Leachate delineation and aquifer vulnerability assessment using geo-electric imaging in a major dumpsite around Calabar Flank, Southern Nigeria

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 195 - Trang 1-22 - 2022
Francis Begianpuye Akiang1, Godwin Omokenu Emujakporue2, Leonard Ifeanyi Nwosu2
1Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
2Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Tóm tắt

A near-surface resistivity investigation was undertaken to investigate soil contamination and aquifer vulnerability due to leachate percolation in a major dumpsite in Calabar. The study was undertaken using 2-D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and vertical electrical sounding. Ten traverse lines were created within and outside the dumpsite and geo-electric measurement was conducted using dipole–dipole and Schlumberger electrode configurations. Interpretation of the measured data was carried out using DIPROWIN and WinResist program. 2-D resistivity structures were produced, showing four resistivity layers. Conductive layers with a resistivity of less than 14Ωm were delineated as leachate infiltrated and soil-contaminated zones. The study has shown that leachate has spread across all the survey lines except the two control stations outside the dumpsite. The investigation has further revealed that leachate has percolated the subsurface up to 25 m in the area. Subsequently, twenty vertical electrical soundings were carried out to evaluate aquifer protective capacity/vulnerability in the area. The interpretation shows the area is underlain by four to five geo-electric layers. Total longitudinal conductance values were calculated. Two VES points (14 and 19), representing 10% of the sounding points, showed a weak protective capacity rating; eight VES points (1, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 18), representing 35% of the soundings, showed a moderate protective capacity rating; ten VES points (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, and 20), representing 55% of the total soundings, showed a good protective capacity rating. Three (3) hand-dug wells were sampled with the view to obtaining the groundwater and leachate flow direction within the dump vicinity. An electric water level recorder was used to determine the static water level (SWL) of the three wells, and the leachate flow direction was determined to be north-easterly.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abdullahi, N. K., Osazuwa, I. B., & Sule, P. O. (2011). Application of integrated geophysical techniques in the investigation of groundwater contamination: A case study of municipal solid waste leachate. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences., 4(1), 7–25.

Abubakar, H. O., Raji, W. O., Bayode, S. (2014). Direct current resistivity and very low frequency electromagnetic studies for groundwater development in a basement complex area of Nigeria. Sci Focus, 19(1), 1–10.

Adebisi, N. O., Beyewu, O. O., Ariyo, S. O., Musuro, G. O., Oloruntola, O. M., Alaka, A. O., & Odugbean, O.O. (2022). Assessment of Environmental pollution using Electrical Resistivity and Logging Techniques over a municipal dumpsite of Ijagun Ijebu Ode. Iraqi Journal of science, 63(3), 1071–1090. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2022.63.3.16

Adepelumi, A. A., Ako, B. D., Afolabi, O., & Arubayi, J. B. (2005). Delineation of contamination plume around oxidation sewage-ponds in Southwestern Nigeria. Environmental Geology, 48(8), 1137–1146.

Akiang, F. B., Emujakporue, G. O., & Nwosu, L. I. (2022). Electromagnetic mapping of contaminants leachate in a partially reclaimed solid waste dumpsitein Calabar, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics., 10(2), 07–19.

Akiang, F. B., George, A., Ibeneme, S. I., & Agoha, C. C. (2020). Application of electrical resistivity method in delineating brine contaminated aquifer in Abakpa Area, Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 5(4), 247–258.

Alile, O. M., Ojuh, D. O., Iyoha, A., & Egereonu, J. C. (2011). Geoelectric investigation and hydrochemical analysis of groundwater in a waste dump environment Isolo. Lagos. Afri. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 5(10), 795–806.

Amadi, S. O., Agbo, M. E., & Udo, S. O. (2021). Vulnerability of Calabar rainfall to climatic variability events: a critical factor in integrated water resources management in the tropical coastal location in southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 16(1), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160112

Amah, E. A., & Esu, E. O. (2008). Geophysical and hydrogeological studies of shallow aquifers of Calabar area, South-eastern Nigerian. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(2), 78–90.

Amah, E. A., Ugbaja, A. N., & Esu, E. O. (2012). Evaluation of groundwater potentials of the Calabar coastal aquifers. Journal of Geography and Geology, 4(3), 130. https://doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v4n3p130

Aydi, A., Mhimdi, A., Hamdi, I., Touaylia, S., & Sdiri, A. (2020). Application of electrical resistivity tomography and hydro-chemical analysis for an integrated environmental assessment, Environmental Nanotechnology. Monitoring and Management., 14, 100351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100351

Ayolabi, E. A., Oluwatosin, L. B., & ifekwuna, C. D. (2015). Integrated geophysical and physicochemical assessment of Olushosun sanitary landfill site. Southwest Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8(6), 4101–4115.

Aristodemou, E., & Thomas-Betts, A. (2000). DC resistivity and Induced Polarization investigation at a waste disposal site and its environments. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 44, 275–302.

Ayuk, M. A. (2019). Groundwater aquifer vulnerability assessment using Dar-Zarrouk parameters in a proposed Aboru residential estate, Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 23(12), 2081–2090.

Bala, G. A., Buba, I. G., Ngaram, S. M., Galadima, O. O., & Rilwan, U. (2022). Non-metallic Material Science. 4(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.30564/nmmn.v4i1.4740

Bayode, S., Olrunfemi, M. O., & Ojo, J. S. (2012). Integrated geoelectric and hydrochemical investigation of environmental impact assessment of the area around some ancient dumpsite in Akure Metropolis. Southwestern Nigeria. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 13(1), 700–713.

Batayneh, A. T. (2005). 2D Electrical Imaging of an LNAPL Contamination, Al Amiriyya Fuel Station, Jordan. Journal of Applied Sciences., 5(1), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2005.52.59

Bellir, K., Bencheikh-Lehocine, M., Meniai, A. H., & Gherbi, N. (2005). Study of the retention of heavy metals by natural material used as liners in landfills. Desalination, 185(1–3), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.074

Bernstone, C., Dahlin, T., Ohlsson, T., & Hogland, W. (2000). DC resistivity mapping of internal landfill structures: Two pre excavation surveys. Environmental Geology, 39(3–4), 360–371.

Binley, A., Cassiani, G., Middleton, R., & Winship, P. (2002). Vadose zone flow model Parameterisation using cross-borehole radar and configuration for detection of DNAPLs with electrical resistivity tomography. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics., 9, 127–141.

Cardarelli, E., & Di Fillipo, G. (2004). Integrated geophysical surveys on waste dumps evaluation of physical parameters to characterize an urban waste dump (four case studies in Italy). Waste Management and Res., 22, 390–402.

Carpenter, P. J., Aizhong, D., Lirong, C., Puxin, L., & Fulu, C. (2009). Apparent formation factor for leachate saturated waste and sediments: Examples from the U.S.A and China. Journal of Earth Science, 20, 606–617.

Dawson C. B., Lane, J. W., White E. A., & Belaval, M. (2002). Integrated geophysical Characterization of the Winthrop Landfill Southern flow path, Ninthrop, Maine. In: Symposium on the application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental problems, Las Vegas, Nevada, February 10–14.

De Carlo, L., Perri, M. T., Caputo, M. C., Deiana, R., Vurro, M., & Cassiani, G. (2013). Characterization of a dismissed landfill via electrical resistivity tomoigraphy and mise-a-la-masse method. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 52, 139–156.

De Iaco, R., Maurer, H., & Horstmeyer, H. (2003). A combined seismic reflection and refraction study of landfill and its host sediments. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 52, 139–156.

Ebong, D. E, Anthony, E. A, Anthony, A. O. (2014). Estimation of geohydraulic parameters from fractured shales and sandstone aquifers of Abi (Nigeria) using electrical resistivity and hydrogeologic measurements. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 96, 99–109.

Edet, A. E., & Okereke, C. S. (2002). Delineation of shallow groundwater aquifers in the Coastal Plain Sands of Calabar area (Southern Nigeria) using surface resistivity and hydrogeological data. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 35, 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(02)00148-3

Effiong, J., & Ushie, J. O. (2019). Projected impact of sea level rise on Nigeria’s coastal city of Calabar in Cross River State. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change., 9(10), 535–548. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJECC/2019/v9i1030138

Egwonwu, G. N., & Okpala, P. K. (2020). Geoelectrical investigation of groundwater vulnerability at the vicinity of municipal in Awka, southeastern Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental and Natural Science Research., 3(3), 1–17.

Ehirin, C. N., Ebeniro, J. O., & Ogwu, D. A. (2009). Geophysical and hydro-physicochemical study of the contaminant impact of a solid waste landfill (SWL) in Port Harcourt Municipality. Nigeria. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 10(2), 579–603.

Ellwood, B. B., Owsley, D. W., Elwood, S. H., & Mercado-Allinger, P. (1994). Search for the grave of the notorious Texas outlaw William “Wild Bill” Longley. Historical Archaeology. 28, 94–112.

Ewona, I. O., & Udo, S. O. (2010). Climatic condition of Calabar as typified by some meteorological parameters. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences., 17(1), 81–86.

Eyankware, M. O., Akakuru, O. C., Ulakpa, R. O. E., Eyankware, E. O. (2021). Sustainable management and characterization of groundwater resource in coastal aquifer of Niger delta basin Nigeria. Sustainable Water Resources Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00537-5

Fatta, D., Papadopoulos, A., & Loizidou, M. (1999). A study on the landfill leachate and its impact on the groundwater quality of the Greater Area. Environmental Geochemistry and Health., 21, 175–190.

Ganiyu, S. A., Badmus, B. S., Oladunjoye, M. A., Aizebeokhai, A. P., Ozebo, V. C., Idowu, O. A., & Olurin, O. T. (2016). Assessment of groundwater contamination around an active dumpsite in Ibadan Southwestern Nigeria using integrated electric resistivity and hydrochemical methods. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5463-2

Ghorbel-Abid, I., & Trabelsi-Ayadi, M. (2015). Competitive adsorption of heavy metals on local land ill clay. Arabian Journal of Chemistry., 8(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.02.030

Giang, N. V., Kochanek, K., Vu, N. T., & Duan, N. B. (2018). Landfill leachate assessment by hydrological and geophysical data: case study Namson, Hanoi, Vietnam. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 20, 1648–1662.

Golam, S. S., Keramat, M., Shalid, M. (2014). Deciphering transmissivity and hydraulic Conductivity of the aquifer by vertical electrical sounding (VES) experiments in Northwest Bangladesh. Applied Water Science, 6(1) 35–45.

Guerin, R., Begassat, Ph., Benderitter, Y., David, J., Tabbagh, A., & Thiry, M. (2004a). Geophysical study of the industrial waste land in Mortagne-du-Nord (France) using electrical resistivity. Near Surface Geophysics, 3, 137–143.

Guerin, R., Munoz, M. L., Aran, C., Laperrele, C., Hidra, M., Drouart, E., & Grellier, S. (2004b). Leachate recirculation: Moisture content assessment by means of geophysical technique. Waste Management, 24(8), 785–794.

Hakan, C., Suna, A., Emre, E., Kagan, B., & Nese, B. (2016). Application of two geophysical methods to characterize a former waste disposl site of the Trabzon-Moloz district in Turkey. Environmental Earth Science., 75, 52.

Henriet, J. P. (1976). Direct Application of Dar Zarrouk parameters in ground water surveys. Geophysical Prospecting, 24, 344–353.

Igboama, W. N., Hammed, O. S., Fatoba, J. O., Aroyehun, M. T., & Ehiabhili, J. C. (2022). Review article on impact of groundwater contamination due to dumpsite using geophysical and physicochemical methods. Applied Water Science, 12, 130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01653-z

Iyoha, O., Ighodalo, J. E., & Okanignuan, P. N. (2020). Geophysical investigation of waste plume in waste disposal site: A case study of Otofure dumpsite Ovia North-east Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria using 3-D electrical resistivity tomography. BIU Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(1), 15–26.

Jegede, S. I., Ujuanbi, O., Abdullahi, N. K., & Iserhien-Emekeme, R. E. (2012). Mapping and Monitoring of leachate plume migration at an open waste disposal site using Non-invasive Methods. Research Journal of Environmental Earth Sciences, 4(1), 26–33.

Karlik, G., & Kaya, A. (2001). Investigation of groundwater contamination using electrical and electromagnetic methods at an open waste disposal site: A case study from Isparta. Turky. Environ. Geol., 40(6), 34–42.

Karishnamurti, G. S. R., & Naidu, R. (2003). Solid-solution equilibria of Cadmium in soils. Geodema, 113, 17–30.

Kouamel, I. K., Gone, D. L., Savane, I., Kouassi, E. A., Koffi, K., Goula, B. T. A., & Diallo, M. (2006). Mobilité relative des mé-taux lourds issus de la décharge d’Akouédo et risqué de contamination de la nappe du continental terminal (Abidjan .Côte d’Ivoire)," Afrique Science: Revue Internationaledes Sciences et Technologie, 2(1): 39–56. https://doi.org/10.4314/afsci.v2i1.61133

Leroux, V., & Dahlin, T. (2002). Induced polarization survey at a waste site in Southern Sweden. Proceedings of the 8gth Environmental and Engineering Geophysics meeting, Aveiro, Portugal. 207–210.

Loke M. H. (1999). Time-laps resistivity imaging inversion. Proceedings of the 5th meeting of the Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society European section.

Loke, M. H. (2000). Electrical Imaging Surveys for Environmental and Engineering studies. A practical guide to 2-D and 3-D surveys, 61.

MacDonal, A. M., Bensor, H. C., Dochartaigh, B. E. O., & Taylor, R. G. (2012). Quantitative map of groundwater resource in Africa. Environ. Res. Let., 7, 024009.

Martinez-Pagan, P., Cano, A. F., Ramos da Silva, G. R., & Olivares, A. B. (2010). 2-D Electrical Resistivity Imaging to Assess Slurry Pond Subsoil Pollution in the Southeastern Region of Murcia, Spain. Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics, 15(1), 29–47.

Matasovic N., El-Sherbiny R., & Kavazanjian, E. (2008). In-situ measurements of MSW properties. In Geotechnical Characterization, Field Measurement and Laboratory Testing of Municipal Solid Waste, D. Zekkos (edd), ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 209.

Mepaiyeda, S., Madi, K., Gwavava, O., Baiyegunhi, C., & Sigabi, L. (2019). Contaminant Delineation of a landfill site using Electrical Resistivity and induced Polarization methods in Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa. International Journal of Geophysics., 3, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5057832

Mondelli, G., Giacheti., H. L., & Howie, J. A. (2010). Interpretation of Resistivity piezocone tests in a contaminated municipal solid waste disposal site. Geotechnic Test Journal, 33(2), 1–14.

Mor, S., Ravindra, K., Dahiya, R. P., & Chandra, A. (2006). Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater pollution near municipal solid waste landfill site. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 118, 435–456.

Moreau, S., Bouye, J. M., Barina, G., & Oberti, O. (2003). Electrical resitivity survey to investigate the influence of leachate recirculation in MSW landfill. Proceedings of the 9th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium session CO2, CISA publ.

Naudet, V., Gourry, J. C., Girard, J. F., Mathieu, F., & Saada, A. (2014). 3D electrical resistivity tomography to locate DNAPL contamination around a housing estate. Near Surface Geophysics, 12(3), 351–360.

Nwankwo, C. N., Ogagarue, D. O., & Ezeoke, F. O. (2013). Investigation of variation in resistivity with depth and soil dielectric constant in Parts of River State, Southern Nigeria. Bristish Journal of Applied Science and Technology., 3(3), 452–461.

Obase, K. O., Olorunfemi, M. O., & Akintorinwa, O. J. (2009). Geophysical and hydrochemical investigation of the area around a waste dump in Ile-Ife Southwestern Nigeria. Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 7(1), 47–54.

Oborie, E. L., Udom, G. J. (2014). Determination of aquifer transmissivity using geoelectrical sounding and pumping test in parts of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Peak Journal of Physics and Environmental Science Research, 2(2), 32–40.

Okpoli, C. C. (2013). Applicacation of 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography in Landfill site: A case study of Iku, Ikara Akoko Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Geological Research. 1–8.

Okunowo, O. O., Adeogun, O. Y., Ishola, K. S., & Alli, S. (2020). Delineation of leachate at a dumpsite using geo-electrical resistivity method:A case study of Agbule Egba. Lagos Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences., 2, 2183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03573-6

Oladapo, M. I., & Akintorinwa, O. J. (2007). Hydrogeophysical Study of Ogbese, Southwestern Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sci., 13(1), 55–61.

Oladapo, M. I., Mohammed, M. Z., Adeoye, O. O., & Adetola, B. A. (2004). Geo-electric investigation at Ondo State Housing Coperation Estate, Ijakpo, Akure. Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Mining Geology, 40(1), 41–48.

Olasehinde, P. I., & Raji, W. O. (2007). Geophysical studies on fractures of basement rocks at University of Ilorin, Southwestern Nigeria. Application to Groundwater Exploration. Water Resour, 17, 3–10.

Olusegun, O. A., Adeolu, O. O., & Dolapo, F. A. (2016). Geophysical investigation of ground water potential and aquifer protective capacity around Osun State University Collage of Health Science. American Journal of Water Resources, 4(6), 137–143.

Orlando, L., & Marchesi, E. (2001). Georadar as a tool to identify and characterize solid waste dump deposits. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 48, 163–174.

Oyeyemi, K. D., Aizebeokhia, A. P., Ede, A. N., Rotimi, O. J., Sanuade, O. A., Olofinnade, O. M., Ekhaguere, O. A., & Attat, O. (2019). Investigating the near surface leachate movement in an open dumpsite using surficial ERT method. IOP conf. series: Materials Science and Engineering, 640. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/640/1/012109

Porsani, J. L., Filhob, W. M., Vagner, R. E., Shimelesa, F., Douradob, J. C., & Moura, H. P. (2004). The use of GPR and VES in delineating a contamination plume in a landfill site: A case study in SE Brazil. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 55, 199–209.

Pozdnyakov, A., & Zhang, R. (2001). Application of geophysical methods to evaluate hydrology and soil properties in urban areas. Urban Water, 3, 205–216.

Ramalho, E. C., Dill, A. C., & Rocha, R. (2013). Assessment of leachate movement in a silled landfill using geophysical methods. Environment and Earth Science, 68(343–354), 1742–1748.

Raji, W. O., & Adeoye, T. O. (2017). Geophysical mapping of contaminant leachate around a reclaimed open dumpsite. Journal of King Saud University-Science., 29(3), 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2016.09.005

Reijers, T. J. A. (1996). Selected Chapters on Geology, Sedimentary Geology and Sequence Stratigraphy and three case studies and field guide, Shell Petroleum Development Company Publication, Warri, Nigeria. 197p.

Rosqvist, H., Dahlin, T., Fourie, A., Rohrs, L., Bengtsson, A., & Larsson, M. (2003). Mapping of leachate plumes at two landfill sites in South Africa using geoelectrical imaging techniques, Proceedings of the 9th International Waste and Landfill Symposium. Session CO2, CISA publ.

Saltas, V., Vallianatos, F., Soupios, P. M., Makris, J. P., & Triantis, D. (2005). Application of dielectric spectroscopy to the detection of contamination in sandstone. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop in Geoenvironment and Geotechnics (GEOENV 200), Milos, 269.

Seger, M., Cousin, I., Frison, A., Boizard, H., & Richard, G. (2009). Characterization of the structural heterogeneity of the soil tilled layer by using in situ 2D and 3D electrical resistivity measurements. Soil & Tillage Research, 103, 387–398.

Short, K. C., & Stauble, A. J. (1967). Outline Geology of Nigeria Delta. American Association of Petroleum Geologist, 51, 761–779.

Soupios, P., Papadopoulos, I., Kouli, M., Georgaki, I., Vallianatos, F., & Kokkinou, E. (2007a). Investigation of Waste Disposal Areas Using Electric Methods: A Case Study from Hania – Crete. Greece, Environmental Geology, 53, 661–675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0681-2

Soupios, P., Papadopoulos, I., Kouli, M., Georgaki, I., Vallianatos, F., & Kokkinou, E. (2007b). Investigation of waste disposal areas using electrical methods: a case study from Chania, Crete, Greece. Environ Geol. 51:1249–1261. https://doi.org/10.1007/00254-006-0418-7

Stanton, G. P., & Schrader, T. P. (2001). Surface geophysical investigation of a chemical waste Landfill in northwestern Arkansas. U.S Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings. Water-Resources Investigations Report, 01–4011, 107–115.

Tabbagh, A., Dabas, M., Hesse, A., & Panissod, C. (2000). Soil resistivity: A non-invasive tool to map soil structure horizonation. Geoderma, 97, 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(00)00047-1

Tariah, I. M. I., Abali, T. P., & Aminigbo, L. M. O. (2022). Impact of climate and land use changes on the livelihood of residents in Calabar River Basin, southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management., 1(2), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.3126/josem.v1i2.45356

Tsourlos, P., Vargemezis, G. N., Fikos, I., & Tsokas, G. N. (2014). DC geoelectric method applied to landfill investigation: Case studies from Greece. Near Surface Geoscience, 32, 81–89.

Ugbor, C. C., Ikwaagwu, I. E., & Ogboke, O. J. (2021). 2-D inversion of electrical resistivity investigation of contaminant plume around a dumpsite near Onitsha expressway in Southeastern Nigeria. Science and Reports, 11, 854. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91019-3

USEPA (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1994). Groundwater and Wellhead Protection Handbook. EPA 540-B-94–005a.

Ustra, A. T., Elis, V. R., Mondelli, G., Zuquette, L. V., & Giacheti, H. L. (2012). Case study: A 3D resistivity and induced polarization imaging from downstream waste disposal site in Brazil. Environment and Earth Science, 66, 763–772.

Wang, T. P., Chen, C. C., Tong, L. T., Chang, P. Y., Chen, Y. C., Dong, T. H., Liu, H. C., Lin, C. P., Yang, K. H., Ho, C. J., & Chen, S. N. (2015). Applying FDEM, ERT and GPR at a site with soil contamination: A case study. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 121, 21–30.

Wijesekara, H. R., De Silver, S. N., Wijesundara, D. T., Basnayake, B. F., & Vithanage, M. S. (2015). Leachate plume delineation and lithologic profiling using surface resistivity in an open municipal solid waste dumpsite Sri Lanka. Environmental Technology, 36(23), 2936–2943. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.963697

World Health Organisation. (2006). Guidelines for Drinking water Quality. WHO report vol. 1, (First addendum to the third edition).

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Tập 195

1-22

Thông tin tác giả