Intimate Transactions: Sex Toys and the Sexual Discourse of Second-Wave Feminism

Sexuality & Culture - Tập 21 - Trang 96-120 - 2016
Hallie Lieberman1
1Department of Gender and Women’s Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA

Tóm tắt

This article examines customer correspondence to Eve’s Garden from women throughout the United States from 1974 to 1989 to determine how ordinary women at the height of the second-wave feminist movement grappled with fraught issues surrounding changing conceptions of sexuality. These exchanges show that feminist sex debates were incorporated into women’s everyday lives, often in terms of a conflict between sexual desires and feminist principles, providing evidence that the personal truly was political. My article shows that sex toys helped women envision their sexuality in new ways. Letters show how ordinary women struggled to take control of their sexuality by creating relationships with commercial establishments in a world awash in social and political changes. Three principal themes emerge from customer correspondence. First is that many feminists were initially skeptical that sex toys could be reconciled with feminist political beliefs. Second is the ambivalence about using an inanimate object, a machine, for sexual pleasure. And third is the complicated role of sex toys in relationships, both lesbian and straight, particularly when women desired vaginal penetration with dildos.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Arondekar, A. (2009). For the record: On sexuality and the colonial archive in India. Durham: Duke University Press Books. Bailey, B. (2002). Sex in the heartland. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Barbach, L. G. (1976). For yourself: The fulfillment of female sexuality (Rev and Updated ed.). New York: Anchor. Blank, J. (1976). Good vibrations: The complete woman’s guide to vibrators. Burlingame, CA: Down There Press. Bronstein, C. (2011). Battling pornography: The American feminist anti-pornography movement, 1976–1986. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. Comella, L. (2004). Selling sexual liberation: Women-owned sex toy stores and the business of social change. Doctoral Dissertations Available from Proquest, pp. 1–452. Comella, L. (2013). From text to context: Feminist porn the making of a market. In T. Taormino, C. Penley, C. P. Shimizu, & M. Miller-Young (Eds.), The feminist porn book: The politics of producing pleasure (pp. 79–93). New York, NY: The Feminist Press at CUNY. Comfort, A. (Ed.). (1972). The joy of sex: A gourmet guide to love making (1st ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. Das, A. (2014). The Dildo as a transformative political tool: Feminist and queer perspectives. Sexuality and Culture, 18(3), 688–703. doi:10.1007/s12119-013-9205-2. Dell Williams Papers 1922–2008. (n.d.). Cornell University. Dodson, B. (1974). Liberating masturbation. New York: Bodysex Designs. Dodson, B. (2010). My romantic love wars: A sexual memoir. New York: Betty Dodson. Douglas, S. J. (1995). Where the girls are: Growing up female with the Mass Media (Reprint edition). New York: Three Rivers Press. Duggan, L. (1990). From instincts to politics: Writing the history of sexuality in the U.S. The Journal of Sex Research, 27(1), 95–109. Dumont, A., & Dumont, A. (1970). Sex devices and how to use them (1st ed.). Medco Books. Echols, A. (1989). Daring to be bad: Radical feminism in America 1967–1975 (1st ed.). Minneapolis: University Of Minnesota Press. Edgerton, D. (2011). The shock of the old: Technology and global history since 1900 (Reprint edition). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Enke, A. (2007). Finding the movement: Sexuality, contested space, and feminist activism. Durham: Duke University Press Books. Evans, A., & Riley, S. (2015). Technologies of sexiness: Sex, identity, and consumer culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ferla, R. (2004, October 3). Good vibrations, upscale division. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/03/fashion/good-vibrations-upscale-division.html. Findlay, H. (1992). Freud’s “fetishism” and the lesbian dildo debates. Feminist Studies, 18(3), 563–579. doi:10.2307/3178083. Frank, T. (1998). The conquest of cool: Business culture, counterculture, and the rise of hip consumerism (1st ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Freedman, E. (2002). No turning back: The history of feminism and the future of women. New York: Ballantine Books. Freedman, E. B., & D’Emilio, J. (1990). Problems encountered in writing the history of sexuality: Sources, theory and interpretation. The Journal of Sex Research, 27(4), 481–495. Friedan, B. (1991). It changed my life. New York: Laurel. Fullerton, P. (1972). The dilemma of the modern lesbian. Lavendar Woman, 1, 3. Gerhard, J. (2001). Desiring revolution: Second-wave feminism and the rewriting of American sexual thought, 1920 to 1982. New York: Columbia University Press. Godiva. (1975). What lesbians do. New York: Godiva. Hamming, J. E. (2001). Dildonics, dykes and the detachable masculine. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 8(3), 329–341. Hanisch, C. (1970). The personal is political. Notes from the Second Year: Major Writings of Radical Feminists, 1(1), 76–78. Heiman, J. R., Lopiccolo, L., & Lopiccolo, J. (1976). Becoming orgasmic: A sexual growth program for women (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Hite, S. (2004). The hite report: A national study of female sexuality (Subsequent edition). New York: Seven Stories Press. Hurlbert, D. F., & Whittaker, K. E. (1991). The role of masturbation in marital and sexual satisfaction: A comparative study of female masturbators and nonmasturbators. Journal of Sex Education & Therapy, 17(4), 272–282. Isaacson, A. (2012). Can a better vibrator inspire an age of Great American sex? The Atlantic. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/05/can-a-better-vibrator-inspire-an-age-of-great-american-sex/257108/. Juffer, J. (1998). At home with pornography: Women, sexuality, and everyday life (1st ed.). New York: NYU Press. Katz, S. (1970). Smash phallic imperialism. Lavendar Vision, 1, 1. Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., & Gebhard, P. H. (1953). Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia, London: W.B. Saunders and Company. Kirk, A. (2002). Machines of loving grace: Technology, environmentalism and the counterculture. In P. Braunstein & W. M. Doyle (Eds.), Imagine nation: The American counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s (pp. 362–364). New York: Routledge. Kline, W. (2010). Bodies of knowledge: Sexual, reproduction, and women’s health in the second wave. University of Chicago Press. Koedt, A. (1973). The Myth of the vaginal Orbasm. In A. Koedt, E. Levine, & A. Rapone (Eds.), Radical feminism (pp. 198–207). New York: Quadrangle Books. Lieberman, H. (2016). Selling sex toys: Marketing and the meaning of vibrators in early twentieth-century America. Enterprise and Society, 17(02), 393–433. doi:10.1017/eso.2015.97. LoPiccolo, J., & Lobitz, W. C. (1972). The role of masturbation in the treatment of orgasmic dysfunction. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2(2), 163–171. Maines, R. P. (1998). The technology of orgasm: “Hysteria”, the Vibrator, and women’s sexual satisfaction. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Masters, W. H., & Johnson, V. E. (1966). Human sexual response (1st ed.). Boston, MA: Little Brown and Company. National Organization for Women. (1974). Women’s sexuality conference proceedings (pp. 55–56). New York: National Organization of Women New York Chapter. Przybylo, E., & Cooper, D. (2014). Asexual resonances tracing a queerly asexual archive. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 20(3), 297–318. doi:10.1215/10642684-2422683. Rosen, R. (2006). The world split open: How the modern women’s movement changed America (Revised Edition). New York: Penguin Books. Safran, C. (1976). Plain talk about the new approach to sexual pleasure. Redbook, 46(5), 85–88. Sharon, J. (2012, May 31). Many chain stores now add a toy aisle for adults. USA Today. Retrieved from http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/wellness/story/2012-05-29/vibrators-and-sex-toys-sales/55289424/1. Siegel, D. (2007). Sisterhood, interrupted: From radical women to grrls gone wild (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Snitow, A., Stansell, C., & Thompson, S. (1983). Powers of Desire (Copyright 1983 edition). New York: Monthly Review Press. Spain, D. (2016). Constructive feminism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Starrett, B. (1974). I dream in female: The metaphors of evolution. Amazon Quarterly, 3(1), 24–25. Stengers, J., & Van, A. (2001). Masturbation: The history of a great terror. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. United States. (1971). Technical report of the commission on obscenity and pornography. Washington: For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009911547. Wallace, J. (1975). Masturbation: A woman’s handbook. Bloomfield, NJ: R.J Williams Pub. Williams, D., & Vannucci, L. (2005). Revolution in the garden (Original edition). San Francisco, CA: Silverback Books. Wypijewski, J. (2012). Playing doctor. The Nation. Retrieved August 26, 2016, from https://www.thenation.com/article/playing-doctor/. Zietsch, B. P., Miller, G. F., Bailey, J. M., & Martin, N. G. (2011). Female orgasm rates are largely independent of other traits: Implications for “female orgasmic disorder” and evolutionary theories of orgasm. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(8), 2305–2316. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02300.