Leaf form–climate relationships on the global stage: an ensemble of characters

Global Ecology and Biogeography - Tập 24 Số 10 - Trang 1113-1125 - 2015
Jian Yang1, Robert A. Spicer2,1, Teresa E.V. Spicer1, Nan Crystal Arens3, Frédéric M.B. Jacques4, Tao Su4, Elizabeth M. Kennedy5, Alexei B. Herman6, David C. Steart7, Gaurav Srivastava8, R.C. Mehrotra8, Paul J. Valdes9, Naresh C. Mehrotra8, Zhe‐Kun Zhou10,4, Jiangshan Lai11
1State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
2Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research The Open University Milton Keynes MK7 6AA UK
3Department of Geoscience, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
4Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
5GNS Science /Te Pu Ao; PO Box 30,368 Lower Hutt 5040 New Zealand
6Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 7 Pyzhevskii pereulok, 119017 Moscow, Russia
7Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
8Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226007 India
9School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK#TAB#
10Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
11State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change,#N#Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China

Tóm tắt

AbstractAim

Early in their evolution, angiosperms evolved a diversity of leaf form far greater than that of any other group of land plants. Some of this diversity evolved in response to varying climate. Our aim is to test the global relationship between leaf form in woody dicot angiosperms and the climate in which they live.

Location

We have compiled a data set describing leaf form (using 31 standardized categorical characters) from 378 natural or naturalized vegetation sites from around the world. Our data include sites from all continents except Antarctica and encompass biomes from tropical to taiga, over a range of elevations from 0.5 m to over 3000 m.

Methods

We chose the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program sampling, scoring and analytical protocols to test the relationships between climate and leaf form, which is based on canonical correspondence analysis. Cluster analysis evaluates the role of historical factors in shaping the patterns, and pairwise Pearson correlations examine the relationships among leaf characters.

Results

Woody dicot leaf characters form a physiognomic spectrum that reflects local climate conditions. On a global scale, correlations between leaf form and climate are consistent, irrespective of climate regime, vegetation type or biogeographic history. Relationships with temperature variables are maintained even when leaf margin characters, regarded as being particularly well correlated with mean annual temperature, are removed.

Main conclusions

In natural woody dicot vegetation an integrated spectrum of leaf form has developed across multiple leaf character states and species. This spectrum appears more strongly influenced by prevailing climate than biogeographic history. The covariation of leaf traits across species suggests strong integration of leaf form. New methods of exploring structure in multidimensional physiognomic space enable better application of leaf form to palaeoclimate reconstruction.

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Thông tin xuất bản

Global Ecology and Biogeography

Tập 24 Số 10

1113-1125

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