Marine-derived bioactive materials for neuroprotection

Ratih Pangestuti1, Se‐Kwon Kim1
1Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Bjarkam CR, Sørensen JC, Sunde NÅ, Geneser FA, Østergaard K. New strategies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease hold considerable promise for the future management of neurodegenerative disorders. Biogerontology 2: 193–207 (2001)

Ansari J, Siraj A, Inamdar N. Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches of Parkinson’s Disease. Int. J. Pharmacol. 6: 584–590 (2010)

Kannappan R, Gupta S, Kim J, Reuter S, Aggarwal B. Neuroprotection by Spice-Derived Nutraceuticals: You Are What You Eat! Mol. Neurobiol. 44: 142–159 (2011)

Narang S, Gibson D, Wasan AD, Ross EL, Michna E, Nedeljkovic SS, Jamison RN. Efficacy of dronabinol as an adjuvant treatment for chronic pain patients on opioid therapy. J. Pain 9: 254–264 (2008)

Ho C, Simon JE, Shahidi F, Shao Y. Dietary Supplements. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 987. ACS Publications, Washington, DC, USA (2008)

Alasavar C, Shahidi F, Miyashita K, Wanasundara U. Handbook of Seafood Quality, Safety, and Health Applications. Wiley, New Delhi, India (2011)

Shahidi F, Janak Kamil Y. Enzymes from fish and aquatic invertebrates and their application in the food industry. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 12: 435–464 (2001)

Kim S, Wijesekara I. Development and biological activities of marine-derived bioactive peptides: A review. J. Func. Foods 2: 1–9 (2010)

Swing J. What Future for the Oceans? Foreign Affairs 82: 139–152 (2003)

Iriti M, Vitalini S, Fico G, Faoro F. Neuroprotective herbs and foods from different traditional medicines and diets. Molecules 15: 3517–3555 (2010)

Mishra S, Palanivelu K. The effect of curcumin (turmeric) on Alzheimer’s disease: An overview. Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol. 11: 13–19 (2008)

Jorm AF, Jolley D. The incidence of dementia: A meta-analysis. Neurology 51:728–733 (1998)

Pangestuti R, Kim S.K. Neuroprotective Properties of Chitosan and Its Derivatives. Marine Drugs 8: 2117–2128 (2010)

Ehrenreich H, Sirén AL. Neuroprotection -what does it mean?-what means do we have? Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 251: 149–151 (2001)

Behl C, Moosmann B. Antioxidant neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease as preventive and therapeutic approach. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 33: 182–191 (2002)

Gao HM, Liu B, Zhang W, Hong JS. Novel anti-inflammatory therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24: 395–401 (2003)

Eftekharzadeh B, Khodagholi F, Abdi A, Maghsoudi N. Alginate protects NT2 neurons against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity. Carbohydr. Polym. 79: 1063–1072 (2010)

Luo D, Zhang Q, Wang H, Cui Y, Sun Z, Yang J, Zheng Y, Jia J, Yu F, Wang X. Fucoidan protects against dopaminergic neuron death in vivo and in vitro. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 617: 33–40 (2009)

Kietzmann T, Knabe W, Schmidt-Kastner R. Hypoxia and hypoxiainducible factor modulated gene expression in brain: Involvement in neuroprotection and cell death. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 251: 170–178 (2001)

Schwartz G, Fehlings MG. Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of sodium channel blockers after spinal cord injury: Improved behavioral and neuroanatomical recovery with riluzole. J. Neurosurg. Spine 94: 245–256 (2001)

Woo MS, Park JS, Choi IY, Kim WK, Kim HS. Inhibition of MMP 3 or 9 suppresses lipopolysaccharide induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS in microglia. J. Neurochem. 106: 770–780 (2008)

Barnham KJ, Masters CL, Bush AI. Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 3: 205–214 (2004)

Akyol Ö, Herken H, Uz E, Fadıllıoğlu E, Ünal S, Söğüt S, Ozyurt H, Savas HA. The indices of endogenous oxidative and antioxidative processes in plasma from schizophrenic patients: The possible role of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 26: 995–1005 (2002)

Moosmann B, Behl C. Antioxidants as treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. Exp. Opin. Investig. Drugs 11: 1407–1435 (2002)

Block ML, Zecca L, Hong JS. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: Uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8: 57–69 (2007)

Allen NJ, Barres BA. Neuroscience: Glia-more than just brain glue. Nature 457: 675–677 (2009)

Kim SU, de Vellis J. Microglia in health and disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 81: 302–313 (2005)

Lull ME, Block ML. Microglial activation and chronic neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics 7:354–365 (2010)

Mattson MP. Apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1: 120–129 (2000)

Yuan J, Yankner BA. Apoptosis in the nervous system. Nature 407: 802–809 (2000)

Patockaa J, Stredab L. Brief review of natural nonprotein neurotoxins. ASA newsletter 89: 16–24 (2002)

Segura-Aguilar J, Kostrzewa R. Neurotoxins and neurotoxic species implicated in neurodegeneration. Neurotox. Res. 6: 615–630 (2004)

Butterfield DA. Amyloid β-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease brain. A review. Free Radic. Res. 36: 1307–1313 (2002)

Ryu BM, Qian ZJ, Kim SK. Purification of a peptide from seahorse, that inhibits TPA-induced MMP, iNOS and COX-2 expression through MAPK and NF-[kappa] B activation, and induces human osteoblastic and chondrocytic differentiation. Chem. Biol. Interact. 184: 413–422 (2010)

A Aneiros A, Garateix A. Bioactive peptides from marine sources: pharmacological properties and isolation procedures. J. Chromatogr. B 803: 41–53 (2004)

Shahidi F, Zhong Y. Bioactive Peptides. J. AOAC Int. 91: 914–931 (2008)

Chiba T, Nishimoto I, Aiso S, Matsuoka M. Neuroprotection against neurodegenerative diseases. Mol. Neurobiol. 35: 55–84 (2007)

Dejda A, Sokolowska P, Nowak JZ. Neuroprotective potential of three neuropeptides PACAP, VIP and PHI. Pharmacol. Rep. 57: 307–320 (2005)

Onoue S, Endo K, Ohshima K, Yajima T, Kashimoto K. The neuropeptide PACAP attenuates β-amyloid (1-42)-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. Peptides 23: 1471–1478 (2002)

Delgado M, Varela N, Gonzalez RE. Vasoactive intestinal peptide protects against β-amyloidinduced neurodegeneration by inhibiting microglia activation at multiple levels. Glia 56: 1091–1103 (2008)

Vo TS, Ngo DH, Kim JA, Ryu B, Kim SK. An antihypertensive peptide from tilapia gelatin diminishes free radical formation in murine microglial cells. J. Agr. Food Chem. 59: 12193–12197 (2011)

Pei X, Yang R, Zhang Z, Gao L, Wang J, Xu Y, Zhao M, Han X, Liu Z, Li Y. Marine collagen peptide isolated from Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) skin facilitates learning and memory in aged C57BL/6J mice. Food Chem. 118: 333–340 (2010)

Je JY, Kim SK. Water-soluble chitosan derivatives as a BACE1 inhibitor. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 13: 6551–6555 (2005)

Kim SK., Rajapakse N. Enzymatic production and biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS): A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 62: 357–368 (2005)

Ravi Kumar MNV. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React. Funct. Polym. 46: 1–27 (2000)

Jeon YJ, Park PJ, Kim SK. Antimicrobial effect of chitooligosaccharides produced by bioreactor. Carbohydr. Polym. 44: 71–76 (2001)

Jeon YJ, Shahidi F, Kim SK. Preparation of chitin and chitosan oligomers and their applications in physiological functional foods. Food Rev. Int. 16: 159–176 (2000)

Turan K, Nagata K. Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles: The effect of cell type and hydrolysis of chitosan on in vitro DNA transfection. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 11: 503–12 (2006)

Prabaharan M. Review paper: Chitosan derivatives as promising materials for controlled drug delivery. J. Biomater. Appl. 23: 5–36 (2008)

Jeon YJ, Kim SK. Production of chitooligosaccharides using an ultrafiltration membrane reactor and their antibacterial activity. Carbohydr. Polym. 41: 133–141 (2000)

Suzuki K, Mikami T, Okawa Y, Tokoro A, Suzuki S, Suzuki M. Antitumor effect of hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose and chitohexaose. Carbohydr. Res. 151: 403–408 (1986)

Je JY, Park PJ, Kim SK. Free radical scavenging properties of hetero-chitooligosaccharides using an ESR spectroscopy. Food Chem. Toxicol. 42: 381–387 (2004)

Rajapakse N, Kim MM, Mendis E, Huang R, Kim SK. Carboxylated chitooligosaccharides (CCOS) inhibit MMP-9 expression in human fibrosarcoma cells via down-regulation of AP-1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1760: 1780–1788 (2006)

Kim MM, Kim SK. Chitooligosaccharides inhibit activation and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human dermal fibroblasts. FEBS Lett. 580: 2661–2666 (2006)

van Ta Q, Kim MM, Kim SK. Inhibitory Effect of Chitooligosaccharides on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Human Fibrosarcoma Cells (HT1080). Marine Biotechnol. 8: 593–599 (2006)

Liu B, Liu W, Han B, Sun Y. Antidiabetic effects of chitooligosaccharides on pancreatic islet cells in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. World J. Gastroenterol. 13: 725–731 (2007)

Artan M, Karadeniz F, Karagozlu MZ, Kim MM, Kim SK. Anti-HIV-1 activity of low molecular weight sulfated chitooligosaccharides. Carbohydr. Res. 345: 656–662 (2010)

Yang EJ, Kim JG, Kim JY, Kim S, Lee N, Hyun CG. Antiinflammatory effect of chitosan oligosaccharides in RAW 264.7 cells. Centr. Eur. J. Biol. 5: 95–102 (2010)

Liu D, Hsieh J, Fan X, Yang J, Chung T. Synthesis, characterization and drug delivery behaviors of new PCP polymeric micelles. Carbohydr. Polym. 68: 544–554 (2007)

LaFerla FM, Green KN, Oddo S. Intracellular amyloid-[beta] in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8: 499–509 (2007)

Tabet N. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease: Anti-inflammatories in acetylcholine clothing! Age Ageing 35: 336–338 (2006)

Terry AV Jr, Buccafusco JJ. The cholinergic hypothesis of age and Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive deficits: recent challenges and their implications for novel drug development. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 306: 821–827 (2003)

Martinez A, Castro A. Novel cholinesterase inhibitors as future effective drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs 15: 1–12 (2005)

Ibrahim F, André C, Thomassin M, Guillaume YC. Association mechanism of four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) with human serum albumin: A biochromatographic approach. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal. 48: 1345–1350 (2008)

Lee SH, Park JS, Kim SK, Ahn CB, Je JY. Chitooligosaccharides suppress the level of protein expression and acetylcholinesterase activity induced by A[beta]25-35 in PC12 cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 19: 860–862 (2009)

Yoon NY, Ngo DN, Kim SK. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of novel chitooligosaccharide derivatives. Carbohydr. Polym. 78: 869–872 (2009)

Agdeppa ED, Kepe V, Liu J, Flores-Torres S, Satyamurthy N, Petric A, Cole GM, Small GW, Huang SC, Barrio JR. Binding characteristics of radiofluorinated 6-dialkylamino-2-naphthylethylidene derivatives as positron emission tomography imaging probes for beta-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurosci. 21: 1–5 (2001)

Lukiw WJ. Emerging amyloid beta (Ab) peptide modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs 13: 255–271 (2008)

Okamura N, Suemoto T, Shiomitsu T, Suzuki M, Shimadzu H, Akatsu H, Yamamoto T, Arai H, Sasaki H, Yanai K, Staufenbiel M, Kudo Y, Sawada T. A novel imaging probe for in vivo detection of neuritic and diffuse amyloid plaques in the brain. J. Mol. Neurosci. 24: 47–255 (2004)

Vassar R. β-Secretase (BACE) as a drug target for alzheimer’s disease. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 54: 1589–1602 (2002)

Hampel H, Shen Y. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) as a biological candidate marker of Alzheimer’s disease. Scan. J. Clin. Lab. Inv. 69: 8–12 (2009)

Tang K, Hynan L, Baskin F, Rosenberg R. Platelet amyloid precursor protein processing: A bio-marker for Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 240: 53–58 (2006)

Koo HN, Jeong HJ, Hong SH, Choi JH, An NH, Kim HM. High molecular weight water-soluble chitosan protects against apoptosis induced by serum starvation in human astrocytes. J. Nutr. Biochem. 13: 245–249 (2002)

Zhou S, Yang Y, Gu X, Ding F. Chitooligosaccharides protect cultured hippocampal neurons against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Neurosci. Lett. 444: 270–274 (2008)

Kim MS, Sung MJ, Seo SB, Yoo SJ, Lim WK, Kim HM. Watersoluble chitosan inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine in human astrocytoma cells activated by amyloid [beta] peptide and interleukin-1[beta]. Neurosci. Lett. 321: 105–109 (2002)

Khodagholi F, Eftekharzadeh B, Maghsoudi N, Rezaei P. Chitosan prevents oxidative stress-induced amyloid β formation and cytotoxicity in NT2 neurons: involvement of transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-κB. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 337: 39–51 (2010)

Pangestuti R, Bak SS, Kim SK. Attenuation of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia by chitooligosaccharides via the MAPK signaling pathway. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 49: 599–606 (2011)

Ngo DH, Ngo DN, Vo TS, Ryu BM, Van TQ, Kim SK. Protective effects of aminoethyl-chitooligosaccharides against oxidative stress and inflammation in murine microglial BV-2 cells. Carbohydr. Polym. 88: 743–747 (2012)

Jayakumar R, Nagahama H, Furuike T, Tamura H. Synthesis of phosphorylated chitosan by novel method and its characterization. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 42: 335–339 (2008)

Costa L, Fidelis G, Cordeiro S, Oliveira R, Sabry D, Cβmara R, Nobre L, Costa M, Almeida-Lima J, Farias E. Biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides from tropical seaweeds. Biomed. Pharmacother. 64: 21–28 (2010)

Li B, Lu F, Wei X, Zhao R. Fucoidan: Structure and bioactivity. Molecules 13: 1671–1695 (2008)

Cui Y, Zhang L, Zhang T, Luo D, Jia Y, Guo Z, Zhang Q, Wang X, Wang X. Inhibitory effect of fucoidan on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide activated primary microglia. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 37: 422–428 (2010)

Heales S, Bolaños J, Stewart V, Brookes P, Land J, Clark J. Nitric oxide, mitochondria and neurological disease. BBA-Bioenergetics 1410: 215–228 (1999)

Lee J, Grabb M, Zipfel G, Choi D. Brain tissue responses to ischemia. J. Clin. Invest. 106: 723–731 (2000)

Jhamandas JH, Wie MB, Harris K, MacTavish D, Kar S. Fucoidan inhibits cellular and neurotoxic effects of β-amyloid (Aβ) in rat cholinergic basal forebrain neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21: 2649–2659 (2005)

Cowan CM, Thai J, Krajewski S, Reed JC, Nicholson DW, Kaufmann SH, Roskams AJ. Caspases 3 and 9 Send a Pro-Apoptotic Signal from Synapse to Cell Body in Olfactory Receptor Neurons. J. Neurosci. 21: 7099–7109 (2001)

Vila M, Przedborski S. Targeting programmed cell death in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4: 365–375 (2003)

Garrido J, Godoy J, Alvarez A, Bronfman M, Inestrosa N. Protein kinase C inhibits amyloid {beta} peptide neurotoxicity by acting on members of the Wnt pathway. FASEB J. 16: 1982–1984 (2002)

Lüder UH, Clayton MN. Induction of phlorotannins in the brown macroalga Ecklonia radiata (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in response to simulated herbivory-the first microscopic study. Planta 218: 928–937 (2004)

Wijesekara I, Yoon N, Kim S. Phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava (Phaeophyceae): Biological activities and potential health benefits. Biofactors 36: 408–414 (2010)

Fallarero A, Loikkanen JJ, Männistö PT, Castañeda O, Vidal A. Effects of aqueous extracts of Halimeda incrassata (Ellis) Lamouroux and Bryothamnion triquetrum (S.G. Gmelim) Howe on hydrogen peroxide and methyl mercury-induced oxidative stress in GT1-7 mouse hypothalamic immortalized cells. Phytomed. 10: 39–47 (2003)

Vidal NA, Motidome M, Mancini FJ, Fallarero LA, Tanae M, Torres L, Lapa A. Actividad antioxidante y ácidos fenólicos del alga marina Bryothamnion triquetrum (SG Gmelim) Howe; Antioxidant activity related to phenolic acids in the aqueous extract of the marine seaweed Bryothamnin triquetrum (SG Gmelim) Howe. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm. 37: 373–382 (2001)

Jung W, Heo S, Jeon Y, Lee C, Park Y, Byun H, Choi Y, Park S, Choi I. Inhibitory effects and molecular mechanism of dieckol isolated from marine brown alga on COX-2 and iNOS in microglial cells. J. Agr. Food Chem. 57: 4439–4446 (2009)

Jung WK, Ahn YW, Lee SH, Choi YH, Kim SK, Yea SS, Choi I, Park SG, Seo SK, Lee SW, Choi IW. Ecklonia cava ethanolic extracts inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in BV2 microglia via the MAP kinase and NF-[kappa]B pathways. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47: 410–417 (2009)

Myung C, Shin H, Bao H, Yeo S, Lee B, Kang J. Improvement of memory by dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol in ethanol-treated mice: Possible involvement of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Arch. Pharm. Res. 28: 691–698 (2005)

Yoon N, Chung H, Kim H, Choi J. Acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of sterols and phlorotannins from Ecklonia stolonifera. Fish. Sci. 74: 200–207 (2008)

Jung H, Oh S, Choi J. Molecular docking studies of phlorotannins from Eisenia bicyclis with BACE1 inhibitory activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20: 3211–3215 (2010)

Tang K, Hynan L, Baskin F, Rosenberg R. Platelet amyloid precursor protein processing: A bio-marker for Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 240: 53–58 (2006)

Pangestuti R, Kim SK. Neuroprotective Effects of Marine Algae. Mar. Drugs 9: 803–818 (2011)

Roh MK, Uddin MS, Chun BS. Extraction of fucoxanthin and polyphenol from Undaria pinnatifida using supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. Biotechnol. Bioproc. Eng. 13: 724–729 (2008)

Shang YF, Kim SM, Lee WJ, Um BH. Pressurized liquid method for fucoxanthin extraction from Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 111: 237–241 (2010)

Kim SM, Shang YF, Um BH. A preparative method for isolation of fucoxanthin from Eisenia bicyclis by centrifugal partition chromatography. Phytochem. Anal. 22: 3222–329 (2011)

Delgado VF, Jiménez A, Paredes-López O. Natural pigments: Carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains—characteristics, biosynthesis, processing, and stability. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 40: 173–289 (2000)

Khan S, Kong C, Kim J, Kim S. Protective effect of Amphiroa dilatata on ROS induced oxidative damage and MMP expressions in HT1080 cells. Biotechnol. Bioproc. Eng. 15: 191–198 (2010)

Okuzumi J, Nishino H, Murakoshi M, Iwashima A, Tanaka Y, Yamane T, Fujita Y, Takahashi T. Inhibitory effects of fucoxanthin, a natural carotenoid, on N-myc expression and cell cycle progression in human malignant tumor cells. Cancer Lett. 55: 75–81 (1990)

Ikeda K, Kitamura A, Machida H, Watanabe M, Negishi H, Hiraoka J, Nakano T. Effect of Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame) on the development of cerebrovascular diseases in stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 30: 44–48 (2003)

Khodosevich K, Monyer H. Signaling involved in neurite outgrowth of postnatally born subventricular zone neurons in vitro. BMC Neurosci. 11: 1–11 (2010)

Ina A, Hayashi K, Nozaki H, Kamei Y. Pheophytin a, a low molecular weight compound found in the marine brown alga Sargassum fulvellum, promotes the differentiation of PC12 cells. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 25: 63–68 (2007)

Ina A, Kamei Y. Vitamin B12, a chlorophyll-related analog to pheophytin a from marine brown algae, promotes neurite outgrowth and stimulates differentiation in PC12 cells. Cytotechnology 52: 181–187 (2006)

Venugopal V, Shahidi F. Structure and composition of fish muscle. Food Rev. Int. 12: 175–197 (1996)

Kalmijn S, van Boxtel MPJ, Ocké M, Verschuren WMM, Kromhout D, Launer LJ. Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age. Neurology 62: 275–280 (2004)

Falinska AM, Bascoul-Colombo C, Guschina IA, Good M, Harwood JL. The role of n-3 dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain function and ameliorating Alzheimer’s disease: Opportunities for biotechnology in the development of nutraceuticals. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 1: 159–166 (2012)

Connor WE, Lowensohn R, Hatcher L. Increased docosahexaenoic acid levels in human newborn infants by administration of sardines and fish oil during pregnancy. Lipids 31:183–187 (1996)

Ngo DH, Wijesekara I, Vo TS, Van Ta Q, Kim SK. Marine foodderived functional ingredients as potential antioxidants in the food industry: An overview. Food Res. Int. 44: 523–529 (2010)

Jeon YJ, Kim SK. Production of chitooligosaccharides using an ultrafiltration membrane reactor and their antibacterial activity. Carbohydr. Polym. 41: 133–141 (2000)

Kim SK, Rajapakse N. Enzymatic production and biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS): A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 62: 357–368 (2005)

Kim S, Wijesekara I. Development and biological activities of marine-derived bioactive peptides: A review. J. Func. Foods 2: 1–9 (2010)

Wijesinghe WAJP, Jeon YJ. Enzyme-assistant extraction (EAE) of bioactive components: A useful approach for recovery of industrially important metabolites from seaweeds: A review. Fitoterapia 83: 6–12 (2012)

Li B, Smith B, Hossain MM. Extraction of phenolics from citrus peels: II. Enzyme-assisted extraction method. Sep. Purif. Technol. 48: 189–196 (2006)

McRory J, Sherwood NM. Two protochordate genes encode pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and related family members. Endocrinology 138: 2380–2390 (1997)

Matsuda K, Yoshida T, Nagano Y, Kashimoto K, Yatohgo T, Shimomura H, Shioda S, Arimura A, Uchiyama M. Purification and primary structure of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) from the brain of an elasmobranch, stingray, Dasyatis akajei. Peptides 19: 1489–1495 (1998)

Wang Y, Conlon JM. Purification and structural characterization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from the trout and bowfin. Gen. Comp. Endocr. 98: 94–101 (1995)

Kim SK, Mendis E. Bioactive compounds from marine processing byproducts-a review. Food Res. Int. 39: 383–393 (2006)

Zuta C, Simpson B, Chan H, Phillips L. Concentrating PUFA from mackerel processing waste. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 80: 933–936 (2003)

Sun T, Pigott G, Herwig R. Lipase-assisted concentration of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from Viscera of farmed atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.). J. Food Sci. 67: 130–136 (2002)