Long-Term Monitoring of Field Trial Sites with Genetically Modified Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Fifteen Years Persistence to Date but No Spatial Dispersion

Genes - Tập 7 Số 1 - Trang 3
Anke Belter1
1Saxony-Anhalt State Office for Environmental Protection, Reideburger Str. 47, 06116 Halle/Saale, Germany

Tóm tắt

Oilseed rape is known to persist in arable fields because of its ability to develop secondary seed dormancy in certain agronomic and environmental conditions. If conditions change, rapeseeds are able to germinate up to 10 years later to build volunteers in ensuing crops. Extrapolations of experimental data acted on the assumption of persistence periods for more than 20 years after last harvest of rapeseed. Genetically-modified oilseed rape—cultivated widely in Northern America since 1996—is assumed not to differ from its conventional form in this property. Here, experimental data are reported from official monitoring activities that verify these assumptions. At two former field trial sites in Saxony-Anhalt genetically-modified herbicide-resistant oilseed rape volunteers are found up to fifteen years after harvest. Nevertheless, spatial dispersion or establishment of GM plants outside of the field sites was not observed within this period.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), Brief 49-2014. Available online: http://isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/49/pptslides/pdf/B49-Slides-English.pdf.

GMO Compass Genetically Modified Food and Feed: Authorization in the EU. Available online: www.gmo-compass.org/eng/gmo/db/.

Gesetz zur Regelung der Gentechnik (Gentechnikgesetz—GenTG). Available online: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/gentg/gesamt.pdf.

German Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety Description of GMO field trial projects, Status as of 2013. Available online: http://apps2.bvl.bund.de/freisetzung/index.html.

Sausse, 2007, Occurrence of genetically modified oilseed rape seeds in the harvest of subsequent conventional oilseed rape over time, Eur. J. Agron., 27, 115, 10.1016/j.eja.2007.02.009

Pekrun, 1997, Induction of secondary dormancy in rape seeds (Brassica napus L.) by prolonged imbibition under conditions of water stress or oxygen deficiency in darkness, Eur. J. Agron., 6, 245, 10.1016/S1161-0301(96)02051-5

Pekrun, 1998, Cultural control of volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus), J. Agric. Sci., 130, 155, 10.1017/S0021859697005169

Momoh, 2002, Variation in the development of secondary dormancy in oilseed rape genotypes under conditions of stress, Weed Res., 42, 446, 10.1046/j.1365-3180.2002.00308.x

Schlink, 1998, 10 years survival of rape seed (Brassica napus L.) in soil, J. Plant Dis. Prot., 26, 169

Lutman, 2003, The long-term persistence of seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in arable fields, J. Agric. Sci., 141, 231, 10.1017/S0021859603003575

Squire, G.R., Begg, G.S., and Askew, M. The Potential for Oilseed Rape Feral (Volunteer) Weeds to Cause Impurities in Later Oilseed Rape Crops. Available online: http://www.scri.ac.uk/scri/file/EPI/Agroecology/Volunteer_impurities_in_oilseed_rape_rg0114.pdf.

Pettersson, 2008, Long-term persistence of GM oilseed rape in the seedbank, Biol. Lett., 4, 314, 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0123

Beckie, 2010, Persistence of an oilseed rape transgene in the environment, Crop Prot., 29, 509, 10.1016/j.cropro.2009.11.013

Munier, 2012, Seed bank persistence of genetically modified canola in California, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 19, 2281, 10.1007/s11356-011-0733-8

Lutman, 2005, Persistence of seeds from crops of conventional and herbicide tolerant oilseed rape (Brassica napus), Proc. Biol. Sci., 272, 1909

Gruber, 2005, Life cycle and potential gene flow of volunteer oilseed rape in different tillage systems, Weed Res., 45, 83, 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2004.00422.x

Pekrun, 2006, Reducing potential gene escape in time by appropriate post-harvest tillage—Evidence from field experiments with oilseed rape at 10 sites in Europe, Eur. J. Agron., 25, 289, 10.1016/j.eja.2006.06.006

Gruber, 2010, Sleepers in the soil—Vertical distribution by tillage and long-term survival of oilseed rape seeds compared with plastic pellets, Eur. J. Agron., 33, 81, 10.1016/j.eja.2010.03.003

Weber, 2014, Emergence and performance of volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in different crops, Eur. J. Agron., 60, 33, 10.1016/j.eja.2014.07.004

Henne, 2015, Äcker haben ein langes Gedächtnis. Zunehmender Rapsdurchwuchs zwingt zu Stoppelmanagement nach der Ernte, Bauernblatt, 8, 31

Middelhoff, U., and Windhorst, W. Ausbreitungsverhalten von gentechnisch verändertem (GV-) Raps—Eine Studie für Schleswig-Holstein. Available online: http://www.keine-gentechnik.de/bibliothek/naturschutz/studien/uni_kiel_ausbreitung_gvraps_040201.pdf.

Arndt, N., and Pohl, M. Analyse der bei Freisetzungen gentechnisch veränderter Pflanzen durchgeführten Sicherheitsmaßnahmen: Erhebungszeitraum 1998–2004. (In German).

96/158/EC: Commission Decision of 6 February 1996 Concerning the Placing on the Market of a Product Consisting of a Genetically Modified Organism, Hybrid Herbicide-Tolerant Swede-Rape Seeds (Brassica napus L. oleifera Metzq. MS1Bn × RF1Bn), Pursuant to Council Directive 90/220/EEC. Available online: http://old.eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31996D0158:EN:HTML.

Diepenbrock, W. (2000). Versuchsstationen Bad Lauchstädt und Etzdorf, Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. Hrsg. Institut für Acker-und Pflanzenbau, Etzdorf. (In German).

Tinker, 1993, Random amplified polymorphic DNA and pedigree relationship in spring barley, Theor. Appl. Genet., 85, 976, 10.1007/BF00215037

German Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL) (2015). Official Collection of Methods for Sampling and Detection, Beuth Verlag. (In German).

German National and Federal Länder Joint Committee on Genetic Engineering (LAG) (2002). PCR Detection of p35S-pat-Construct in transgenic crops. PCR-Nachweis der p35S-pat-Genkassette in transgenen Kulturpflanzen. Bundesgesundhbl, 45, 929–931. (In German).

German Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL) (2015). Official Collection of Methods for Sampling and Detection, Beuth Verlag. (In German).

German National and Federal Länder Joint Committee on Genetic Engineering (LAG) PCR Detection of pSSUAra-Bar-Construct in Transgenic Crops. PCR-Nachweis der pSSUAra/bar-Genkassette in transgenen Kulturpflanzen., Subcommittee for Method Development. Available online: http://www.lag-gentechnik.de/dokumente/uam-methoden/008.pdf.

Hess, 2002, Insertion specific detection methods for transgenic plant varieties implementing inverse PCR, Bundesgesundheitsblatt, 45, 626, 10.1007/s00103-002-0444-x

Mazzara, M., Grazioli, E., Savini, C., and van den Eede, G. Event-Specific Method for the Quantification of Oilseed Rape Line RT73 Using Real-Time PCR—Validation Report and Protocol. Available online: http://gmo-crl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/gmomethods/docs/QT-EVE-BN-004.pdf.

Savini, C. In-House Validation of an Event-specific Method for the Quantification of Oilseed Rape MS1 Using Real-time PCR—Validation Report and Protocol. Available online: http://gmo-crl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/gmomethods/docs/QT-EVE-BN-005.pdf.

Mazzara, M., Bogni, A., Savini, C., and van den Eede, G. Event-Specific Method for the Quantification of Oilseed Rape Line Ms8 Using Real-Time PCR—Validation Report and Protocol. Available online: http://gmo-crl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/gmomethods/docs/QT-EVE-BN-002.pdf.

Mazzara, M. In-House Validation of an Event-Specific Method for the Quantification of Oilseed Rape RF1 Using Real-Time PCR—Validation Report and Protocol. Available online: http://gmo-crl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/gmomethods/docs/QT-EVE-BN-006.pdf.

Savini, C., Bogni, A., Mazzara, M., and van den Eede, G. Event-Specific Method for the Quantification of Oilseed Rape Line Rf3 Using Real-time PCR—Validation Report and Protocol. Available online: http://gmo-crl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/gmomethods/docs/QT-EVE-BN-003.pdf.

Green, M.R., and Sambrock, J. (2012). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press. [4th ed.].

Gesetz zur Schätzung des landwirtschaftlichen Kulturbodens (Bodenschätzungsgesetz—BodSchätzG) vom 20. Dezember 2007 (BGBl. I S. 3150, 3176). Available online: http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D'bgbl114s0962.pdf'%5D#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl114s0962.pdf%27%5D__1445595249132.

Gruber, 2014, Which soils are comfortable for oilseed rape seeds (Brassica napus) to survive?, Plant Soil Environ., 60, 280, 10.17221/155/2014-PSE

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Statement of Policy—Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties, Available online: http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Biotechnology/ucm096095.htm.

Schauzu, 2000, The concept of substantial equivalence in safety assessment of foods derived from genetically modified organisms, AgBiotechNet, 2, 1

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2010). Guidance on the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants. EFSA J., 8, 1–111.

Franzaring, J., Holz, I., and Fangmeier, A. Bislang keine Vorkommen von herbizid-tolerantem Raps in der Umgebung ehemaliger Freisetzungsflächen—Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie zum GVO-Screening von Ruderalraps. Available online: https://ecology.uni-hohenheim.de/fileadmin/einrichtungen/ecology/Dateien_Inst-Ber_18/Franzaring_Raps_NEU.pdf.

Yoshimura, 2006, Transgenic oilseed rape along transportation routes and port of Vancouver in western Canada, Environ. Biosaf. Res., 5, 67, 10.1051/ebr:2006019

Knispel, 2010, Landscape-scale distribution and persistence of genetically modified oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in Manitoba, Canada, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 17, 13, 10.1007/s11356-009-0219-0

Saji, 2005, Monitoring the escape of transgenic oilseed rape around Japanese ports and roadsides, Environ. Biosaf. Res., 4, 217, 10.1051/ebr:2006003

Aono, 2006, Detection of feral transgenic oilseed rape with multiple-herbicide resistance in Japan, Environ. Biosaf. Res., 5, 77, 10.1051/ebr:2006017

Kawata, 2009, Dispersal and persistence of genetically modified oilseed rape around Japanese harbors, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 16, 120, 10.1007/s11356-008-0074-4

Nishizawa, 2009, Monitoring the occurrence of genetically modified oilseed rape growing along a Japanese roadside: 3-year observations, Environ. Biosaf. Res., 8, 33, 10.1051/ebr/2009001

Pessel, 2001, Persistence of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) outside of cultivated fields, Theor. Appl. Genet., 102, 841, 10.1007/s001220100583

Pivard, 2008, Where do the feral oilseed rape populations come from? A large-scale study of their possible origin in a farmland area, J. Appl. Ecol., 45, 476, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01358.x

Kowarik, 2007, Crop seed spillage along roads: A factor of uncertainty in the containment of GMO, Ecography, 30, 483, 10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05072.x

Schafer, 2011, The establishment of genetically engineered canola populations in the U.S, PLoS ONE, 6, e25736, 10.1371/journal.pone.0025736

Schulze, 2014, Unexpected diversity of feral genetically modified oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) despite a cultivation and import ban in Switzerland, PLoS ONE, 9, e114477, 10.1371/journal.pone.0114477

Devos, 2012, Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rapefrom seed import spills: Are concerns scientifically justified?, Transgenic Res., 21, 1, 10.1007/s11248-011-9515-9

Katsuta, 2015, Long-term monitoring of feral genetically modified herbicide-tolerant Brassica napus populations around unloading Japanese ports, Breed. Sci., 65, 265, 10.1270/jsbbs.65.265