Maximum likelihood modelling of pronunciation variation

Asadi, A., Schwartz, R., Makhoul, J., 1991. Automatic modeling for adding new words to a large vocabulary speech recognition system. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, Toronto, Canada, pp. 305–308

Bahl, L.R., Das, S., deSouza, P.V., Epstein, M., Mercer, R.L., Merialdo, B., Nahamoo, D., Picheny, M.A., Powell, J., 1991. Automatic phonetic baseform determination. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, Toronto, Canada, pp. 173–176

Cohen, M., 1989. Phonological structures for speech recognition. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley

Gillick, L., Cox, S.J., 1989. Some statistical issues in the comparison of speech recognition algorithms. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, Glasgow, Scotland, pp. 532–535

Haeb-Umbach, R., Beyerlein, P., Thelen, E., 1995. Automatic transcription of unknown words in a speech recognition system. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, Detroit, USA, pp. 840–843

Holter, T. and Svendsen, T., 1996. A comparison of lexicon-building methods for subword-based speech recognisers. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Conference on Digital Signal Processing (TENCON). IEEE, Perth, Australia, pp. 102–106

Holter, T., Svendsen, T., 1997a. Combined optimisation of baseforms and model parameters in speech recognition based on acoustic sub-word units. In: Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Workshop on Speech Recognition and Understanding. IEEE, Santa Barbara, USA, pp. 199–206

Holter, T., Svendsen, T., 1997b. Incorporating linguistic knowledge and automatic baseform generation in acoustic subword based speech recognition. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (EUROSPEECH). Rhodes, Greece pp. 1159–1162

Lee, C.-H., Soong, F.K., Juang, B.-H., 1988. A segment model approach to speech recognition. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, New York, pp. 501–504

Lee, C.-H., Juang, B.-H., Soong, F.K., Rabiner, L.R., 1989. Word recognition using whole word and subword models. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, Glasgow, Scotland, pp. 683–686

Linde, 1980, An algorithm for vector quantizer design, IEEE Trans. Commun., 28, 84, 10.1109/TCOM.1980.1094577

Lucassen, J.M., Mercer, R.L., 1984. An information theoretic approach to the automatic determination of phonemic baseforms. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, San Diego, USA, pp. 42.5.1–42.5.4

Mokbel, H., Jouvet, D., 1998. Derivation of the optimal phonetic transcription set for a word from its acoustic realisations. In: Proceedings of the ESCA Workshop on Modeling Pronunciation Variation for Automatic Speech Recognition. ESCA, Rolduc, The Netherlands, pp. 73–78

Paliwal, K.K., 1990. Lexicon-building methods for an acoustic sub-word based speech recognizer. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, Albuquerque, USA, pp. 729–732

Price, P., Fisher, W.M., Bernstein, J., Pallet, D.S., 1988. The DARPA 1000-word Resource Management database for continuous speech recognition. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, New York, pp. 651–654

Ramabhadran, B., Bahl, L.R., deSouza, P.V., Padmanabhan, M., 1998. Acoustics-only based automatic phonetic baseform generation. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, Seattle, USA, pp. 309–312

Sloboda, T., 1995. Dictionary learning: Performance through consistency. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, Detroit, USA, pp. 453–456

Sloboda, T., Waibel, A., 1996. Dictionary learning for spontaneous speech recognition. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP). Philadelphia, USA. pp. 2328–2331

Soong, F.K., Huang, E.-F., 1991. A tree-trellis based fast search for finding the N best sentence hypotheses in continuous speech recognition. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, Toronto, Canada, pp. 705–708

Strik, H., Cucchiarini, C., 1998. Modeling pronunciation variation for ASR: Overview and comparison of methods. In: Proceedings of the ESCA Workshop on Modeling Pronunciation Variation for Automatic Speech Recognition. ESCA, Rolduc, The Netherlands, pp. 137–144

Svendsen, T., Paliwal, K.K., Harborg, E., Husøy, P.O., 1989. An improved sub-word based speech recognizer. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, Glasgow, Scotland, pp. 108–111

Svendsen, T., Soong, F.K., Purnhagen, H., 1995. Optimizing baseforms for HMM-based speech recognition. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (EUROSPEECH). Madrid, Spain, pp. 783–786

Wilpon, J.G., Juang, B.-H., Rabiner, L.R., 1987. An investigation on the use of acoustic sub-word units for automatic speech recognition. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, Dallas, USA, pp. 821–824