Management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Blood Advances - Tập 4 - Trang 5184-5193 - 2020
Rebecca L. Morgan1, Vahid Ashoorion2, Adam Cuker3,4, Housne Begum1, Stephanie Ross1, Nina Martinez5, Beng H. Chong6, Lori A. Linkins7, Theodore E. Warkentin7,8, Wojtek Wiercioch1,9, Robby Nieuwlaat1,9, Holger Schünemann1,7,9, Nancy Santesso1,9
1Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
2Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
3Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;
4Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;
5Independent Researcher, Atlanta, GA;
6Department of Haematology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
7Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
8Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
9Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Tóm tắt

Abstract

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic adverse drug reaction occurring in <0.1% to 7% of patients receiving heparin products depending on the patient population and type of heparin. Management of HIT is highly dependent on a sequence of tests for which clinicians may or may not have the results when care decisions need to be made. We conducted systematic reviews of the effects of management strategies in persons with acute HIT, subacute HIT A or B, and remote HIT. We searched Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database through July 2019 for previously published systematic reviews and primary studies. Two investigators independently screened and extracted data and assessed the certainty of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. We found primarily noncomparative studies and case series assessing effects of treatments, which led to low to very low certainty evidence. There may be little to no difference in the effects between nonheparin parenteral anticoagulants and direct oral anticoagulants in acute HIT. The benefits of therapeutic-intensity may be greater than prophylactic-intensity anticoagulation. Using inferior vena cava filters or platelet transfusion may result in greater harm than not using these approaches. Evidence for management in special situations, such as for patients undergoing cardiovascular interventions or renal replacement therapy, was also low to very low certainty. Additional research to evaluate nonheparin anticoagulants is urgently needed, and the development of novel treatments that reduce thrombosis without increasing hemorrhage should be a priority.


Tài liệu tham khảo

Martel, 2005, Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis, Blood, 106, 2710, 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1546 Smythe, 2007, The incidence of recognized heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a large, tertiary care teaching hospital, Chest, 131, 1644, 10.1378/chest.06-2109 Warkentin, 2000, Impact of the patient population on the risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Blood, 96, 1703, 10.1182/blood.V96.5.1703 Nand, 1997, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis: incidence, analysis of risk factors, and clinical outcomes in 108 consecutive patients treated at a single institution, Am J Hematol, 56, 12, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8652(199709)56:1<12::AID-AJH3>3.0.CO;2-5 Greinacher, 2005, Clinical features of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia including risk factors for thrombosis. A retrospective analysis of 408 patients, Thromb Haemost, 94, 132 Warkentin, 1996, A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Am J Med, 101, 502, 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00258-6 Slattery, 2016, Thrombotics and Antithrombotics. Emergengy Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8th ed., 1524 Cuker, 2016, Management of the multiple phases of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Thromb Haemost, 116, 835 Cuker, 2018, American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Blood Adv, 2, 3360, 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018024489 Wiercioch, 2020, Methodology for the American Society of Hematology VTE guidelines: current best practice, innovations, and experiences, Blood Adv, 4, 2351, 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001768 Higgins Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, PLoS Med, 6, e1000097, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 Whiting, 2016, ROBIS: A new tool to assess risk of bias in systematic reviews was developed, J Clin Epidemiol, 69, 225, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.06.005 Higgins, 2011, Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Sterne, 2016, ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions, BMJ, 355, i4919, 10.1136/bmj.i4919 Guyatt, 2008, GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations, BMJ, 336, 924, 10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD Chong, 2001, Prospective randomised open-label comparison of danaparoid with dextran 70 in the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia with thrombosis: a clinical outcome study, Thromb Haemost, 86, 1170, 10.1055/s-0037-1616046 Kang, 2015, Fondaparinux for the treatment of suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a propensity score-matched study, Blood, 125, 924, 10.1182/blood-2014-09-599498 Magnani, 2006, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). A report of 1,478 clinical outcomes of patients treated with danaparoid (Orgaran) from 1982 to mid-2004, Thromb Haemost, 95, 967, 10.1160/TH05-07-0489 Lewis, 2001, Argatroban anticoagulant therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Circulation, 103, 1838, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.14.1838 Lewis, 2003, Argatroban anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Arch Intern Med, 163, 1849, 10.1001/archinte.163.15.1849 Al-Eidan, 2018, Comparison of argatroban and fondaparinux for the management of patients with isolated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Ann Hematol, 97, 2055, 10.1007/s00277-018-3422-6 Joseph, 2014, Bivalirudin for the treatment of patients with confirmed or suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, J Thromb Haemost, 12, 1044, 10.1111/jth.12592 Warkentin, 2011, Fondaparinux treatment of acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia confirmed by the serotonin-release assay: a 30-month, 16-patient case series, J Thromb Haemost, 9, 2389, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04487.x Srinivasan, 2004, Warfarin-induced skin necrosis and venous limb gangrene in the setting of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Arch Intern Med, 164, 66, 10.1001/archinte.164.1.66 Warkentin, 1997, The pathogenesis of venous limb gangrene associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Ann Intern Med, 127, 804, 10.7326/0003-4819-127-9-199711010-00005 Warkentin, 2017, Direct oral anticoagulants for treatment of HIT: update of Hamilton experience and literature review, Blood, 130, 1104, 10.1182/blood-2017-04-778993 Bethea, 2017, Treatment of pulmonary embolism with argatroban and ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis with alteplase in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Am J Health Syst Pharm, 74, 1153, 10.2146/ajhp160368 Davis, 2017, Direct acting oral anticoagulants for the treatment of suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Eur J Haematol, 99, 332, 10.1111/ejh.12921 Ezekwudo, 2017, Apixaban for treatment of confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a case report and review of literature, Exp Hematol Oncol, 6, 21, 10.1186/s40164-017-0080-7 Samoš, 2019, Apixaban: a novel agent to treat heparin induced thrombocytopenia and to prevent embolism in patient with atrial fibrillation after multiple valve replacement?, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 48, 619, 10.1007/s11239-019-01910-0 Vavlukis, 2017, Can rivaroxaban be a drug of choice for treating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a patient with pulmonary thromboembolism?, Anatol J Cardiol, 18, 77 Farner, 2001, A comparison of danaparoid and lepirudin in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Thromb Haemost, 85, 950, 10.1055/s-0037-1615946 Schindewolf, 2012, Application, tolerance and safety of fondaparinux therapy in a German hospital: a prospective single-centre experience, Thromb Res, 129, 17, 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.06.008 Greinacher, 1999, Lepirudin (recombinant hirudin) for parenteral anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Heparin-Associated Thrombocytopenia Study (HAT) investigators, Circulation, 100, 587, 10.1161/01.CIR.100.6.587 Jung, 2011, Risks of IVC filters in the setting of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, J Thromb Haemost, 9, 334 Goel, 2015, Platelet transfusions in platelet consumptive disorders are associated with arterial thrombosis and in-hospital mortality, Blood, 125, 1470, 10.1182/blood-2014-10-605493 Hopkins, 2008, Platelet transfusions in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a report of four cases and review of the literature, Transfusion, 48, 2128, 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01822.x Refaai, 2010, Outcomes after platelet transfusion in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, J Thromb Haemost, 8, 1419, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03861.x Senzel, 2016, Negative heparin-induced thrombocytopenia test result after massive transfusion: believe it or not?, Am J Clin Pathol, 145, 717, 10.1093/ajcp/aqw031 Elalamy, 2009, Risk factors for unfavorable clinical outcome in patients with documented heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Thromb Res, 124, 554, 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.04.002 Hong, 2003, Central venous catheters and upper-extremity deep-vein thrombosis complicating immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Blood, 101, 3049, 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1448 Tardy, 1999, Lower limb veins should be systematically explored in patients with isolated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Thromb Haemost, 82, 1199, 10.1055/s-0037-1614355 Dyke, 2007, Off-pump coronary artery bypass with bivalirudin for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or antiplatelet factor four/heparin antibodies, Ann Thorac Surg, 84, 836, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.04.007 Koster, 2007, Bivalirudin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with previous or acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and heparin antibodies: results of the CHOOSE-ON trial, Ann Thorac Surg, 83, 572, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.09.038 Czosnowski, 2008, Bivalirudin for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing cardiovascular surgery, Ann Pharmacother, 42, 1304, 10.1345/aph.1K601 Koster, 2000, Recombinant hirudin as an alternative for anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II: a 1-year experience in 57 patients, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 14, 243, 10.1053/cr.2000.5861 Aouifi, 2001, Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with type II heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Ann Thorac Surg, 71, 678, 10.1016/S0003-4975(00)02022-1 Furukawa, 2001, The use of argatroban as an anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac operations, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 122, 1255, 10.1067/mtc.2001.116940 Fernandes, 2019, A 24-hour perioperative case study on argatroban use for left ventricle assist device insertion during cardiopulmonary bypass and veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Perfusion, 34, 337, 10.1177/0267659118813043 Huang, 2014, Efficacy of therapeutic plasma exchange in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia patients prior to cardiac surgery with heparin, Transfusion., 54, 125A Jaben, 2011, Use of plasma exchange in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a report of two cases and a review of the literature, J Clin Apher, 26, 219, 10.1002/jca.20289 Wadia, 2008, Intraoperative anticoagulation management during cardiac transplantation for a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and a left ventricular assist device, Tex Heart Inst J, 35, 62 Welsby, 2010, Plasmapheresis and heparin reexposure as a management strategy for cardiac surgical patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Anesth Analg, 110, 30, 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181c3c1cd Palatianos, 2015, Perioperative use of iloprost in cardiac surgery patients diagnosed with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia-reactive antibodies or with true HIT (HIT-reactive antibodies plus thrombocytopenia): An 11-year experience, Am J Hematol, 90, 608, 10.1002/ajh.24017 Palatianos, 2004, Preoperative detection and management of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing heart surgery with iloprost, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 127, 548, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.08.042 Makhoul, 1987, Management of patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis requiring cardiac surgery, Ann Thorac Surg, 43, 617, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)60232-9 Koster, 2001, Anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II and renal impairment using heparin and the platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonist tirofiban, Anesthesiology, 94, 245, 10.1097/00000542-200102000-00013 Durand, 2008, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and cardiopulmonary bypass: anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin and the GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban and successful use of rFVIIa for post-protamine bleeding due to persistent platelet blockade, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 34, 687, 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.05.029 Koster, 2000, Cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia II and impaired renal function using heparin and the platelet GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban as anticoagulant, Ann Thorac Surg, 70, 2160, 10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01888-9 Koster, 2001, One-year experience with the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist tirofiban and heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 122, 1254, 10.1067/mtc.2001.118271 Olinger, 1984, Cardiopulmonary bypass for patients with previously documented heparin-induced platelet aggregation, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 87, 673, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)38447-8 Pötzsch, 2000, Use of heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, N Engl J Med, 343, 515, 10.1056/NEJM200008173430718 Selleng, 2008, Management of anticoagulation in patients with subacute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia scheduled for heart transplantation, Blood, 112, 4024, 10.1182/blood-2008-03-145243 Selleng, 2001, Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass in a bilaterally nephrectomized patient with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: successful reexposure to heparin, Ann Thorac Surg, 71, 1041, 10.1016/S0003-4975(00)02430-9 Warkentin, 2014, Serological investigation of patients with a previous history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia who are reexposed to heparin, Blood, 123, 2485, 10.1182/blood-2013-10-533083 Warkentin, 2001, Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, N Engl J Med, 344, 1286, 10.1056/NEJM200104263441704 Davis, 2003, Favorable outcome with bivalirudin anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass, Ann Thorac Surg, 75, 264, 10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04299-6 Grocott, 1997, Coagulation complicating cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia receiving the heparinoid, danaparoid sodium, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 11, 875, 10.1016/S1053-0770(97)90124-5 Kappa, 1987, Carotid endarterectomy in patients with heparin-induced platelet activation: comparative efficacy of aspirin and iloprost (ZK36374), J Vasc Surg, 5, 693, 10.1016/0741-5214(87)90156-X Nuttall, 2003, Patients with a history of type II heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis requiring cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective observational case series, Anesth Analg, 96, 344, 10.1213/00000539-200302000-00009 Warkentin, 2015, Plasma exchange to remove HIT antibodies: dissociation between enzyme-immunoassay and platelet activation test reactivities, Blood, 125, 195, 10.1182/blood-2014-07-590844 Lewis, 2002, Argatroban anticoagulation during percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 57, 177, 10.1002/ccd.10276 Mahaffey, 2003, The anticoagulant therapy with bivalirudin to assist in the performance of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (ATBAT) study: main results, J Invasive Cardiol, 15, 611 Hale, 1998, Orgaran during rotational atherectomy in the setting of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn, 45, 318, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0304(199811)45:3<318::AID-CCD23>3.0.CO;2-2 Lee, 2011, Comparison of bivalirudin versus heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients undergoing an invasive strategy: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, Int J Cardiol, 152, 369, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.08.007 Alatri, 2010, Treatment with argatroban in one haemodialysed patient with a heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombotic complications, Intern Emerg Med, 5, 359, 10.1007/s11739-010-0357-x Athar, 2008, Prolonged half-life of argatroban in patients with renal dysfunction and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome being treated for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Am J Hematol, 83, 245, 10.1002/ajh.21072 Barginear, 2008, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia complicating hemodialysis, Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 14, 105, 10.1177/1076029607304405 Koide, 1995, Anticoagulation for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with spontaneous platelet aggregation in a patient requiring haemodialysis, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 10, 2137 Link, 2009, Argatroban for anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy, Crit Care Med, 37, 105, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181932394 Matsuo, 1988, Effect of synthetic thrombin inhibitor (MD805) as an alternative drug on heparin induced thrombocytopenia during hemodialysis, Thromb Res, 52, 165, 10.1016/0049-3848(88)90095-3 Matsuo, 1992, Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia by use of argatroban, a synthetic thrombin inhibitor, Br J Haematol, 82, 627, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb06482.x Reddy, 2005, Argatroban anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring renal replacement therapy, Ann Pharmacother, 39, 1601, 10.1345/aph.1G033 Williamson, 2004, Argatroban dosing in intensive care patients with acute renal failure and liver dysfunction, Pharmacotherapy, 24, 409, 10.1592/phco.24.4.409.33168 Yamamoto, 1996, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in hemodialysis patients, Am J Kidney Dis, 28, 82, 10.1016/S0272-6386(96)90134-1 Kommalapati, 2018, Upper limb phlegmasia cerulea dolens secondary to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia leading to gangrene, Cureus, 10, e2853 Trujillo Agudelo, 2018, Successful treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with apixaban in a patient with chronic kidney disease requiring hemodialysis, Clin Case Rep, 6, 2147, 10.1002/ccr3.1817 Al-Ali, 2016, Successful use of a bivalirudin treatment protocol to prevent extracorporeal thrombosis in ambulatory hemodialysis patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Hemodial Int, 20, 204, 10.1111/hdi.12379 de Pont, 2007, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of danaparoid during continuous venovenous hemofiltration: a pilot study, Crit Care, 11, R102, 10.1186/cc6119 Lindhoff-Last, 2001, Use of a low-molecular-weight heparinoid (danaparoid sodium) for continuous renal replacement therapy in intensive care patients, Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 7, 300, 10.1177/107602960100700409 Magnani, 2010, A review of 122 published outcomes of danaparoid anticoagulation for intermittent haemodialysis, Thromb Res, 125, e171, 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.10.008 Brown, 2013, Chronic fondaparinux use in a hemodialysis patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II and extracorporeal circuit thrombosis-a case report and review of the literature, Hemodial Int, 17, 444, 10.1111/hdi.12003 Haase, 2005, Use of fondaparinux (ARIXTRA) in a dialysis patient with symptomatic heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia type II, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 20, 444, 10.1093/ndt/gfh544 Zerbi, 2015, Use of fondaparinux for extracorporeal circuit anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II (HIT II) on haemodiafiltration (HDF), Nephrol Dial Transplant, 30, iii236, 10.1093/ndt/gfv179.22 Ng, 2015, First experiences with the use of rivaroxaban in the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Thromb Res, 135, 205, 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.06.005 Liu, 2016, Regional citrate versus heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials, Crit Care, 20, 144, 10.1186/s13054-016-1299-0