Intraventricular ganglioglioma: a short illustrated review
Tóm tắt
The following review of the literature describes the ganglioglioma, an uncommon mixed glioneuronal neoplasm, most often of low-grade histology, with a small, albeit well-documented, malignant potential. These tumors exhibit a strong epileptogenic propensity and most often present as new onset seizures or are discovered after a long history of refractory epilepsy. Despite their indolent course, the importance of gross total resection is well recognized to prevent anaplastic and malignant degeneration. Morphologically, the neoplasm is often cystic with an enhancing mural nodule, but can also be entirely solid. They are most often found in the temporal lobe but have been found throughout the neuraxis. An exceedingly rare location of the ganglioglioma is within the lateral ventricle. A systematic literature search revealed only eight reports documenting the occurrence of a ganglioglioma within the lateral ventricle. We describe an illustrative case of an intraventricular ganglioglioma with a prominent cystic component and enhancing mural nodule, which represents the classic radiographic appearance of gangliogliomas described in other locations. A superior parietal lobule approach offered excellent surgical access for tumor removal and the patient has remained free of neurological deficits following surgery. Regardless of location within the central nervous system, ganglioglioma should be on the differential diagnosis for any cystic mass with a mural nodule, particularly in the setting of epilepsy.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Benifla M, Otsubo H, Ochi A, Weiss SK, Donner EJ, Shroff M, Chuang S, Hawkins C, Drake JM, Elliott I, Smith ML, Snead OC 3rd, Rutka JT (2006) Temporal lobe surgery for intractable epilepsy in children: an analysis of outcomes in 126 children. Neurosurgery 59:1203–1213 discussion 1213–1204 doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000245615.32226.83
Bills DC, Hanieh A (1991) Hemifacial spasm in an infant due to fourth ventricular ganglioglioma. Case report. J Neurosurg 75:134–137
Blumcke I, Wiestler OD (2002) Gangliogliomas: an intriguing tumor entity associated with focal epilepsies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:575–584
Castillo M, Davis PC, Takei Y, Hoffman JC Jr (1990) Intracranial ganglioglioma: MR, CT, and clinical findings in 18 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 154:607–612
Courville C (1930) Tumor of the central nervous system: review of the literature and report of two cases. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 24:439–491
Dash RC, Provenzale JM, McComb RD, Perry DA, Longee DC, McLendon RE (1999) Malignant supratentorial ganglioglioma (ganglion cell-giant cell glioblastoma): a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 123:342–345
Demierre B, Stichnoth FA, Hori A, Spoerri O (1986) Intracerebral ganglioglioma. J Neurosurg 65:177–182
Dorne HL, O’Gorman AM, Melanson D (1986) Computed tomography of intracranial gangliogliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 7:281–285
Friedman WA, Vries JK, Quisling RG (1979) Ganglioglioma of the medulla oblongata. Surg Neurol 12:105–108
Garrido E, Becker LF, Hoffman HJ, Hendrick EB, Humphreys R (1978) Gangliogliomas in children. A clinicopathological study. Childs Brain 4:339–346 doi:10.1159/000119790
Haddad SF, Moore SA, Menezes AH, VanGilder JC (1992) Ganglioglioma: 13 years of experience. Neurosurgery 31:171–178 doi:10.1097/00006123-199208000-00001
Hakim R, Loeffler JS, Anthony DC, Black PM (1997) Gangliogliomas in adults. Cancer 79:127–131 doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970101)79:1<127::AID-CNCR18>3.0.CO;2-6
Hauck EF, Vu L, Campbell GA, Nauta HJ (2008) Intraventricular ganglioglioma. J Clin Neurosci 15:1291–1293 doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2007.09.013
Hayashi Y, Iwato M, Hasegawa M, Tachibana O, von Deimling A, Yamashita J (2001) Malignant transformation of a gangliocytoma/ganglioglioma into a glioblastoma multiforme: a molecular genetic analysis. Case report. J Neurosurg 95:138–142
Im SH, Chung CK, Cho BK, Wang KC, Yu IK, Song IC, Cheon GJ, Lee DS, Kim NR, Chi JG (2002) Intracranial ganglioglioma: preoperative characteristics and oncologic outcome after surgery. J Neurooncol 59:173–183 doi:10.1023/A:1019661528350
Jaeger M, Hussein S, Schuhmann MU, Brandis A, Samii M, Blomer U (2001) Intraventricular trigonal ganglioglioma arising from the choroid plexus. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 143:953–955 doi:10.1007/s007010170027
Kaba SE, Langford LA, Yung WK, Kyritsis AP (1996) Resolution of recurrent malignant ganglioglioma after treatment with cis-retinoic acid. J Neurooncol 30:55–60 doi:10.1007/BF00177443
Kalyan-Raman UP, Olivero WC (1987) Ganglioglioma: a correlative clinicopathological and radiological study of ten surgically treated cases with follow-up. Neurosurgery 20:428–433 doi:10.1097/00006123-198703000-00012
Kim NR, Wang KC, Bang JS, Choe G, Park Y, Kim SK, Cho BK, Chi JG (2003) Glioblastomatous transformation of ganglioglioma: case report with reference to molecular genetic and flow cytometric analysis. Pathol Int 53:874–882 doi:10.1046/j.1440-1827.2003.01574.x
Kincaid PK, El-Saden SM, Park SH, Goy BW (1998) Cerebral gangliogliomas: preoperative grading using FDG-PET and 201Tl-SPECT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19:801–806
Koeller KK, Henry JM (2001) From the archives of the AFIP: superficial gliomas: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Radiographics 21:1533–1556
Krouwer HG, Davis RL, McDermott MW, Hoshino T, Prados MD (1993) Gangliogliomas: a clinicopathological study of 25 cases and review of the literature. J Neurooncol 17:139–154 doi:10.1007/BF01050216
Lagares A, Gomez PA, Lobato RD, Ricoy JR, Ramos A, de la Lama A (2001) Ganglioglioma of the brainstem: report of three cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 56:315–322 discussion 322–314 doi:10.1016/S0090-3019(01)00618-8
Lang FF, Epstein FJ, Ransohoff J, Allen JC, Wisoff J, Abbott IR, Miller DC (1993) Central nervous system gangliogliomas. Part 2: Clinical outcome. J Neurosurg 79:867–873
Liauw SL, Byer JE, Yachnis AT, Amdur RJ, Mendenhall WM (2007) Radiotherapy after subtotally resected or recurrent ganglioglioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67:244–247 doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.08.029
Luyken C, Blumcke I, Fimmers R, Urbach H, Wiestler OD, Schramm J (2004) Supratentorial gangliogliomas: histopathologic grading and tumor recurrence in 184 patients with a median follow-up of 8 years. Cancer 101:146–155 doi:10.1002/cncr.20332
Majos C, Aguilera C, Ferrer I, Lopez L, Pons LC (1998) Intraventricular ganglioglioma: case report. Neuroradiology 40:377–379 doi:10.1007/s002340050603
Matsumoto K, Tamiya T, Ono Y, Furuta T, Asari S, Ohmoto T (1999) Cerebral gangliogliomas: clinical characteristics, CT and MRI. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 141:135–141 doi:10.1007/s007010050277
Mittelbronn M, Schittenhelm J, Lemke D, Ritz R, Nagele T, Weller M, Meyermann R, Beschorner R (2007) Low grade ganglioglioma rapidly progressing to a WHO grade IV tumor showing malignant transformation in both astroglial and neuronal cell components. Neuropathology 27:463–467 doi:10.1111/j.1440-1789.2007.00800.x
Morris HH, Matkovic Z, Estes ML, Prayson RA, Comair YG, Turnbull J, Najm I, Kotagal P, Wyllie E (1998) Ganglioglioma and intractable epilepsy: clinical and neurophysiologic features and predictors of outcome after surgery. Epilepsia 39:307–313 doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01378.x
Nair V, Suri VS, Tatke M, Saran RK, Malhotra V, Singh D (2004) Gangliogliomas: A report of five cases. Indian J Cancer 41:41–46
Park YS, Kim DS, Shim KW, Kim JH, Choi JU (2008) Factors contributing to resectability and seizure outcomes in 44 patients with ganglioglioma. Clin Neurol Neurosurg
Pasquier B, Peoc HM, Fabre-Bocquentin B, Bensaadi L, Pasquier D, Hoffmann D, Kahane P, Tassi L, Le Bas JF, Benabid AL (2002) Surgical pathology of drug-resistant partial epilepsy. A 10-year-experience with a series of 327 consecutive resections. Epileptic Disord 4:99–119
Peretti-Viton P, Perez-Castillo AM, Raybaud C, Grisoli F, Bernard F, Poncet M, Salamon G (1991) Magnetic resonance imaging in gangliogliomas and gangliocytomas of the nervous system. J Neuroradiol 18:189–199
Perkins OC (1926) Ganglioglioma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2:11–17
Quinn B (1998) Synaptophysin staining in normal brain: importance for diagnosis of ganglioglioma. Am J Surg Pathol 22:550–556 doi:10.1097/00000478-199805000-00005
Rumana CS, Valadka AB (1998) Radiation therapy and malignant degeneration of benign supratentorial gangliogliomas. Neurosurgery 42:1038–1043 doi:10.1097/00006123-199805000-00049
Rumana CS, Valadka AB, Contant CF (1999) Prognostic factors in supratentorial ganglioglioma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 141:63–68 discussion 68–69 doi:10.1007/s007010050267
Russell DS, Rubinstein LJ (1962) Ganglioglioma: a case with long history and malignant evolution. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 21:185–193 doi:10.1097/00005072-196204000-00002
Schittenhelm J, Reifenberger G, Ritz R, Nagele T, Weller M, Pantazis G, Capper D, Beschorner R, Meyermann R, Mittelbronn M (2008) Primary anaplastic ganglioglioma with a small-cell glioblastoma component. Clin Neuropathol 27:91–95
Selch MT, Goy BW, Lee SP, El-Sadin S, Kincaid P, Park SH, Withers HR (1998) Gangliogliomas: experience with 34 patients and review of the literature. Am J Clin Oncol 21:557–564 doi:10.1097/00000421-199812000-00006
Shono T, Tosaka M, Matsumoto K, Onaka S, Yamaguchi S, Mizoguchi M, Iwaki T, Nakazato Y, Sasaki T (2007) Ganglioglioma in the third ventricle: report on two cases. Neurosurg Rev 30:253–258; discussion 258 doi:10.1007/s10143-007-0090-8
Silver JM, Rawlings CE 3rd, Rossitch E Jr, Zeidman SM, Friedman AH (1991) Ganglioglioma: a clinical study with long-term follow-up. Surg Neurol 35:261–266 doi:10.1016/0090-3019(91)90002-Q
Ulutin HC, Onguru O, Pak Y (2002) Postoperative radiotherapy for ganglioglioma; report of three cases and review of the literature. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 45:224–227 doi:10.1055/s-2002-36202
Wolf HK, Muller MB, Spanle M, Zentner J, Schramm J, Wiestler OD (1994) Ganglioglioma: a detailed histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 61 cases. Acta Neuropathol 88:166–173 doi:10.1007/BF00294510
Wolf HK, Wiestler OD (1993) Surgical pathology of chronic epileptic seizure disorders. Brain Pathol 3:371–380 doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00765.x
Yin Foo Lee G, Scott G, Blumbergs PC, Patrick Brophy B, Lionel Crompton J (2001) Ganglioglioma of the lateral ventricle presenting with blepharospasm—case report and review of the literature. J Clin Neurosci 8:279–282 doi:10.1054/jocn.1999.0770
Zentner J, Wolf HK, Ostertun B, Hufnagel A, Campos MG, Solymosi L, Schramm J (1994) Gangliogliomas: clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings in 51 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:1497–1502 doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.12.1497
Zhang D, Henning TD, Zou LG, Hu LB, Wen L, Feng XY, Dai SH, Wang WX, Sun QR, Zhang ZG (2008) Intracranial ganglioglioma: clinicopathological and MRI findings in 16 patients. Clin Radiol 63:80–91 doi:10.1016/j.crad.2007.06.010