Life History and Developmental Processes in the Basidiomycete<i>Coprinus cinereus</i>

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews - Tập 64 Số 2 - Trang 316-353 - 2000
Ursula Kües1
1ETH Zürich, Institut für Mikrobiologie, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland

Tóm tắt

SUMMARYCoprinus cinereus has two main types of mycelia, the asexual monokaryon and the sexual dikaryon, formed by fusion of compatible monokaryons. Syngamy (plasmogamy) and karyogamy are spatially and temporally separated, which is typical for basidiomycetous fungi. This property of the dikaryon enables an easy exchange of nuclear partners in further dikaryotic-monokaryotic and dikaryotic-dikaryotic mycelial fusions. Fruiting bodies normally develop on the dikaryon, and the cytological process of fruiting-body development has been described in its principles. Within the specialized basidia, present within the gills of the fruiting bodies, karyogamy occurs in a synchronized manner. It is directly followed by meiosis and by the production of the meiotic basidiospores. The synchrony of karyogamy and meiosis has made the fungus a classical object to study meiotic cytology and recombination. Several genes involved in these processes have been identified. Both monokaryons and dikaryons can form multicellular resting bodies (sclerotia) and different types of mitotic spores, the small uninucleate aerial oidia, and, within submerged mycelium, the large thick-walled chlamydospores. The decision about whether a structure will be formed is made on the basis of environmental signals (light, temperature, humidity, and nutrients). Of the intrinsic factors that control development, the products of the two mating type loci are most important. Mutant complementation and PCR approaches identified further genes which possibly link the two mating-type pathways with each other and with nutritional regulation, for example with the cAMP signaling pathway. Among genes specifically expressed within the fruiting body are those for two galectins, β-galactoside binding lectins that probably act in hyphal aggregation. These genes serve as molecular markers to study development in wild-type and mutant strains. The isolation of genes for potential non-DNA methyltransferases, needed for tissue formation within the fruiting body, promises the discovery of new signaling pathways, possibly involving secondary fungal metabolites.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1017/S0016672300001336

10.2307/3757614

10.1094/PD-80-1189

Alexopoulous C. J. Mims C. W. Blackwell M. Introductory mycology 4th ed. 1996 John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York N.Y

10.1016/0304-4165(77)90118-0

Anderson G. E. The life history and genetics of Coprinus lagopus. 1971 Phillip Harris Biological Supplies Weston-super-Mare United Kingdom

10.1007/BF02268567

10.1007/BF02461334

10.1007/BF02460847

Arora D. Mushrooms demystified. A comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi 2nd ed. 1986 Ten Speed Press Berkeley Calif

10.1093/genetics/147.1.117

Asante-Owusu R. N. Manipulation of the A mating type genes of Coprinus cinereus. Ph.D. thesis. 1995 University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom

10.1016/0378-1119(96)00177-1

10.1099/13500872-141-6-1281

10.1006/fgbi.1997.0992

10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026187

Bakkeren G. Kronstad J. W. Conservation of the b mating-type gene complex among bipolar and tetrapolar smut fungi.Plant Cell51993123136

10.1073/pnas.90.24.11558

10.1016/S0966-842X(97)01144-X

10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00955.x

10.2307/3793253

Banham A. H. Asante-Owusu R. N. Göttgens B. Thompson S. A. J. Kingsnorth C. S. Mellor E. J. C. Casselton L. A. An N-terminal dimerization domain permits homeodomain proteins to choose compatible partners and initiate sexual development in the mushroom Coprinus cinereus.Plant Cell71995773783

10.1007/BF00445883

10.1016/0273-1177(95)00613-J

10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111356

Bensaude M. Recherches sur le cycle évolutif et la sexualité chez les Basidiomycètes. Ph.D. thesis. 1918 Faculté des Sciences de Paris Imprimerie Nemourienne Henri Bouloy Nemours France

10.1073/pnas.94.25.13749

Bianco P. R. Tracy R. B. Kowalczykowski S. C. DNA strand exchange proteins: a biochemical and physical comparison.Front. Biosci.171998D570D603

10.1073/pnas.96.14.8034

10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04828.x

10.1007/BF00259677

10.1099/00221287-98-2-467

10.1093/emboj/18.7.1723

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80141-X

10.2307/3761190

10.1006/fgbi.1998.1102

10.2307/1538873

10.1073/pnas.90.21.9921

10.1007/BF01916511

10.1007/BF01916336

10.1016/S0167-7012(98)00109-2

10.1016/S0008-6215(00)83803-3

10.1139/o80-021

Boulianne R. Kües U. Lu B. C. Aebi M. Galectin expression is correlated to development of multicellular structures in the fungus Coprinus cinereus Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting on the Genetics and Cellular Biology of Basidiomycetes. van Griensven L. J. L. D. Visser J. 1998 147 151 Mushroom Experimental Station Horst The Netherlands

Bourne A. N. Chiu S.-W. Moore D. Experimental approaches to the study of pattern formation in Coprinus cinereus Patterns in fungal development. Chiu S.-W. Moore D. 1996 126 155 Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom

Brefeld O. Botanische Untersuchungen über Schimmelpilze. III. Basidiomyceten. 1877 Arthur Felix Leipzig Germany

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a090278

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a090352

10.1006/fgbi.1998.1114

Brunswick H. Untersuchungen über die Geschlechts- und Kernverhältnisse bei der Hymenomyzetengattung Coprinus. Botanische Abhandlungen Heft 5. 1924 Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena Germany

10.1016/S0953-7562(89)80050-4

Bull A. T. Trinci A. P. J. The physiology and metabolic control of fungal growth.Adv. Microb. Physiol.501977184

Buller A. H. R. Researches on fungi. I. An account of the production liberation and dispersion of the spores of hymenomycetes treated botanically and physically. Also some observations upon the discharge and dispersion of the spores of ascomycetes and of Pilobolus. 1909 Hafner Publishing Co. New York N.Y

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089294

Buller A. H. R. Researches on fungi. II. Further investigations upon the production and liberation of spores in hymenomyctes. 1922 Hafner Publishing Co. New York N.Y

Buller A. H. R. Researches on fungi. III. The production and liberation of spores in hymenomycetes and Uredineae. 1924 Hafner Publishing Co. New York N.Y

10.1038/126686a0

Buller A. H. R. Researches on fungi IV. Further observations on the Coprini together with some investigations on social organisation and sex in the hymenomycetes. 1931 Hafner Publishing Co. New York N.Y

Buller A. H. R. Researches on fungi. V. Hyphal fusions and protoplasmic streaming in the higher fungi together with an account of the production and liberation of spores in Sporobolomyces Tilletia and Sphaerobolus. 1933 Hafner Publishing Co. New York N.Y

Buller A. H. R. Researches on fungi. VI. The biology and taxonomy of Pilobolus the production and liberation of spores in the discomycetes and pseudorhizae and gemnifers as organs of certain hymenomycetes. 1934 Hafner Publishing Co. New York N.Y

10.1007/BF02872465

Bürglin T. R. A comprehensive classification of homeobox genes Guidebook to the homeobox genes. Duboule D. 1994 25 72 Oxford University Press Oxford United Kingdom

10.1093/nar/25.21.4173

Burnett J. H. Fundamentals of mycology. 1976 Edward Arnold London United Kingdom

10.1128/mr.59.3.406-422.1995

10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb05674.x

10.1126/science.284.5415.760

10.1017/S0016672300004080

Casselton L. A. Control of nuclear migration in basidiomycetes Proceedings of the First Intersectional. Congress IAMS vol. 1. Comparative microbiology. Hasegawa T. 1975 301 309 Science Council of Japan Business Center for Academic Societies Japan

Casselton L. A. Dikaryon formation in higher basidiomycetes The filamentous fungi. Smith J. E. Berry D. R. 1978 275 297 Edward Arnold London United Kingdom

Casselton L. A. Genetics of Coprinus The mycota Kück U. II. Genetics and biotechnology 1995 35 48 Springer-Verlag KG Berlin, Germany

Casselton L. A. The mating type genes of the homobasidiomycete fungi Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting on the Genetics and Cellular Biology of Basidiomycetes. van Griensven L. J. L. D. Visser J. 1998 20 26 Mushroom Experimental Station Horst The Netherlands

10.1016/S0007-1536(66)80006-2

10.1007/BF00411081

Casselton L. A. Econoumou A. Dikaryon formation Developmental biology of higher fungi. Moore D. Casselton L. A. Wood D. A. Frankland J. C. 1985 213 229 Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom

Casselton L. A. Kües U. Mating-type genes in homobasidiomycetes The mycota vol. I. Growth differentiation and sexuality. Wessels J. G. H. Meinhardt F. 1994 307 322 Springer-Verlag KG Berlin Germany

10.1017/S0016672300009915

10.1017/S0016672300010314

10.1128/MMBR.62.1.55-70.1998

10.1099/00221287-66-3-273

10.1139/b95-256

10.1007/BF00395706

10.1093/nar/27.10.2072

Chang S.-T. Buswell J. A. Miles P. G. Genetics and breeding of edible mushrooms. 1993 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Y-Parc Switzerland

10.1016/0378-1119(92)90044-P

10.1016/S0007-1536(88)80096-2

10.1016/0309-1651(88)90038-0

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80357-2

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80623-0

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80244-X

10.1016/S0953-7562(89)80098-X

10.1126/science.282.5394.1698

Clémençon H. Der Nodulus and die Organogenese während der frühen Fruchtkörperentwicklung von Psilocybe cyanescens.Z. Mykol.6019944968

Clémençon H. Anatomie der Hymenomyceten. Eine Einführung in die Cytologie und Plectologie der Krustenpilze Porlinge Keulenpilze Leistlinge Blätterpilze und Röhrlinge. (Anatomy of the hymenomycetes. An introduction to the cytology and plectology of crust fungi bracket fungi club fungi Chantarelles Agarics and Boletes.) F. 1997 Flück-Wirth Teufen Switzerland

10.1016/0168-9525(94)90002-7

10.1074/jbc.272.3.1514

10.1038/2041113a0

10.1017/S0016672300009642

10.1007/BF00447144

10.1016/S0070-2153(08)60173-8

10.1007/s002940050512

10.1093/genetics/45.5.641

10.1017/S0016672300003426

10.1017/S0016672300003682

10.1093/genetics/62.2.265

10.1099/00221287-89-1-146

10.1006/fgbi.1999.1118

10.1146/annurev.bi.60.070191.003253

10.1016/0955-0674(94)90072-8

10.1038/nsb0498-310

Durand R. A photosensitive system for blue/UV light effects in the fungus Coprinus Blue light response: phenomena and occurrence in plants and microorganisms Senger H. 1 1987 31 41 CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Fla

10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077013

10.1007/s004380050968

10.1073/pnas.95.10.5684

10.1093/nar/1.11.1411

10.1016/S0966-842X(97)01130-X

10.1007/BF00411082

10.1007/BF00384614

10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb02924.x

Elliott C. G. Reproduction in fungi. Genetical and physiological aspects. 1994 Chapman & Hall London United Kingdom

Esser K. Kryptogamen. Cyanobakterien Algen Pilze Flechten: Praktikum und Lehrbuch 2nd ed. 1986 Springer-Verlag KG Berlin Germany

Esser K. Blaich R. Heterogenic incompatibility in fungi The mycota vol. I. Growth differentiation and sexuality. Wessels J. G. H. Meinhardt F. 1994 211 232 Springer Verlag KG Berlin Germany

10.1099/00221287-107-2-343

10.1093/genetics/135.2.357

Freedman T. Pukkila P. J. Quick and reliable method to analyze meiotic segregation patterns in Coprinus cinereus using polymerase chain reaction.Fungal Genet. Newsl.4019933637

10.1007/s004380050429

10.1101/gad.12.21.3408

10.1007/s004250050321

10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03241.x

10.1093/genetics/154.3.1125

10.1016/0378-1119(94)90289-5

10.1002/j.1537-2197.1965.tb06787.x

10.1016/0092-8674(92)90141-X

10.1126/science.274.5287.546

10.1006/bbrc.1994.1174

10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.4811847.x

10.1042/bst0011105

10.1016/S0007-1536(74)80047-1

Gooday G. W. The control of differentiation in fruit bodies of Coprinus cinereus.Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst.121975151160

Gooday G. W. Chitin synthesis and differentiation in Coprinus cinereus Fungal walls and hyphal growth. Burnett J. H. Trinci A. P. J. 1979 203 223 Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom

Gooday G. W. Metabolic control of fruitbody morphogenesis in Coprinus cinereus Basidium and basidiocarp. Evolution cytology function and development. Wells K. Wells E. K. 1982 157 174 Springer-Verlag New York N.Y

Gooday G. W. Elongation of the stipe of Coprinus cinereus Developmental biology of higher fungi. Moore D. Casselton L. A. Wood D. A. Fankland J. C. 1985 311 332 Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom

10.1099/00221287-89-1-137

10.1016/S0007-1536(76)80124-6

10.1007/s004380050542

10.1016/0273-1177(95)00615-L

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80869-1

10.1139/b97-830

10.1128/mmbr.61.4.429-441.1997

Gruen H. E. Control of stipe elongation by the pileus and mycelium in fruitbodies of Flammulina velutipes and other Aaricales Basidium and basidiocarp. Evolution cytology function and development. Wells K. Wells E. K. 1982 126 155 Springer-Verlag New York N.Y

10.1073/pnas.95.17.9843

10.1006/fgbi.1996.0945

10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81626-8

10.1093/genetics/154.3.1115

10.1042/bj3170141

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81119-2

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81120-9

10.1152/physrev.1998.78.4.1109

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089957

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a090121

10.1007/BF01288023

10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00508.x

10.1105/tpc.11.7.1293

Hatton J. P. Moore D. Kinetics of stem gravitropism in Coprinus cinereus, determination of presentation time and ‘dosage-response’ relationships using clinostats.FEMS Microbiol. Lett.10019928286

Hatton J. P. Moore D. Kinetics of stipe gravitropisms in the mushroom fungus Coprinus cinereus under the conditions of microgravity simulation provided by clinostat treatment.Micrograv. Q.41994101106

Hawskworth D. L. Kirk P. M. Sutton B. C. Pegler D. N. Ainsworth & Bisby's dictionary of the fungi. 1995 International Mycological Institute CAB International Wallingford United Kingdom

Haylock R. W. Economou A. Casselton L. A. Dikaryon formation in Coprinus cinereus: Selection and identification of B factor mutants.J. Gen. Microbiol.12119801726

Hegner J. Lengeler K. B. Gola S. Kothe E. Regulation of sexual development in Schizophyllum commune Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting on the Genetics and Cellular Biology of Basidiomycetes. Van Griensven L. J. L. D. Visser J. 1998 125 129 Mushroom Experimental Station Horst The Netherlands

10.1006/fgbi.1999.1119

10.1139/m70-081

10.1080/00275514.1971.12019166

Hennebert G. L. Pascal S. Cosyns M. Interactions d'incompatibilité entre homocaryons du basidiomycète bifactoriel Lenzites betulinus. Une phéromone de rèepulsion sexuelle? Cryptogam. Mycol. 15 1994 83 116

10.1099/00221287-113-1-13

10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61781-7

Hiscock S. J. Kües U. Stahl U. Sexual reproduction in plants: self-incompatibility as a mechanism promoting outbreeding and gene flow.Prog. Bot.561994276300

10.1016/S0962-8924(96)10037-4

10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06394.x

Hollenstein M. Aspekte zur genotypischen Determination der Oidienverteilung in Dikaryen von Coprinus cinereus. Diploma thesis. 1997 Institut für Mikrobiologie ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland

10.1007/BF02906519

10.1080/00275514.1994.12026378

10.1006/mpev.1999.0634

10.1016/S0007-1536(87)80031-1

Hurst L. D. Why are there only two sexes? Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 263 1993 415 422

10.1098/rspb.1992.0027

10.2307/3761380

10.1016/0378-1119(93)90335-Z

Iten W. Zur Funktion hydrolytischer Enzyme bei der Autolyse von Coprinus.Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges.791970175198

10.1099/00221287-61-3-301

Iwamoto R. Barrage phenomenon in Cortinellus shiitake and Coprinus macrorhizus f. microsporus.Mycol. Soc. Jpn. Trans.121971172178

10.1006/fgbi.1997.1019

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81121-0

10.1128/MCB.19.1.585

10.1099/00221287-95-2-348

10.1016/0959-437X(95)80022-0

10.2307/3761269

10.1016/0739-6260(85)90040-1

10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81091-0

Kamada T. Stipe elongation in fruit bodies The mycota vol. I. Growth differentiation and sexuality. Wessels J. G. H. Meinhardt F. 1994 367 380 Springer-Verlag KG Berlin Germany

10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a075551

10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a075551

Kamada T. Takemaru T. Modification of cell-wall polysaccharides during stipe elongation in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus.J. Gen. Microbiol.1291983703709

10.1139/b95-269

10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a075945

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81167-2

Kamada T. Miyazaki S. Takemaru T. Quantitative changes of DNA, RNA, and protein during basidiocarp maturation in Coprinus macrorhizus.Trans. Myc. Soc. Jpn.171976451460

Kamada T. Kurita R. Takemaru T. Effects of light on basidiocarp maturation in Coprinus macrorhizus.Plant Cell Physiol.191978263275

Kamada T. Fujii T. Takemaru T. Stipe elongation during basidiocarp maturation in Coprinus macrorhizus: changes in lytic enzymes.Trans. Mycol. Soc. Jpn.211980359367

Kamada T. Hamada Y. Takemaru T. Autolysis in vitro of the stipe cell wall in Coprinus macrorhizus.J. Gen. Microbiol.128198210411046

10.1007/BF01567696

10.1007/BF01567974

10.1007/BF01570294

10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077847

10.1007/BF01322277

10.1006/emyc.1993.1032

10.1016/0092-8674(95)90372-0

10.2323/jgam.32.541

10.1007/BF00334400

10.1007/BF02488437

10.1016/0147-5975(90)90019-P

10.1016/0300-9084(90)90032-C

10.1139/o90-150

10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81876-0

10.1128/aem.62.11.4296-4298.1996

10.1074/jbc.272.3.1589

10.1016/S0007-1536(75)80034-9

Kemp R. F. O. Oidial homing and the taxonomy and speciation of basidiomycetes with special reference to the genus Coprinus The species concept in hymenomycetes. Clémençon H. 1977 259 276 Cramer Vaduz Switzerland

10.1016/S0007-1536(80)80175-6

10.1016/S0007-1536(80)80166-5

10.1016/S0007-1528(85)80052-3

10.1017/S0960428600001931

Kendrick B. Watling R. Mitospores in basidiomycetes The whole fungus. Kendrick B. 1979 473 546 National Museums of Canada Ottawa

10.1016/0273-1177(95)00633-P

Kern V. D. Hook B. Gravitropism of fungi—experiments in space Proceedings of the 5th European Symposium on Life Sciences Research in Space. Oser H. Guyenne T. D. 1994 49 60 ESA Publications Division ESTEC Noordwijk The Netherlands

10.1006/fgbi.1997.1022

10.1006/fgbi.1997.1024

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81028-9

Kimura K. Studies on the sex of Coprinus macrorhizus Rea f. microsporous Hongo. I. Introductory experiments.Biol. J. Okayama Univ.119527279

Kimura K. Studies on the sex of Coprinus macrorhizus Rea f. microsporous Hongo. II. On the sexual strains.Biol. J. Okayama Univ.119528083

Kimura K. Diploidisation in the Hymenomycetes. I. Prelimary experiments.Biol. J. Okayama Univ.21954226233

Kimura K. Diploidization in the Hymenomycetes. II. Nuclear behaviour in the Buller phenomenon.Biol. J. Okayama Univ.41958159

Kimura K. Control of nuclear behavior in the Buller phenomenon.Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan231982449464

Kimura K. Takemaru T. Cytological studies of fungi. I. Basidial development of Coprinus macrorhizus REA f. microsporus HONGO.Biol. J. Okayama Univ.219555161

10.1016/S0167-4838(97)00103-9

Klaus M. J. Sexual development in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Diploma thesis. 1999 Institut für Mikrobiologie ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland

Knoll F. Untersuchungen über Längenwachstum und Geotropismus der Fruchtkörperstiele von Coprinus stiriacus.Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. I1181909575634

Knoll F. Über die Abscheidung von Flüssigkeit an und in den Fruchtkörpern verschiedener Hymenomyceten.Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges.3019123644

10.1242/jcs.4.3.739

10.1073/pnas.93.13.6764

10.1111/j.1574-6976.1996.tb00227.x

10.1111/j.1438-8677.1997.tb00630.x

10.1101/gad.4.8.1384

10.1146/annurev.genet.31.1.245

10.1007/s002030050659

10.1007/s004380050885

Kües U. Evolution of A factor specificity genes in Coprinus cinereus.Fungal Genet. Newsl.42A199567

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80107-X

10.1016/0168-9525(92)90084-H

Kües U. Casselton L. A. Molecular and functional analysis of the A mating type genes of Coprinus cinereus Genetic engineering principles and methods. Setlow J. K. 1992 251 268 Plenum Press New York N.Y

10.1242/jcs.104.2.227

Kües U. and Y. Liu. Fruitbody production in basidiomycetes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. in press.

Kües U. Stahl U. Recombination: Recombination of transforming DNA in fungi.Prog. Bot.521990201225

10.1101/gad.6.4.568

Kües U. Asante-Owusu R. N. Mutasa E. S. Tymon A. M. Pardo E. H. O'Shea S. F. Casselton L. A. Two classes of homeodomain proteins specify the multiple A mating types of the mushroom Coprinus cinereus.Plant Cell6199414671475

10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06722.x

10.1007/BF00279749

10.1007/s004380050873

Kües U. Granado J. D. Kertesz-Chaloupková K. Walser P. J. Hollenstein M. Polak E. Liu Y. Boulianne R. P. Bottoli A. P. F. Aebi M. Mating types and light are major regulators of development in Coprinus cinereus Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting on the Genetics and Cellular Biology of Basidiomycetes. Van Griensven L. J. L. D. Visser J. 1998 113 118 Mushroom Experimental Station Horst The Netherlands

10.1016/S0007-1536(87)80219-X

10.1016/0022-5193(72)90193-2

Lange I. Das Bewegungsverhalten der Kerne in fusionierten Zellen von Polystictus versicolor (l.).Flora1561966487497

10.1017/S0016672300000628

10.1017/S0016672300017444

10.1007/s004120050390

10.1006/fgbi.1997.1013

Liu Y. Granado J. D. Polak E. Kües U. Crosses with Amut Bmut homokaryons of Coprinus cinereus.Fungal Genet. Newsl.4619991620

10.1016/0014-4827(66)90397-1

10.1242/jcs.2.4.529

10.1139/g69-099

Reference deleted.

10.1242/jcs.6.3.669

10.1128/jb.111.3.833-834.1972

10.1093/genetics/78.2.661

10.1139/b74-039

10.1139/g74-015

10.1083/jcb.76.3.761

Lu B. C. Replication of deoxyribonucleic acid and crossing over in Coprinus Basidium and basidocarp. Evolution cytology function and development. Wells K. Wells E. K. 1982 93 112 Springer-Verlag New York N.Y

10.1242/jcs.67.1.25

10.1139/b91-149

Lu B. C. K. Chromosomes mitosis and meiosis Fungal genetics. Principles and practice. Bos C. J. 1996 119 176 Marcel Dekker Inc. New York N.Y

10.1007/BF00267563

10.1242/jcs.32.1.21

10.1242/jcs.17.3.461

10.1139/g88-066

10.1007/BF00325945

10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54820-1

10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14157.x

10.1093/genetics/144.4.1471

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083525

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083537

10.1016/S0007-1536(60)80013-7

Magae Y. Novotny C. Ullrich R. Interaction of the Aα Y mating-type and Z mating-type homeodomain proteins of Schizophyllum commune detected by the two-hybrid system.Biochem. Biophys. Acta211199510711076

10.1007/s002940050271

10.1101/gad.7.10.1862

10.1099/00221287-106-1-195

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80195-0

10.1007/BF00352311

10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0691p.x

10.1007/BF00424886

10.1007/BF00421843

10.1016/S0007-1536(88)80121-9

May G. Matzke E. Recombination and variation at the A mating-type of Coprinus cinereus.Mol. Biol. Evol.121995794802

10.1093/genetics/118.2.213

10.1093/genetics/128.3.529

10.1073/pnas.96.16.9172

10.1007/BF02462870

10.1128/jb.110.2.739-742.1972

10.1139/b73-022

10.1007/BF01275728

10.1002/j.1537-2197.1977.tb07599.x

McLaughlin D. J. Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of basidial and basidiospore development Basidium and basidiocarp. Evolution cytology function and development. Wells K. Wells E. K. 1982 37 74 Springer-Verlag New York N.Y

10.2307/3807759

10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb01149.x

10.1007/BF00521268

10.1007/BF00325705

10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00252.x

10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00458.x

10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00459.x

10.1016/S0092-8674(01)80007-6

10.1016/0898-6568(94)90050-7

10.1007/BF00409920

10.1007/BF00409921

10.1006/bbrc.1998.9091

10.1016/S0070-2153(08)60176-3

10.1139/b95-231

10.2307/3761212

10.1139/g90-016

10.1007/BF00365718

10.1016/0005-2744(81)90011-5

10.1016/0147-5975(84)90052-5

10.1016/S0007-1536(87)80064-5

10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00940.x

Moore D. Tissue formation The growing fungus. Gow N. A. R. Gadd G. M. 1995 423 466 Chapman & Hall London United Kingdom

10.1016/0273-1177(95)00614-K

Moore D. Inside the developing mushroom—cells tissues and tissue pattern Patterns in fungal development. Chiu S.-W. Moore D. 1996 1 36 Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom

Moore D. Fungal morphogenesis. 1998 Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom

10.1017/S0953756298006340

Moore D. Tolerance of imprecision in fungal morphogenesis Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting on the Genetics and Cellular Biology of Basidiomycetes. Van Griensven L. J. L. D. Visser J. 1998 13 19 Mushroom Experimental Station Horst The Netherlands

10.1099/00221287-97-2-313

10.1016/S0007-1536(76)80205-7

10.1080/00219266.1985.9654684

Moore D. Elhiti M. M. Y. Butler R. D. Morphogenesis of the carpophore of Coprinus cinereus.New Phytol.661979377382

10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02275.x

Moore D. Hammad F. Ji J. The stage in sporulation between the end of meiosis and emergence of sterigmata is most sensitive to ammonium inhibition in Coprinus cinereus.Microbios761993197201

10.1016/S0953-7562(96)80152-3

Moore R. T. The challenge of the dolipore/parenthesome septum Developmental biology of higher fungi. Moore D. Casselton L. A. Wood D. A. Frankland J. C. 1985 175 212 Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom

10.1128/MCB.19.1.556

Morimoto N. Oda Y. Effects of light on fruitbody formation in a basidiomycete, Coprinus macrorhizus.Plant Cell Physiol.141973217225

Morimoto N. Oda Y. Photo-induced karyogamy in a basidiomycete, Coprinus macrorhizus.Plant Cell Physiol.151974183186

Morimoto N. Suda S. Sagara N. Effect of ammonia on fruitbody induction of Coprinus cinereus in darkness.Plant Cell Physiol.221981247254

10.1242/dev.125.16.3133

10.1007/BF02463959

Muraguchi H. T. Takemaru and T. Kamada. A mutation in the eln2 gene encoding a cytochrome P450 of Coprinus cinereus affects mushroom morphogenesis. Fungal Genet. Biol. in press.

Murakami S. Studies of polyploidy in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus.Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst.271989156

10.1093/genetics/149.4.1753

Murata Y. Fujii M. Zolan M. E. Kamada T. Mutations in clamp-cell formation the A -regulated sexual morphogenesis in homobasidiomycetes Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting on the Genetics and Cellular Biology of Basidiomycetes. Van Griensven L. J. L. D. Visser J. 1998 143 146 Mushroom Experimental Station Horst The Netherlands

10.1007/BF00318385

10.1073/pnas.95.18.10477

10.1007/BF02983355

10.1007/BF00417020

Niederpruem D. J. Morphogenetic processes in Schizophyllum and Coprinus Genetics and morphogenesis in the basidiomycetes. Schwalb M. N. Miles P. G. 1978 105 134 Academic Press Inc. New York N.Y

10.1007/BF00406154

10.1099/00221287-98-2-529

North J. A dominance modifier for cycloheximide resistance in Coprinus cinereus.J. Gen. Microbiol.128198227472753

North J. Linkage map of Coprinus cinereus Schaeff. Ex Fr.. S. F. Gray Ink cap. N = 12 Genetic maps. Locus maps of complex genomes. Book 3 Lower eukaryotes 5th ed. O'Brien S. J. 1990 3.70 3.81 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Cold Spring Harbor N.Y

10.1017/S0016672300012969

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80512-1

10.1016/0273-1177(95)00616-M

10.1073/pnas.95.26.15826

10.1266/jjg.54.11

10.2323/jgam.26.229

10.1007/BF00413391

10.1093/emboj/18.10.2756

10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00497.x

10.1016/S0007-1536(57)80012-6

10.1093/genetics/148.3.1081

10.1093/genetics/144.1.87

10.1016/S0065-2660(08)60311-9

10.1016/S0065-2660(08)60330-2

10.1021/bi00197a033

Pinto-Lopes J. Almeida M. G. ‘Coprinus lagopus’ a confusing name as applied to several species.Port. Acta Biol. Ser. B111970167204

Polak E. Asexual sporulation in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Ph.D. thesis. 1999 ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland

Reference deleted.

10.1006/fgbi.1997.1010

Polak E. Kües U. Aebi M. Replica plating of Coprinus cinereus colonies using asexual spores.Fungal Genet. Newsl.4419974546

10.1128/aem.63.5.1661-1666.1997

Pukkila P. J. Methods of genetic manipulation in Coprinus cinereus Genetics and breeding of edible mushrooms. Chang S.-T. Buswell J. A. Miles P. G. 1993 249 264 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Y-Parc Switzerland

Pukkila P. J. Meiosis in mycelial fungi The mycota vol. I. Growth differentiation and sexuality. Wessels J. G. H. Meinhardt F. 1994 267 282 Springer-Verlag New York N.Y

Pukkila P. J. Production and analysis of meiotic mutants in Coprinus cinereus Fungal genetics. Principles and practice. Bos C. J. 1996 363 369 Marcel Dekker Inc. New York N.Y

Pukkila P. J. Casselton L. A. Molecular genetics of the agaric Coprinus cinereus More gene manipulations in fungi. Bennett J. W. Lasure L. L. 1991 127 150 Academic Press Inc. San Diego Calif

10.1007/BF00294053

10.1093/genetics/133.2.203

Pukkila P. J. Yashar B. M. Binninger D. M. Analysis of meiotic development in Coprinus cinereus.Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol.381984177194

Pukkila P. J. Binninger D. M. Cassidy J. R. Yashar B. M. Zolan M. E. Meiosis and genetic recombination in Coprinus cinereus Developmental biology of higher fungi. Moore D. Casselton L. A. Wood D. A. Frankland J. C. 1985 499 512 Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom

10.1002/dvg.1020130604

10.1139/b95-249

10.1126/science.7732376

Quintanilha A. Le problème de la sexualité chez les champignons.Bol. Soc. Broteriana819331100

Quintanilha A. Contribution à l'étude génétique du phénomène de Buller.C. R. Acad. Sci.131937425486

Quintanilha A. Etude génétique du phénomène de Buller.Bol. Soc. Broteriana131939425486

10.1139/b70-315

10.1016/0027-5107(73)90251-0

10.1242/jcs.12.1.131

10.1007/BF00352184

10.1128/jb.100.3.1222-1228.1969

Raper J. R. Genetics of sexuality in higher fungi. 1966 Ronald Press New York N.Y

10.1007/BF02906520

10.1007/BF01279671

10.1006/fgbi.1998.1069

10.1139/g80-007

Rayner A. D. M. Interconnectedness and individualism in fungal mycelia A century of mycology. Sutton B. C. 1996 193 232 Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom

Reijnders A. F. M. The histogenesis of bulb and trama tissue of the higher basidiomycetes and its phylogenetic implications.Persoonia91977329362

Reijnders A. F. M. Developmental anatomy of Coprinus.Persoonia101979383424

10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81118-0

10.1007/BF00279559

10.1073/pnas.92.23.10450

10.1101/gad.11.20.2600

Röhr H. Kües U. Stahl U. Recombination: meiotic recombination in fungi.Prog. Bot.581996307351

10.1007/978-3-642-59940-8_2

10.1093/genetics/152.2.577

10.1016/S0007-1536(85)80115-7

10.1016/S0007-1536(85)80116-9

Rosin I. V. Horner J. Moore D. Differentiation and pattern formation in the fruit body cap of Coprinus cinereus Developmental biology of higher fungi. Moore D. Casselton L. A. Wood D. A. Frankland J. C. 1985 333 352 Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom

10.1080/00275514.1976.12019923

10.1016/S0962-8924(99)01535-4

Runeberg P. Raudaskoski M. Cytoskeletal elements in the hyphae of the homobasidiomycete Schizophyllum commune visualized with indirect immunofluorescence and NBD-phallacidin.Eur. J. Cell Biol.4119862532

10.1128/mcb.2.7.752-757.1982

10.1242/jcs.94.1.11

10.1017/S0953756298008053

10.1006/bbrc.1997.6306

10.1007/BF00428584

10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00109-6

10.1006/fgbi.1997.1028

10.1093/genetics/142.4.1105

10.1016/S0168-9525(97)01201-8

10.1007/s002940050200

10.1242/jcs.105.4.1173

10.1002/j.1537-2197.1967.tb10662.x

Smith A. H. The hyphal structure of the basidiocarp The fungi. An advanced treatise vol. II. The fungal organism. Ainsworth G. C. Sussman A. S. 1966 151 180 Academic Press Inc. New York N.Y

10.1038/hdy.1973.62

10.1002/j.1537-2197.1958.tb13163.x

10.1073/pnas.95.11.6228

10.1073/pnas.89.15.7169

10.1038/371429a0

10.1093/emboj/18.6.1621

10.1007/s002940050189

10.1128/mcb.14.5.3339-3349.1994

10.1006/fgbi.1998.1058

10.1016/S0007-1536(84)80017-0

10.1099/00221287-83-1-73

10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00416.x

Swamy S. Uno I. Ishikawa T. Morphogenetic effects of mutations at the A and B incompatibility factors of Coprinus cinereus.J. Gen. Microbiol.130198432193224

Swamy S. Uno I. Ishikawa T. Regulation of cyclic AMP metabolism by the incompatibility factors in Coprinus cinereus.J. Gen. Microbiol.131198532113217

10.2323/jgam.31.339

10.5586/asbp.1961.033

10.5586/asbp.1961.034

10.5586/asbp.1962.014

Swiezynski K. M. Somatic recombination of two linkage groups in Coprinus lagopus.Genet. Pol.419632136

10.1017/S0016672300000112

10.1017/S0016672300000124

Takemaru T. Kamada T. The induction of morphogenetic variations in Coprinus basidiocarps by UV irradiation.Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst.719697177

Takemaru T. Kamada K. Genetic analysis of UV-induced, developmental variations in Coprinus basidiocarps: the elongationless and expansionless.Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst.819701116

10.1007/BF02489200

10.1016/S0147-5975(06)80007-1

10.1007/BF02461306

10.1007/BF02488360

10.1016/S0168-9525(99)01733-3

10.1007/BF00584466

Thielke C. Meiotic divisions in the basidium basidium and basidiocarp. Evolution cytology function and development. Wells K. Wells E. K. 1982 75 92 Springer-Verlag New York N.Y

10.1099/13500872-140-1-19

Todd N. K. Aylmore R. C. Cytology of hyphal interactions and reactions in Schizophyllum commune Developmental biology of higher fungi. Moore D. Casselton L. A. Wood D. A. Frankland J. C. 1985 231 248 Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom

10.1099/00221287-77-1-197

10.1099/13500872-141-4-755

10.1128/aem.61.7.2665-2673.1995

10.1006/fgbi.1996.0009

10.1111/j.1440-169X.1969.00164.x

10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05232.x

10.2307/3761082

10.1017/S0953756297005893

10.1007/BF00339543

10.1128/jb.113.3.1240-1248.1973

10.1128/jb.113.3.1249-1255.1973

10.1016/0005-2744(74)90178-8

10.1128/jb.120.1.96-100.1974

10.2323/jgam.21.335

10.1016/0005-2744(76)90062-0

10.2323/jgam.24.193

Uno I. Ishikawa T. Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-receptor protein and protein kinase in Coprinus macrorhizus.J. Biochem.89198112751281

10.1016/0304-4165(81)90284-1

10.1016/0304-4165(81)90327-5

Uno I. Ishikawa T. Biochemical and genetic studies on the initial events of fruitbody formation Basidium and basidiocarp. Evolution cytology function and development. Wells K. Wells E. K. 1982 113 123 Springer-Verlag New York N.Y

10.1073/pnas.71.2.479

10.2323/jgam.27.219

Urban M. Kahmann R. Bölker M. Identification of the pheromone response element in Ustilago maydis.Mol. Gen. Genet.25119963137

10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81640-2

Vaillancourt L. J. Raper C. A. Pheromones and pheromone receptors as mating type determinants in basidiomycetes Genetic engineering. Principles and methods Setlow J. K. 18 1997 219 247 Plenum Press New York, N.Y

10.1093/genetics/146.2.541

10.1007/BF00705647

10.1038/376522a0

10.1007/BF01279695

10.1128/MCB.18.12.7317

10.1007/BF00365702

10.1016/S0007-1536(84)80155-2

10.1101/gad.9.2.182

10.1016/S0953-7562(89)80051-6

10.1007/BF01916190

Volz P. A. Niederpruem D. J. The sclerotia of Coprinus lagopus.Arch. Microbiol.701970369377

10.2307/3807520

Walser P. J. Environmental regulation of asexual sporulation and fruit body formation in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Diploma thesis. 1997 Institut für Mikrobiologie ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland

Walser P. J. M. Hollenstein M. J. Klaus and U. Kües. Genetic analysis of basidiomycete fungi. In M. J. Talbot (ed.) Molecular and cell biology of filamentous fungi: a practical approach in press. Oxford University Press Oxford United Kingdom.

10.1016/S0007-1536(72)80059-7

10.1111/j.1469-8137.1975.tb02606.x

10.1111/j.1469-8137.1975.tb02607.x

Watling R. Moore D. Moulding moulds into mushrooms: shape and form in higher fungi Shape and form in plants and fungi. Ingram D. S. 1994 274 292 Academic Press Ltd. London United Kingdom

10.1007/BF00604932

10.1007/BF00447385

Webster J. Chien C. Y. Ballisospore discharge.Trans. Mycol. Soc. Jpn.311990301316

10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00211.x

Wessels J. G. H. Development of fruit bodies in homobasidiomycetes The mycota vol. I. Growth differentiation and sexuality. Wessels J. G. H. Meinhardt F. 1994 351 366 Springer-Verlag KG Berlin Germany

Wessels J. G. H. Hydrophobins: proteins that change the nature of the fungal surface.Adv. Microb. Physiol.381997145

10.1099/00221287-83-2-359

Wessels J. G. H. Schuurs T. A. Dalstra H. J. P. Scheer J. H. J. Nuclear distribution and gene expression in the secondary mycelium of Schizophyllum commune The fungal colony. Gow N. A. R. Robson G. D. Gadd G. M. 1999 302 325 Cambridge University Press Cambridge United Kingdom

10.1080/00275514.1997.12026751

10.1007/BF02464099

10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80019-0

10.1007/BF00445879

10.1016/S0007-1536(85)80072-3

10.1128/AEM.65.11.4943-4948.1999

10.1073/pnas.90.2.664

10.1128/MCB.18.1.221

10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb02397.x

Yli-Mattila T. Photobiology of fruit body formation in Schizophyllum commune.Luonnon Tutkija951991116123

10.1128/aem.59.11.3564-3571.1993

10.1016/0378-1119(95)00397-O

10.1128/aem.63.4.1349-1356.1997

10.1074/jbc.274.5.2907

10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.12.1233

10.1146/annurev.genet.32.1.619

10.1128/mr.59.4.686-698.1995

Zolan M. E. Pukkila P. J. DNA methylation in Coprinus cinereus.UCLA Symp. Mol. Cell. Biol.341985333344

10.1128/mcb.6.1.195-200.1986

10.1093/genetics/120.2.379

10.1093/nar/20.15.3993

Zolan M. E. Heyler N. K. Ramesh M. A. Gene mapping using marker chromosomes in Coprinus cinereus Industrial microorganisms: basic and applied molecular genetics. Baltz R. H. Hegeman G. D. Skatrud P. L. 1993 31 35 American Society for Microbiology Washington D.C.

10.1093/genetics/137.1.87

10.1139/b95-251

Zolan M. E. Celerin M. Cummings W. J. Gerecke E. Li L. Stassen N. Y. Genes required for meiosis and DNA repair in Coprinus cinereus Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting on the Genetics and Cellular Biology of Basidiomycetes. Van Griensven L. J. L. D. Visser J. 1998 101 107 Mushroom Experimental Station Horst The Netherlands