Land Use and Climate Variability Amplify Carbon, Nutrient, and Contaminant Pulses: A Review with Management Implications

Journal of the American Water Resources Association - Tập 50 Số 3 - Trang 585-614 - 2014
Sujay S. Kaushal1, Paul M. Mayer2, P. Vidon3, Rose Marie Smith1, Michael J. Pennino4, Tamara A. Newcomer1, Shuiwang Duan1, Claire Welty5,6, Kenneth T. Belt7
1Department of Geology and Earth Systems Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740
2Ecological Effects Branch, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, 97333
3Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, New York, 13210
4Marine Estuarine Environmental Science Graduate Program, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250
5Center for Urban Environmental Research and Education, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250
6Department of Chemical Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250
7Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Baltimore, Maryland, 21228

Tóm tắt

Abstract

Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture and urbanization is increasing globally at the same time climate extremes have increased in frequency and intensity. We review >200 studies of hydrologic and gaseous fluxes and show how the interaction between land use and climate variability alters magnitude and frequency of carbon, nutrient, and greenhouse gas pulses in watersheds. Agricultural and urban watersheds respond similarly to climate variability due to headwater alteration and loss of ecosystem services to buffer runoff and temperature changes. Organic carbon concentrations/exports increase and organic carbon quality changes with runoff. Nitrogen and phosphorus exports increase during floods (sometimes by an order of magnitude) and decrease during droughts. Relationships between annual runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus exports differ across land use. CH4 and N2O pulses in riparian zones/floodplains predominantly increase with: flooding, warming, low oxygen, nutrient enrichment, and organic carbon. CH4, N2O, and CO2 pulses in streams/rivers increase due to similar factors but effects of floods are less known compared to base flow/droughts. Emerging questions include: (1) What factors influence lag times of contaminant pulses in response to extreme events? (2) What drives resistance/resilience to hydrologic and gaseous pulses? We conclude with eight recommendations for managing watershed pulses in response to interactive effects of land use and climate change.

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Journal of the American Water Resources Association

Tập 50 Số 3

585-614

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