray drying conditions using response surface methodology, Drying Technology, 32, 385, 10.1080/07373937.2013.829854 Koeda, 2014, Encapsulation of retinyl palmitate with a mixture of cyclodextrins and maltodextrins by the kneading method, Food Science and Technology Research, 20, 529, 10.3136/fstr.20.529 Lazko, 2004, Soy glycinin microcapsules by simple coacervation method, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 37, 1, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.06.004 Lee, 2004, Vitamin a microencapsulation within poly (methyl methacrylate ) – g-polyethylenimine microspheres: localized proton buffering effect on vitamin a stability, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 92, 517, 10.1002/app.20028 Lee, 2000, Effect of formulation and processing variables on the characteristics of microspheres for water-soluble drugs prepared by w/o/o double emulsion solvent diffusion method, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 196, 75, 10.1016/S0378-5173(99)00440-8 Liu, 2001, Microencapsulation of emulsified hydrophobic flavors by spray drying, Drying Technology, 19, 1361, 10.1081/DRT-100105293 Loksuwan, 2007, Characteristics of microencapsulated β-carotene formed by spray drying with modified tapioca starch, native tapioca starch and maltodextrin, Food Hydrocolloids, 21, 928, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2006.10.011 Loveday, 2008, Recent advances in technologies for vitamin A protection in foods, Trends in Food Science and Technology, 19, 657, 10.1016/j.tifs.2008.08.002 Mason, 1933, Differences in testis injury and repair after vitamin A-deficiency, vitamin E-deficiency, and inanition, American Journal of Anatomy, 52, 153, 10.1002/aja.1000520202 McClements, 2007, Emulsion-based delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive components, Journal of Food Science, 72, R109, 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00507.x Mccollum, 1913, The necessity of certain lipins in the diet during growth, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 15, 167, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)88553-2 McCollum, 1915, The essential factors in diet during growth, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 23, 231, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)87612-8 Mehnert, 2001, Solid lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and applications, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 47, 165, 10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00105-3 Milas, 1950, Synthesis of β-carotene, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 72, 4844, 10.1021/ja01166a541 Moore, 1930, Vitamin A and carotene: the absence of the liver oil vitamin A from carotene. VI. The conversion of carotene to vitamin A in vivo, The Biochemical Journal, 24, 692, 10.1042/bj0240692 Moraes, 2013, Liposomes encapsulating beta-carotene produced by the proliposomes method: characterisation and shelf life of powders and phospholipid vesicles, International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 48, 274, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03184.x Moyano, 2011, Vitamin A palmitate and α-lipoic acid stability in o/w emulsions for cosmetic application, Journal of Cosmetic Science, 62, 405 Mukherjee, 2006, Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety, Clinical Interventions in Aging, 1, 327, 10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.327 Mukherjee, 2009, Solid lipid nanoparticles: a modern formulation approach in drug delivery system, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 71, 349, 10.4103/0250-474X.57282 Nelson, 2002, Application of microencapsulation in textiles, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 242, 55, 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00141-2 Oh, 2006, Skin permeation of retinol in Tween 20-based deformable liposomes: in-vitro evaluation in human skin and keratinocyte models, The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 58, 161, 10.1211/jpp.58.2.0002 Olson, 1965, The enzymatic cleavage of β-carotene into vitamin A by soluble enzymes of rat liver and intestine, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 54, 1364, 10.1073/pnas.54.5.1364 Olson, 2010, Significance of vitamin A to brain function, behaviour and learning, Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 54, 489, 10.1002/mnfr.200900246 Osborne, 1913, The relation of growth to the chemical constituents of the diet, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 15, 311, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)88530-1 Pagington, 1986, α-Cyclodextrin and its uses in the flavour industry Patravale, 2008, Novel cosmetic delivery systems: an application update, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 30, 19, 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00416.x Pothakamury, 1995, Fundamental aspects of controlled release in foods, Trends in Food Science & Technology, 6, 397, 10.1016/S0924-2244(00)89218-3 Quek, 2007, The physicochemical properties of spray-dried watermelon powders, Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 46, 386, 10.1016/j.cep.2006.06.020 Raileanu, 2006, Vitamin A stability in salt triple fortified with iodine, iron, and vitamin A, Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 27, 252, 10.1177/156482650602700308 Rascón, 2011, Carotenoid retention and storage stability of spray-dried encapsulated paprika oleoresin using gum arabic and soy protein isolate as wall materials, LWT – Food Science and Technology, 44, 549, 10.1016/j.lwt.2010.08.021 Rascón, 2015, Tg and aw as criteria for the oxidative stability of spray-dried encapsulated paprika oleoresin, European Food Research and Technology, 241, 217, 10.1007/s00217-015-2446-6 Rattes, 2007, Spray drying conditions and encapsulating composition effects on formation and properties of sodium diclofenac microparticles, Powder Technology, 171, 7, 10.1016/j.powtec.2006.09.007 Rocha, 2012, Microencapsulation of lycopene by spray drying: characterization, stability and application of microcapsules, Food and Bioproducts Processing, 90, 37, 10.1016/j.fbp.2011.01.001 Rodea-González, 2012, Spray-dried encapsulation of chia essential oil (Salvia hispanica L.) in whey protein concentrate-polysaccharide matrices, Journal of Food Engineering, 111, 102, 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.01.020 Rodrigues, 2009, Scentfashion®: microencapsulated perfumes for textile application, Chemical Engineering Journal, 149, 463, 10.1016/j.cej.2009.02.021 Rodriguez-Huezo, 2004, Microencapsulation by spray drying of multiple emulsions containing carotenoids, Journal of Food Science, 69, 351, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb13641.x Romo-Hualde, 2012, Supercritical fluid extraction and microencapsulation of bioactive compounds from red pepper (Capsicum annum L.) by-products, Food Chemistry, 133, 1045, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.062 Rosenberg, 1990, Factors affecting retention in spray-drying microencapsulation of volatile materials, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 38, 1288, 10.1021/jf00095a030 Ross, 2012, Vitamin A and retinoic acid in T cell–related immunity, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96, 1166S, 10.3945/ajcn.112.034637 Sánchez, 2010, Development of thermo-regulating textiles using paraffin wax microcapsules, Thermochimica Acta, 498, 16, 10.1016/j.tca.2009.09.005 Santana, 2013, Influence of process conditions on the physicochemical properties of pequi powder produced by spray drying, Drying Technology: An International Journal, 31, 825, 10.1080/07373937.2013.766619 Santana, 2014, Microencapsulation of pequi pulp by spray drying: use of modified starches as encapsulating agent, Engenharia Agrícola, 34, 980, 10.1590/S0100-69162014000500017 Sapino, 2005, Protective effect of SLNs encapsulation on the photodegradation and thermal degradation of retinyl palmitate introduced in hydroxyethylcellulose gel, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 15, 159, 10.1016/S1773-2247(05)50021-2 Sauvant, 2012, Vitamin A enrichment: caution with encapsulation strategies used for food applications, Food Research International, 46, 469, 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.09.025 Schafroth, 2012, Nano and microparticle engineering of water insoluble drugs using a novel spray-drying process, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 90, 8, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.09.038 Semenova, 2002, Stabilization of all-trans-retinol by cyclodextrins: a comparative study using HPLC and fluorescence spectroscopy, Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry, 44, 155, 10.1023/A:1023042612880 Semenzato, 1994, Stability of vitamin A palmitate in cosmetic emulsions: influence of physical parameters, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 16, 139, 10.1111/j.1467-2494.1994.tb00092.x Shah, 2015, Fabrication of lornoxicam loaded eudragit L-100 microcapsules by spray drying, Latin American Journal of Pharmacy, 33, 828 Shahidi, 1993, Encapsulation of food ingredients, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 33, 501, 10.1080/10408399309527645 Singh, 1998, Liposome encapsulated vitamin A compounds exhibit greater stability and diminished toxicity, Biophysical Chemistry, 73, 155, 10.1016/S0301-4622(98)00158-6 Singh, 2010, Microencapsulation: a promising techniques for controlled drug delivery, Research in Pharmaceutical Science, 5, 65 Sommer, 1998, Xerophthalmia and vitamin A status, Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 17, 9, 10.1016/S1350-9462(97)00001-3 Sommer, 2001, Vitamin A deficiency, 1 Sommer, 2008, Vitamin a deficiency and clinical disease: an historical overview, The Journal of Nutrition, 138, 1835, 10.1093/jn/138.10.1835 Sommer, 2002, Assessment and control of vitamin A deficiency: the annecy accords, The Journal of Nutrition, 132, 2845S, 10.1093/jn/132.9.2845S Sommer, 1981, Bitot's spots responsive and nonresponsive to vitamin A. Clinicopathologic correlations, Archives of Ophthalmology, 99, 2014, 10.1001/archopht.1981.03930020890016 Sommer, 1996, Vitamin A deficiency: health, survival and vision, Vol. 147 Sporn, 1976, Prevention of chemical carcinogenesis by vitamin A and its synthetic analogs (retinoids), Federation Proceedings, 35, 1332 Sporn, 1985, What is a retinoid?, Ciba Foundation Symposium, 113, 1 Steenbock, 1919, White corns vs yellow corn and a probable relation between the fat-soluble vitamin and yellow plants pigments, Science, 50, 352, 10.1126/science.50.1293.352 Steenbock, 1920, Fat-soluble vitamine, Biol. C/tern, 41, 149 Szejtli, 1998, Introduction and general overview of cyclodextrin chemistry, Chemical Reviews, 98, 1743, 10.1021/cr970022c Teleki, 2013, 100 years of vitamins: the science of formulation is the key to functionality, Kona Powder and Particle Journal, 30, 144, 10.14356/kona.2013015 Tontul, 2013, Mixture design approach in wall material selection and evaluation of ultrasonic emulsification in flaxseed oil microencapsulation, Drying Technology, 31, 1362, 10.1080/07373937.2013.795964 Tsuji, 2001, Microencapsulation of pesticides and their improved handling safety, Journal of Microencapsulation, 18, 137, 10.1080/026520401750063856 Tu, 2002, Micronisation and microencapsulation of pharmaceuticals using a carbon dioxide antisolvent, Powder Technology, 126, 134, 10.1016/S0032-5910(02)00045-1 Üner, 2007, Importance of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) in various administration routes and future perspective, International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2, 289 Vilanova, 2015, Vitamin A palmitate–β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: characterization, protection and emulsification properties, Food Chemistry, 175, 529, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.015 Wagner, 1995, Stability of spray-dried encapsulated carrot carotenes, Journal of Food Science, 60, 1048, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb06290.x Wald, 1955, The photoreceptor process in vision, American Journal of Ophthalmology, 40, 18, 10.1016/0002-9394(55)91835-3 Wald, 1968, The molecular basis of visual excitation, Nature, 219, 800, 10.1038/219800a0 Warkany, 1948, Congenital malformations induced in rats by maternal vitamin A deficiency. II. Effect of varying the preparatory diet upon the yield of abnormal young, The Journal of Nutrition, 35, 1, 10.1093/jn/35.1.1 Warkany, 1946, Congenital malformations induced in rats by maternal vitamin A deficiency. I. Defects of the eye, Archives of Ophthalmology, 35, 150, 10.1001/archopht.1946.00890200155008 Wegmüller, 2006, Development, stability, and sensory testing of microcapsules containing iron, iodine, and vitamin A for use in food fortification, Journal of Food Science, 71, S181, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.tb08923.x West, 2002, Extent of vitamin A deficiency among preschool children and women of reproductive age, The Journal of Nutrition, 132, 2857S, 10.1093/jn/132.9.2857S White, 2000, Abnormal development of the sinuatrial venous valve and posterior hindbrain may contribute to late fetal resorption of vitamin A-deficient rat embryos, Teratology, 62, 374, 10.1002/1096-9926(200012)62:6<374::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-5 White, 2000, Vitamin A deficiency results in the dose-dependent acquisition of anterior character and shortening of the caudal hindbrain of the rat embryo, Developmental Biology, 220, 263, 10.1006/dbio.2000.9635 White, 1998, Defects in embryonic hindbrain development and fetal resorption resulting from vitamin A deficiency in the rat are prevented by feeding pharmacological levels of all-trans-retinoic acid, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 13459, 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13459 WHO, 2009, Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995-2005 Wilson, 1948, Malformations in the genito-urinary tract induced by maternal vitamin A deficiency in the rat, The American Journal of Anatomy, 83, 357, 10.1002/aja.1000830303 Wolbach, 1925, Tissue Changes following deprivation of fat-soluble A vitamin, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 42, 753, 10.1084/jem.42.6.753 Wolf, 1978, A historical note on the mode of administration of vitamin A for the cure of night blindness, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 31, 290, 10.1093/ajcn/31.2.290 Wolf, 1996, A history of vitamin A and retinoids, The FASEB Journal, 10, 1102, 10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801174 Wolf, 2007, Identification of a membrane receptor for retinol-binding protein functioning in the cellular uptake of retinol, Nutrition Reviews, 65, 385, 10.1301/nr.2007.aug.385-388 Xie, 2010, The effects of rheological properties of wall materials on morphology and particle size distribution of microcapsule, Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 28, 433, 10.17221/49/2009-CJFS Xie, 2010, Study on the morphology, particle size and thermal properties of vitamin A microencapsulated by starch octenylsucciniate, Agricultural Sciences in China, 9, 1058, 10.1016/S1671-2927(09)60190-5 Xie, 2006, Effect of addition of peach gum on physicochemical properties of gelatin-based microcapsule, Journal of Food Biochemistry, 30, 302, 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2006.00061.x Xie, 2007, Effect of relative humidity on retention and stability of vitamin A microencapsulated by spray drying, Journal of Food Biochemistry, 31, 68, 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00099.x Xinde, 2007, Measurement and influence factors of the flowability of microcapsules with high-content β-carotene, Chinese Journal of Engineering, 15, 579, 10.1016/S1004-9541(07)60127-X Yanaki, 2001, Preparation of O/W/O type multiple emulsions and its application to cosmetics, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 132, 1009, 10.1016/S0167-2991(01)82255-2 Ying, 2012, Enhanced survival of spray-dried microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the presence of glucose, Journal of Food Engineering, 109, 597, 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.10.017 Yoshida, 1999, Stability of vitamin A in oil-in-water-in-oil-type multiple emulsions, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 76, 1, 10.1007/s11746-999-0212-2 Zheng, 2009, A water-in-oil-in-oil-in-water (W/O/O/W) method for producing drug-releasing, double-walled microspheres, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 374, 90, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.03.015 Zimmermann, 2004, Triple fortification of salt with microcapsules of iodine, iron, and vitamin A, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80, 1283, 10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1283