Labour in Global Value Chains: Work Conditions in Football Manufacturing in China, India and Pakistan
Tóm tắt
A critical challenge facing developing country producers is to meet international labour standards and codes of conduct in order to engage in global value chains. Evidence of gains for workers from compliance with such standards and codes remains limited and patchy. This article focuses on the global football industry, a sector dominated by leading global brands that manage dispersed global value chains. It assesses the working conditions for football stitchers engaged in different forms of work organization, factories, stitching centres and home‐based settings in Pakistan, India and China. It draws on detailed qualitative primary field research with football‐stitching workers and producers in these three countries. The article explains how and why work conditions of football stitchers differ across these locations through an analytical framework that interweaves both global and local production contexts that influence work conditions. In doing so, it argues that current debates on the role of labour in global value chains have to go beyond a narrow focus on labour standards and corporate social responsibility compliance and engage with economic, technological and social upgrading as factors that could generate sustained improvements in real wages and workers’ conditions.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bradley H., 2000, Myths at Work
Chan A., 2010, ‘Analysing Exploitation: The Mechanisms Underpinning Low Wages and Excessive Overtime in Chinese Factories’, Critical Asian Studies, 42, 167, 10.1080/14672715.2010.486599
Ethical Trading Initiative(2006)‘The ETI Code of Labour Practice: Do Workers Really Benefit?’. Brighton :Institute of Development Studies University of Sussex.
Gibbon P., 2005, Trading Down: Africa, Value Chains and the Global Economy
Global Sources(2006)‘China Sourcing Report: Sports Balls. Essential Sourcing Intelligence for Buyers’. Hong Kong :Trade Media Limited.
Goyal P., 2005, Little Hands That Work: Child Labour in Punjab
International Labor Rights Forum/Bachpan Bochao Andolan (ILRF/BBVA)(2008)‘Child Labor in Football Stitching Activity in India: A Case Study of Meerut District Uttar Pradesh’. Washington DC and New Delhi :ILRF/BBVA.
Jenkins R., 2002, Corporate Responsibility and Labour Rights: Codes of Conduct in the Global Economy, 1
Kaplinsky R., 2005, Globalisation, Poverty and Inequality: Between a Rock and a Hard Place
Khan A., 2007, Power, Policy and the Discourse on Child Labour in the Football Manufacturing Industry of Sialkot
Locke R.M., 2007, ‘Improving Work Conditions in Global Supply Chains’, MIT-Sloan Management Review, 48, 54
Lund‐Thomsen P., ‘Labor Agency in the Football Manufacturing Industry of Sialkot, Pakistan’, Geoforum
Lund‐Thomsen P.andK.Nadvi(2009)‘Global Value Chains Local Clusters and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Comparative Assessment of the Sports Goods Clusters in Sialkot Pakistan and Jalandhar India’. Technical Paper 17 Industrial Policy and Private Sector Development Branch. Vienna :United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
Miller D. S.TurnerandT.Grinter(2010)‘Back to the Future? Mature Systems of Industrial Relations Approaches and Social Upgrading in Outsourced Apparel Supply Chains’. Working Paper 2010/02. Manchester :University of Manchester.
Nadvi K., 2004, Local Enterprises in the Global Economy, 53
Oxfam(2010)‘Better Jobs in Better Supply Chains’. Briefings for Business No. 5. Oxford :Oxfam International.
Pun N., 2005, ‘Global Production and Corporate Business Ethics: Company Codes of Conduct Implementation and its Implication on Labour Rights in China’, China Journal, 101
UN Comtrade(2011)‘United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database’. New York :United Nations Statistic Division.
Usher A.andK.Newitt(2009)‘Beyond Auditing: Tapping the Full Potential of Labour Standards Promotion’. Utrecht :IDH Dutch Sustainable Trade Initiative.
Xue H., 2011, Walmart in China, 34