METHODS FOR MEASURING DENITRIFICATION: DIVERSE APPROACHES TO A DIFFICULT PROBLEM

10.1038/35016542

10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60339-9

10.1038/373506a0

10.1038/415159a

M. A. Altabet, C. Pilskaln, R. Thunell, C. Pride, D. Sigman, F. Chavez, and R. Francois .1999 .The nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of sinking particles from the margin of the Eastern North Pacific .Deep-Sea Research,46:655 -679 .

10.1016/0016-7037(87)90150-5

10.1128/AEM.67.3.1171-1178.2001

10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00048-0

J. M. Andersen, 1977 .Rates of denitrification of undisturbed sediment from six lakes as a function of nitrate concentration, oxygen, and temperature .Archives of Hydrobiology,80:147 -159 .

C. A. J. Appelo, and D. Postma .1996 .Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02104.x

M. S. Aulakh, J. W. Doran, and A. R. Mosier .1992 .Soil denitrification: significance, measurement, and effects of management .Advances in Soil Science,18:1 -52 .

W. L. Balderston, B. Sherr, and W. J. Payne .1976 .Blockage by acetylene of nitrous oxide reduction in Pseudomonas perfectomarinus .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,31:504 -508 .

10.1007/BF00386519

C. C. Barford, J. P. Montoya, M. A. Altabet, and R. Mitchell .1999 .Steady-state nitrogen isotope effects of N2and N2O production in Paracoccus denitrificans .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,65:989 -994 .

10.4319/lo.1975.20.6.0962

10.1071/SR99009

G. Billen, M. Somville, E. deBecker, and P. Servais .1985 .A nitrogen budget of the Scheldt hydrographical basin .Pages191 -285inF. Colijn and W. Helder, editorsNutrients in estuaries: eutrophication and other effects EBSA/Hydrobiological Society Symposium: Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek, Texel, The Netherlands.

10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00142-5

10.1007/s10040-001-0183-3

10.1029/95WR01584

10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0821

10.1029/2001WR000663

10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00007-2

10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00566.x

J. Bottcher, O. Strebel, and W. H. M. Duynisveld .1989 .Kinetik und modellierung gekoppelter stoffumsetzungen im grundwasser eines lockergesteins-aquifers .Geologishes Jahrbuch,51:3 -40 .

10.1016/0022-1694(90)90068-9

10.1128/AEM.67.4.1893-1901.2001

10.1128/AEM.66.5.2096-2104.2000

J. A. Brandes, and A. H. Devol .2002 .A global marine-fixed nitrogen isotopic budget: implications for Holocene nitrogen cycling .Global Biogeochemical Cycles,16:1120.[doi: 10.1029/2001GB001856].

10.4319/lo.1998.43.7.1680

10.1357/002224091784995710

10.1080/00103628509367626

10.1023/A:1015870518723

10.4319/lo.1992.37.7.1483

10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00092-0

10.1021/ac020113w

10.1080/01490450303895

10.1128/AEM.67.5.2213-2221.2001

10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1402:TFSODC]2.0.CO;2

E. E. Cey, D. L. Rudolph, R. Aravena, and G. Parkin .1999 .Role of the riparian zone in controlling the distribution and fate of agricultural nitrogen near a small stream in southern Ontario .Journal of Hydrology,37:45 -67 .

10.1016/0016-7037(87)90211-0

10.1128/AEM.68.3.1425-1430.2002

P. B. Christensen, L. P. Nielsen, N. P. Revsbech, and J. Sorensen .1989 .Microzonation of denitrification activity in stream sediments as studied with a combined oxygen and nitrous oxide microsensor .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,55:1234 -1241 .

10.4319/lo.1990.35.3.0640

I. D. Clark, and P. Fritz .1997 .Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology Lewis Publishers, New York, New York, USA.

10.1016/0304-4203(75)90009-2

10.4319/lo.1972.17.6.0885

10.3989/scimar.2001.65s285

J. Colt, 1984 .Computation of dissolved gas concentrations in water as functions of temperature, salinity, and pressure .American Fisheries Society Symposium Special Publication 14 .

P. G. Cook, and J. K. Bohlke .2000 .Determining timescales for groundwater flow and solute transport .Pages1 -30inP. G. Cook and A. Herczeg, editorsEnvironmental tracers in subsurface hydrology Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

P. G. Cook, and A. L. Herczeg .2000 .Environmental tracers in subsurface hydrology Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

10.1023/A:1009921414151

J. C. Cornwell, and P. A. Sampou .1995 .Environmental controls on iron sulfide mineral formation in a coastal plain estuary .Pages2224 -2242inM. A. Vairavamuthy and M. A. Schoonen, editorsGeochemical transformations of sedimentary sulfur American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., USA.

10.1038/nature01526

T. Dalsgaard et al.2000 .Protocol handbook for NICE--nitrogen cycling in estuaries: a project under the EU research programme: Marine Science and Technology (MAST III) National Environmental Research Institute, Silkeborg, Denmark.

10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900020018x

M. B. David, G. F. McIsaac, T. V. Royer, R. G. Darmody, and L. E. Gentry .2001 .Estimated historical and current nitrogen balances for Illinois .Scientific World,1:597 -604 .

10.1021/es60046a004

10.1038/349319a0

10.1029/90GB02656

10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00090-5

K. O. Emery, W. L. Orr, and S. C. Rittenberg .1955 .Nutrient budgets in the ocean .Pages299 -310inEssays in the natural sciences in honor of Captain Alan Hancock University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, California, USA.

10.1007/BF02692205

T. Fenchel, and T. H. Blackburn .1979 .Bacteria and mineral cycling Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.

10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13742.x

10.1016/0038-0717(92)90013-N

O. A. Foloronuso, and D. E. Rolston .1984 .Spatial variability of field-measured denitrification gas fluxes and soil properties .Soil Science Society of America Journal,49:1087 -1093 .

10.1038/374713a0

E. O. Frind, W. H. M. Duynisveld, O. Strebel, and J. Boettcher .1990 .Modeling of multicomponent transport with microbial transformation in groundwater: the Fuhrberg case .Water Resources Research,26:1707 -1719 .

10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00176-3

10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2

10.1029/95GB00158

10.1111/j.1365-2389.1978.tb00802.x

10.1029/1999PA000422

10.1038/376755a0

10.2307/1352349

D. A. Goolsby, W. A. Battaglin, G. B. Lawrence, R. S. Artz, B. T. Aulenbach, R. P. Hooper, D. R. Keeney, and G. J. Stensland .1999 .Flux and sources of nutrients in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River basin. Topic 3. Report of the integrated assessment on hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 17 NOAA Coastal Ocean Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

D. C. Gordon, P. R. Boudreau, K. H. Mann, J.E. Ong, W. L. Silvert, S. V. Smith, G. Wattayakorn, F. Wulff, and T. Yanagi .1996 .LOICZ biogeochemical modelling guidelines .LOICZ Reports and Studies,5:1 -96 .

10.4319/lo.2004.49.5.1763

10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08971.x

10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00131-8

P. M. Groffman, E. Holland, D. D. Myrold, G. P. Robertson, and X. Zou .1999 .Denitrification .Pages272 -288inG. P. Robertson, C. S. Bledsoe, D. C. Coleman, and P. Sollins, editorsStandard soil methods for long term ecological research Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

10.2307/1940085

10.1080/00103629209368671

10.1029/97GB00077

10.1128/AEM.67.2.760-768.2001

D. Y. Guschin, B. K. Mobarry, D. Proudnikov, D. A. Stahl, B. E. Rittmann, and A. D. Mirzabekov .1997 .Oligonucleotide microchips as genosensors for determinative and environmental studies in microbiology .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,63:2397 -2402 .

G. R. Hallberg, and D. R. Keeney .1993 .Nitrate .Pages297 -322inW. M. Alley, editorRegional ground-water quality Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, New York, USA.

S. Hallin, and P. E. Lindgren .1999 .PCR detection of genes encoding nitrite reductase in denitrifying bacteria .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,65:1652 -1657 .

R. D. Hauck, and S. W. Melsted .1956 .Some aspects of the problem of evaluating denitrification in soils .Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,20:361 -364 .

10.1097/00010694-195811000-00011

10.1016/0022-1694(81)90070-6

10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0709

10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00186-5

10.1016/j.mimet.2004.07.002

M. J. Higginson, and M. A. Altabet .2004 .Initial test of the silicic acid leakage hypothesis using sedimentary biomarkers .Geophysical Research Letters,31:L18303.[doi: 10.1029/2004GL020511].

K. M. Hiscock, J. W. Lloyd, and D. N. Lerner .1991 .Review of natural and artificial denitrification of groundwater .Water Resources,25:1099 -1111 .

10.3354/meps224001

10.2307/1353067

10.1007/BF02179825

M. R. Hyman, and D. J. Arp .1987 .Quantification and removal of some contaminating gases from acetylene used to study gas-utilizing enzymes and microorganisms .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,53:298 -303 .

10.1111/j.1574-6968.1978.tb02889.x

10.1029/1999GL010960

10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00127.x

10.4319/lo.1984.29.3.0609

K. Jensen, N. P. Revsbech, and L. P. Nielsen .1993 .Microscale distribution of nitrification activity in sediment determined with a shielded microsensor for nitrate .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,59:3287 -3296 .

J. Johnstone, 1908 .Conditions of life in the sea Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

10.1038/296643a0

G. Jossette, B. Leporcq, N. Sanchez, and X. Philippon .1999 .Biogeochemical mass-balances (C, N, P, Si) in three large reservoirs of the Seine Basin (France) .Biogeochemistry,47:119 -146 .

10.3354/meps094267

W. A. Jury, J. Letey, and T. Collins .1982 .Analysis of chamber methods used for measuring nitrous oxide production in the field .Soil Science Society of America Journal,46:250 -255 .

10.1007/BF00026234

10.1021/ac00095a009

10.4319/lo.1998.43.2.0334

10.1007/BF02803571

10.1023/A:1015798105851

D. R. Keeney, 1986 .Critique of the acetylene blockage technique for field measurement of denitrification .Pages103 -115inR. D. Hauck and R. W. Weaver, editorsField measurement of dinitrogen fixation and denitrification Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.

10.2307/1352350

10.1029/2001PA000650

10.1007/BF00478364

10.1038/nature01472

R. J. Laughlin, and R. J. Stevens .2002 .Evidence for fungal dominance of denitrification and codenitrification in a grassland soil .Soil Science Society America Journal,66:1540 -1548 .

10.1023/A:1021398431995

10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00085-1

B. D. Lindsey, S. W. Phillips, C. A. Donnelly, G. K. Speiran, L. N. Plummer, J. K. Bohlke, M. J. Focazio, W. C. Burton, and E. Busenberg .2003 .Residence times and nitrate transport in ground water discharging to streams in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 03-4035 U.S. Geological Survey, New Cumberland, Pennsylvania, USA.

K.H. Linne von Berg, and H. Bothe .1992 .The distribution of denitrifying bacteria in soils monitored by DNA-probing .FEMS Microbiology Ecology,86:331 -340 .

W.T. Liu, T. L. Marsh, H. Cheng, and L. J. Forney .1997 .Characterization of microbial diversity by determining terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding 16S rRNA .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,63:4516 -4522 .

10.1128/AEM.69.6.3549-3560.2003

10.3354/meps132169

10.1007/BF02374138

10.1016/0016-7037(88)90010-5

10.1016/0198-0149(87)90086-0

10.1007/s10021-003-0161-9

J. H. McCutchan, J. F. Saunders, A. L. Pribyl, and W. M. Lewis .2003 .Open-channel estimation of denitrification .Limnology and Oceanography Methods,1:74 -81 .

10.1038/302328a0

10.1023/B:BIOG.0000049342.08183.90

10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03037-5

10.1029/1999WR900004

10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.05.003

P. B. McMahon, J. K. Bohlke, and T. M. Lehman .2004b .Vertical gradients in water chemistry and age in the southern High Plains Aquifer, Texas, 2002. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5053 U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, USA.

10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01124.x

10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00823.x

10.1128/AEM.66.4.1564-1571.2000

10.4319/lo.1996.41.8.1839

10.4319/lo.1996.41.8.1846

Y. Miyake, and E. Wada .1971 .The isotope effect on the nitrogen in biochemical, oxidation-reduction reactions .Records of Oceanographic Works in Japan,11:1 -6 .

M. Moeseneder, J. M. Arrieta, G. Muyzer, C. Winter, and G. Herndl .1999 .Optimization of terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for complex marine bacterioplankton communities and comparison with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,65:3518 -3525 .

10.2307/2256395

10.1016/0038-0717(80)90023-1

10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0809

D. D. Myrold, 1990 .Measuring denitrification in soils using15N techniques .Pages181 -198inN. P. Revsbech and J. Sorensen, editorsDenitrification in soil and sediment Plenum Press, New York, New York, USA.

10.1007/BF00266482

10.3354/meps119275

10.3354/meps219025

10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb04828.x

10.4319/lo.1996.41.8.1845

10.1080/01490458109377763

T. Nishio, I. Koike, and A. Hattori .1982 .Denitrification, nitrate reduction and oxygen-consumption in coastal and estuarine sediments .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,43:648 -653 .

T. Nishio, I. Koike, and A. Hattori .1983 .Estimates of denitrification and nitrification in coastal and estuarine sediments .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,45:444 -450 .

10.1007/BF02179826

S. W. Nixon, C. A. Oviatt, and S. S. Hale .1976 .Nitrogen regeneration and the metabolism of coastal marine bottom communities .Pages269 -283inJ. M. Anderson and A. MacFadyen, editorsThe role of terrestrial and aquatic organisms in decomposition processes Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

10.1128/AEM.68.10.5017-5025.2002

10.1080/00015125609433269

10.1006/ecss.1994.1009

R. S. Oremland, C. Umberger, C. W. Culbertson, and R. L. Smith .1984 .Denitrification in San Francisco Bay intertidal sediments .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,47:1106 -1112 .

10.3354/ame019081

10.3354/meps209035

T. B. Parkin, 1987 .Soil microsites as a source of denitrification variability .Soil Science Society of America Journal,51:1194 -1199 .

10.1016/0038-0717(84)90026-9

T. B. Parkin, J. L. Starr, and J. J. Meisinger .1987 .Influence of sample size on measurements of soil denitrification rates .Soil Science Society of America Journal,51:1492 -1501 .

10.1016/0378-1127(91)90193-Y

10.1029/91WR00989

10.1007/s10533-004-0565-4

L. Rayleigh, 1896 .Theoretical considerations respecting the separation of gases by diffusion and similar processes .Philosophical Magazine,42:493 -498 .

A. C. Redfield, 1934 .On the proportions of organic derivatives in sea water and their relation to the composition of plankton .Pages177 -192inR. J. Daniel, editorJames Johnstone Memorial Volume Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, UK.

A. C. Redfield, B. H. Ketchum, and F. A. Richards .1963 .The influence of organisms on the composition of sea-water .Pages26 -77inM. N. Hill, editorThe sea. Volume 2 John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.

10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0368

N. P. Revsbech, and J. Sorensen .1990 .Measurement of sediment denitrification using 15-N tracer method .Pages259 -275inN. P. Revsbech and J. Sorensen, editorsDenitrification in soil and sediment Plenum Press, New York, New York, USA.

10.1128/AEM.69.10.5974-5982.2003

F. A. Richards, 1965 .Anoxic basins and fjords .Pages611 -645inJ. P. Riley and G. Skirrow, editorsChemical oceanography. Volume 1 Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.

10.1016/0146-6313(61)90043-0

10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00121-3

N. Risgaard-Petersen, L. P. Nielsen, S. Rysgaard, T. Dalsgaard, and R. L. Meyer .2003 .Application of the isotope pairing technique in sediments where anammox and denitrification coexist .Limnology and Oceanography Methods,1:63 -73 .

10.3354/ame017279

10.2307/1941649

G. P. Robertson, and J. M. Tiedje .1985 .Denitrification and nitrous oxide production in old growth and successional Michigan forests .Soil Science Society of America Journal,48:383 -389 .

10.1016/0038-0717(87)90080-0

10.1016/0022-1694(95)02885-4

10.1038/204444a0

10.2134/jeq2004.1296

10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04702.x

10.1002/jsfa.2740331205

J. C. Ryden, L. J. Lund, and D. D. Focht .1979a .Direct measurement of denitrification loss from soils: I. Laboratory evaluation of acetylene inhibition of nitrous oxide reduction .Soil Science Society of America Journal,43:104 -109 .

J. C. Ryden, L. J. Lund, J. Letey, and D. D. Focht .1979b .Direct measurement of denitrification loss from soils: II. Development and application of field methods .Soil Science Society of America Journal,43:110 -118 .

10.1016/0038-0717(87)90059-9

D. J. Scala, and L. J. Kerkhof .1999 .Diversity of nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) genes in continental shelf sediments .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,65:1681 -1687 .

10.1128/AEM.66.5.1980-1986.2000

10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00021-7

10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00059-X

10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105

10.4319/lo.1988.33.4_part_2.0702

10.1007/BF00023750

10.1016/0016-7037(80)90234-3

A. J. Sexstone, T. B. Parkin, and J. M. Tiedje .1985 .Temporal response of soil denitrification rates to rainfall and irrigation .Soil Science Society of America Journal,49:99 -103 .

10.1029/2002GC000384

10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2410:DNRTAI]2.0.CO;2

10.1007/BF02011849

R. L. Smith, J. K. Bohlke, S. P. Garabedian, K. M. Revesz, and T. Yoshinari .2004 .Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with15N: in situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction .Water Resources Research,40:W07101.[doi: 10.1029/2003WR002919].

10.1016/0016-7037(91)90026-2

10.1016/0272-7714(91)90055-G

J. Sorenson, 1978 .Denitrification rates in a marine sediment as measured by acetylene inhibition technique .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,36:143 -189 .

10.1016/0021-8634(70)90126-5

10.1007/BF01578484

10.1097/00010694-197003000-00010

10.1128/AEM.67.9.3771-3778.2001

R. W. Sterner, and J. J. Elser .2002 .Ecological stoichiometry: the biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.

10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00036-0

R. J. Stevens, R. J. Laughlin, G. J. Atkins, and S. J. Prosser .1993 .Automated determination of nitrogen-15-labeled dinitrogen and nitrous oxide by mass spectrometry .Soil Science Society of America Journal,57:981 -988 .

10.1016/0022-1694(90)90230-U

10.1038/22749

W. Stumm, and J. J. Morgan .1996 .Aquatic chemistry. Third edition Wiley, New York, New York, USA.

M. Stute, and P. Schlosser .2000 .Atmospheric noble gases .Pages349 -377inP. G. Cook and A. L. Herczeg, editorsEnvironmental tracers in subsurface hydrology Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

R. Sugisaki, 1959 .Measurement of effective flow velocity of ground water by means of dissolved gases .American Journal of Science,259:144 -153 .

M. Swerts, G. Uytterhoeven, R. Merckx, and K. Vlassak .1995 .Semicontinuous measurement of soil atmosphere gases with gas-flow soil core method .Soil Science Society of America Journal,59:1336 -1342 .

10.1128/AEM.69.2.1159-1171.2003

R. E. Terry, and J. M. Duxbury .1985 .Acetylene decomposition in soils .Soil Science Society of America Journal,49:90 -94 .

10.1029/2000WR900035

10.1128/AEM.68.3.1312-1318.2002

10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00274.x

10.1016/j.femsec.2004.04.011

J. M. Tiedje, 1988 .Ecology of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium .Pages170 -244inA. J. B. Zehnder, editorBiology of anaerobic microorganisms John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.

10.1007/BF00399542

10.1007/BF02202594

E. Topp, and J. C. Germon .1986 .Acetylene metabolism and stimulation of denitrification in an agricultural soil .Applied and Environmental Microbiology,52:802 -806 .

10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00131-4

O. Van Cleemput, 1971 .Etude de la denitrification dans le sol .Pedologie,21:367 -376 .

10.1016/0043-1354(95)00250-2

I. M. Verstraeten, G. V. Steele, J. K. Bohlke, T. F. Kraemer, K. E. Wilson, and A. E. Carnes .2001a .Selected field and analytical methods and analytical results in the Dutch Flats area, western Nebraska, 1995-99. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-413 U.S. Geological Survey Information Services, Denver, Colorado, USA.

I. M. Verstraeten, G. V. Steele, J. C. Cannia, D. E. Hitch, K. G. Scripter, J. K. Bohlke, T. F. Kraemer, and J. S. Stanton .2001b .Interaction of surface water and ground water in the Dutch Flats area, western Nebraska, 1995-99. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4070 U.S. Geological Survey Information Services, Denver, Colorado, USA.

10.1016/0022-1694(81)90069-X

10.1002/jpln.19901530305

10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00110-2

H. M. Walter, D. R. Keeney, and I. R. Fillery .1979 .Inhibition of nitrification by acetylene .Soil Science Society of America Journal,43:195 -196 .

10.2307/1353326

R. F. Weiss, 1970 .The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and seawater .Deep-Sea Research,17:721 -735 .

10.1126/science.161.3838.269

10.3354/meps208065

10.1111/j.1365-2389.1978.tb00801.x

10.1016/0022-1694(90)90166-U

10.1016/j.femsec.2004.02.002

F. Wulff, A. Stigebrandt, and L. Rahm .1990 .Nutrient dynamics of the Baltic Sea .Ambio,19:126 -133 .

10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00208-3

10.4141/cjss82-015

10.1016/0006-291X(76)90932-3

10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02206.x

10.3354/meps114275

W. G. Zumft, 1997 .Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification .Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review,61:533 -616 .

W. G. Zumft, 1999 .The denitrifying prokaryotes .InM. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K.H. Schleifer, and E. Stackebrandt, editorsThe prokaryotes: an evolving electronic resource for the microbiological community. Third edition, release 3.0 Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. http://141.150.157.117:8080/prokPUB/index.htm .