Meditation Maps, Attainment Claims, and the Adversities of Mindfulness
Tóm tắt
A case study of the descriptions of the progress of Buddhist insight meditation provided by Daniel Ingram shows how a forceful form of mindfulness combined with high-speed mental noting can result in the construction of meditative experiences to accord with expectations created by maps of the progress of insight, culminating in claims to having reached levels of awakening. The potential impact of personal bias evident in this way reveals challenges faced by those researching meditative practices and cautions against overvaluing subjective reports by yogis. In particular, potentially adverse effects of mindfulness practices in the health care setting need to be placed into proper perspective, as the contention that even those who do not engage in deep and intensive insight meditation can suffer from repercussions potentially resulting from undergoing the insight knowledges is not accurate. Progress in research on mindfulness requires the sobriety of evaluating meditative experiences within their context, be it psychological, doctrinal, cultural, or social, in order to arrive at balanced assessments that avoid the two extremes of uncritical enthusiasm and exaggerated apprehensions.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anālayo, B. (2012). The dynamics of Theravāda insight meditation. In K. Chuang (Ed.), 佛教禪坐傳統國際學術研討 會論文集 [Buddhist meditation traditions: an international symposium] (pp. 23–56). Taiwan: Dharma Drum Publishing Corporation.
Anālayo, B. (2017a). Dīrgha-āgama studies. Taipei: Dharma Drum Publishing Corporation.
Anālayo, B. (2017b). Early Buddhist meditation studies. Barre, MA: Barre Center for Buddhist Studies.
Anālayo, B. (2019a). How mindfulness came to plunge into its objects. Mindfulness, 10(6), 1181–1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01152-4.
Anālayo, B. (2019b). In the seen just the seen: mindfulness and the construction of experience. Mindfulness, 10(1), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1042-9.
Anālayo, B. (2019c). The insight knowledge of fear and adverse effects of mindfulness practices. Mindfulness, 10(10), 2172–2185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01198-4.
Anālayo, B. (2019d). The role of mindfulness in the cultivation of absorption. Mindfulness, 10(11), 2341–2351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01206-7.
Anālayo, B. (2020). A brief history of Buddhist absorption. Mindfulness, 11(3), 571–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01268-7.
Barford, D. (2018). Dark night of the soul: Duncan Barford explains why mindfulness is associated with risk of severe negative psychological effects. Therapy Today, 29(6), 34–37.
Bodhi, B. (1993). A comprehensive manual of Abhidhamma, the Abhidhammattha Saṅgaha of Ācariya Anuruddha. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.
Braun, E. (2013). The birth of insight, meditation, modern Buddhism, and the Burmese monk Ledi Sayadaw. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brown, D. P., & Engler, J. (1980). The stages of mindfulness meditation: a validation study. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 12(2), 143–192.
Compson, J. (2018). Adverse meditation experiences: navigating Buddhist and secular frameworks for addressing them. Mindfulness, 9, 1358–1369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0878-8.
Cousins, L. S. (1995). The stages of Christian mysticism and Buddhist purification: interior castle of St Teresa of Ávila and the path of purification of Buddhaghosa. In K. Werner (Ed.), The yogi and the mystic (pp. 103–120). London: Routledge Curzon.
DiSimone, C. (2020). Faith in the teacher: the Prāsādika and Prasādanīya Sūtras from the (Mūla-)Sarvāstivāda Dīrghāgama manuscript, a synoptic critical edition, translation, and textual analysis. PhD thesis. München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität.
Epstein, M., & Lieff, J. D. (1981). Psychiatric complications of meditation practice. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 13(2), 137–147.
Feldmeier, P. (2006). Christianity looks east: comparing the spiritualities of John of the Cross and Buddhaghosa. New Jersey: Paulist Press.
Grabovac, A. (2015). The stages of insight: clinical relevance for mindfulness-based interventions. Mindfulness, 6, 589–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0294-2.
Harris, E. J. (2018). John of the Cross, the dark night of the soul, and the jhānas and the arūpa states, a critical comparative study. Buddhist Studies Review, 35(1/2), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1558/bsrv.36753.
Ingram, D. M. (2008/2018). Mastering the core teachings of the Buddha: an unusually hardcore Dharma book, revised and expanded edition. London: Aeon.
Kornfield, J. (1979). Intensive insight meditation: a phenomenological study. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 11(1), 41–58.
Lutkajtis, A. (2018). The dark side of Dharma: why have adverse effects of meditation been ignored in contemporary Western secular contexts? Journal for the Academic Study of Religion, 31(2), 192–217. https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.37053.
Mahāsi, S. (1971). Practical insight meditation; basic and progressive stages. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.
Meadow, M. J., Culligan, K., & Chowning, D. (1994/2007). Christian insight meditation: Following in the footsteps of John of the Cross. Sommerville: Wisdom Publications.
Millet, D. G. (2019). The path and the castle. A comparative study of the path of purification of Buddhaghosa and the interior castle of Saint Teresa of Ávila: an analytical study on their similarities in the dynamics of spiritual life. PhD thesis. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong.
Ñāṇamoli, B. (1991). The path of purification (Visuddhimagga) by Bhadantācariya Buddhaghosa. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.
Ñāṇārāma, M. S. (1983). The seven stages of purification and the insight knowledges, a guide to the progressive stages of Buddhist meditation. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.
Silverio de Santa Teresa, P. (1931). Obras de San Juan de la Cruz. Burgos: Tipografía de ‘El Monte Carmelo’.
Simpson, D. (2017). From me to we: revolutionising mindfulness in schools. Contemporary Buddhism, 18(1), 47–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2017.1301032.
Tart, C. T. (2010). Toward an evidence-based spirituality: some glimpses of an evolving vision. Subtle Energies & Energy Medicine Journal Archives, 20(2), 7–37.
Vetter, T. (1988). The ideas and meditative practices of early Buddhism. Leiden: Brill.
von Rospatt, A. (1995). The Buddhist doctrine of momentariness: a survey of the origins and early phase of this doctrine up to Vasubandhu. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.