Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Quản lý lưu vực nhằm bảo vệ tài nguyên nước: Rút kinh nghiệm từ lưu vực thành phố New York
Tóm tắt
Mục đích chính của quản lý lưu vực là thiết lập một phân bổ và sử dụng tài nguyên nước hiệu quả từ chi phí và áp dụng những biện pháp hiệu quả nhất để bảo vệ cả số lượng và chất lượng nước được sản xuất từ lưu vực. Đối với mục đích sau, các nguồn ô nhiễm phân tán là khó khăn lớn nhất. Ô nhiễm nước phân tán (hoặc từ nguồn không điểm) đặt ra thách thức cho chính sách công và đòi hỏi các phương pháp quản lý sáng tạo. Các giải pháp cuối cùng cần thiết phải thay đổi hành vi và phản ứng rộng rãi từ xã hội, và phải linh hoạt và thích ứng với các điều kiện lưu vực ngẫu nhiên cũng như với các xu hướng dài hạn. Trên toàn cầu, các mô hình quản trị mới cho những vấn đề khó khăn trong quản lý đất và tài nguyên nước đang phát triển. Bài báo này xem xét các đặc điểm của những vấn đề quản lý môi trường 'khó giải' và những thách thức chính sách cụ thể mà ô nhiễm nước phân tán đặt ra. Một khung hành động được đưa ra và so sánh với các hoạt động và kết quả bảo vệ nước trong lưu vực thành phố New York. Những thành công cho đến nay trong trường hợp này cho thấy rằng do quản lý đất và các nguồn ô nhiễm phân tán có cơ sở địa phương, việc bảo vệ nước tại nguồn đòi hỏi phải khuyến khích các công cụ địa phương cho một chiến lược thích ứng và song song trong nghiên cứu ứng dụng và thảo luận với các bên liên quan, được hỗ trợ bởi các quan hệ đối tác đa cấp và một môi trường quy định thuận lợi. Mặc dù đã kéo dài, chứng cứ từ trường hợp này đơn lẻ vẫn không đủ để xác lập liệu có thể giải quyết hoàn toàn những thỏa hiệp tiềm năng giữa việc bảo vệ nước và sự phát triển kinh tế của cộng đồng lưu vực hay không.
Từ khóa
#quản lý lưu vực #ô nhiễm nước phân tán #chiến lược thích ứng #bảo vệ nước #cộng đồng lưu vựcTài liệu tham khảo
Allan C, Curtis A et al (2008) Adaptive management and watersheds: a social science perspective. J Am Water Resour Assoc 44(1):166–174
APSC (2007) Tackling wicked problems. A public policy perspective. Contemporary government challenges, Australian Public Service Commission, Australian Government, Canberra
Bishop PL, Lojpersberger JL et al (2007) New York city watershed: an eleven-year study of the effectiveness of agricultural BMPs in reducing farm pollutant losses. NWQEP notes, vol 125. Raleigh, North Carolina State University Water Quality Group, pp 1–13
Bishop PL, Hively DW et al (2005) Multivariate analysis of paired watershed data to evaluate agricultural best management practice effects on stream water phosphorus. J Environ Qual 34:1087–1101
Blackmore C (2007) What kinds of knowledge, knowing and learning are required for addressing resource dilemmas? A theoretical overview. Environ Sci Policy 10(6):512–525
Blatter J, Ingram H (eds) (2001) Reflections on water: new approaches to transboundary conflicts and cooperation. MIT, Cambridge
Burgess J, Stirling A et al (2007) Deliberative mapping: a novel analytic-deliberative methodology to support contested science-policy decisions. Public Underst Sci 16:299–322
Carley M, Christie I (2000) Managing sustainable development. Earthscan, London
Conklin J (2006) Dialogue mapping: building shared understanding of wicked problems. Wiley, Chichester
Cook H, Smith LED (2005) Catchment management—relevant in developed and developing countries. Waterlines 24(1):2–3
Creighton JL (2005) What water managers need to know about public participation: one US practitioner’s perspective. Water Policy 7:269–278
DDCG (2009) The New York city watershed economic impact assessment report: executive summary. Downeast Development Consulting Group. Retrieved 25 September, 2009, from http://www.delcowatershed.com/
Fischer F (2000) Citizens, experts, and the environment. Duke University Press, Durham
Galusha D (1999) Liquid assets: a history of New York city’s water system. Purple Mountain, Fleischmanns
Goldstein E (2001) Mother nature knows best: fundamentals for ensuring a safe water supply. Fordham Environ Law Policy J 12:455–459
Gregory R, Failing L et al (2006) Adaptive management and environmental decision making: a case study application to water use planning. Ecol Econ 58:434–447
Ingram H (2001) Science and environmental policy. Address to a plenary session of the annual meeting of the pacific division of the association for the advancement of science, June 19, 2001
Ison R, Collins K (2008) Public policy that does the right thing rather than the wrong thing righter. Analysing collaborative and deliberative forms of governance, 14th November 2008. The Australian National University, Canberra
Ison R, Roling N et al (2007) Challenges to science and society in the sustainable management and use of water: investigating the role of social learning. Environ Sci Policy 10(6):499–511
Jentoft S, Chuenpagdee R (2009) Fisheries and coastal governance as a wicked problem. Mar Policy 33(4):553–560
Kelly WJ (1986) The safe drinking water act amendments of 1986. A BNA special report. The Bureau of National Affairs
Ludwig D (2001) The era of management is over. Ecosystems 4:758–764
Muller M (1998) The New York city watershed whole farm program catskill region, New York, USA. Retrieved 21 April, 2009, from http://www.iatp.org/tradeobservatory/library.cfm?refID=33623
Murray C, Marmorek DR (2004) Adaptive management: a spoonful of rigour helps the uncertainty go down. 16th International annual meeting of the society for ecological restoration, August 23rd to 27th, 2004. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
National Research Council (2000) Watershed management for potable water supply: assessing the New York city strategy. National Academies Press, Washington DC
Ostrom E (2005) Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Pahl-Wostl C (2008) Requirements for adaptive water management. Adaptive and integrated water management: coping with complexity and uncertainty. In: Pahl-Wostl C, Kabat P, Moltgen J (eds) Springer, Berlin, pp 1–22
Pahl-Wostl C, Sendzimir J et al (2007) Managing change toward adaptive water management through social learning. Ecol Soc 12(2):30
Porter KS (2003) Protecting a ‘necessity of life’: water supplies protected at their watershed source. J Water Law 14(2):61–72
Porter KS (2005) Should governmental water responsibilities flow downwards? J Water Law 16(2):49–57
Porter KS (2006) Fixing our drinking water: from field and forest to faucet. Pace Univ School Law Environ Law Rev 23(2):389–422
Porter MJ, Porter KS et al (2005) Building networks for a RELU capacity building programme: exploiting options from the Eastern US and nearby European Continent: workshops 1 and 2 summaries. Wye, Ashford, Kent, Imperial College London
Porter MJ, Morley J et al (2008) Catchment management for protection of water resources: a research project funded by the RELU programme. First project communications workshop (for national and international level stakeholders), June 5, 2008. London, SOAS, University of London
Porter MJ, Beckhardt L et al (1997) Pollution prevention through effective agricultural management. Progress report: watershed agricultural program for the New York City watersheds. Watershed Agricultural Council, Walton
Revenga C, Brunner J et al (2000) Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: freshwater systems. World Resources Institute, Washington
Rittel H, Webber M (1973) Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sci 4:155–169
Rogers KH (2006) The real river management challenge: integrating scientists, stakeholders and service agencies. River Res Appl 22:269–280
Rogers P, Hall AW (2003) Effective water governance. TEC background papers no. 7. Global water partnership technical committee. Global Water Partnership, Stockholm
Sabatier PA, Focht W et al (eds) (2005) Swimming upstream: collaborative approaches to watershed management. MIT, Cambridge
Schaeffer TD, Luzadis VA (2000) Engaging local governments in watershed management. Clearwaters 30(1):1023–1026
SEARS (2009) Diffuse pollution. Retrieved 3rd April 2009, from http://www.sears.scotland.gov.uk/ViewService.aspx?id=134
Shiklomanov IA (1997) Comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the world: assessment of water resources and water availability in the world. World Meteorological Organization and Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm
Sidaway R (2005) Resolving environmental disputes: from conflict to consensus. Earthscan, London
SLIM (2004) The role of learning processes in integrated catchment management and the sustainable use of water. SLIM Policy Briefing 6, Open University, p 4
Smith LED (2008) Local and adaptive management of catchments for the protection of water quality: drawing on international experience. In: Land Management in a Changing Environment, SAC and SEPA Biennal Conference, 26–27 March, SAC and SEPA, Edinburgh
Stern PC (2005) Deliberative methods for understanding environmental systems. Bioscience 55(11):976–982
Stern PC, Fineberg HV (1996) Understanding risk: informing decisions in a democratic society. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington DC
Stewart RE, Walters LC et al (2004) Managing wicked environmental problems. Sacramento CA, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region
Turnpenny J, Lorenzoni I et al (2009) Noisy and definitely not normal: responding to wicked issues in the environment, energy and health. Environ Sci Policy 12:347–358
USEPA (1995) Watershed protection: a statewide approach. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, EPA 841-R-95-004
USEPA (2007) New York City filtration avoidance determination. Final FAD 2007. Retrieved 25 September, 2009, from http://www.epa.gov/region2/water/nycshed/filtad.htm
USEPA (2008) Handbook for developing watershed plans to restore and protect our waters. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, EPA 841-B-08-002
Walters C (1986) Adaptive management of renewable resources. McGraw Hill, New York
Walters CJ, Holling CS (1990) Large-scale management experiments and learning by doing. Ecology 71(6):2060–2068
Watershed Agricultural Council (1993) Watershed agricultural council mission and vision. Retrieved 21 April, 2009, from http://www.nycwatershed.org/home_pop_mission.html
Watershed Agricultural Council (2004) Strategic Plan 2004–2007. Prepared by Council of Community Services of NYS, Inc., Albany, New York. Retrieved 24 September, 2009, from http://www.nycwatershed.org/index_wachistory.html
WHO (2008). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, vol 1. Recommendations, 3rd edn. World Heath Organisation, Geneva
Wikipedia (2007) Board of supervisors. Retrieved 24 April, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Supervisors
Willett IR, Porter KS (2003) Watershed management for water quality improvement: the role of agricultural research. ACIAR working paper, vol 52. Canberra, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, p 54