Interleukin-15 mediates T cell-dependent regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α production in rheumatoid arthritis

Burmester, G. et al. The tissue architecture of synovial membrane in inflammatory and non-inflammatory joint diseases. Rheum. Int. 3, 173–180 (1983).

Miossec, P., Chomarat, P. & Dechanet, J. Bypassing the antigen to control rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol. Today 17, 170–173 (1996).

Feldmann, M., Brennan, F.M. & Maini, R.N. Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14, 397–440 (1996).

Firestein, G.S. & Zwaifler, N.J. How important are T cells in chronic rheumatoid synovitis? Arthritis Rheum. 33, 768–773 (1990).

Simon, K., Seipelt, E. & Sieper, J. Divergent T cell cytokine patterns in inflammatory arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 8562–8566 (1994).

Ulfgren, A.K., Lindblad, S., Klares Kog, L., Andersson, J. & Andersson, U. Detection of cytokine producing cells in the synovial membrane from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 54, 654–661 (1995).

Firestein, G. et al. Cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis: Failure to detect T cell lymphokines (IL-2 and IL-3) and presence of macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) and a novel mast cell growth factor in rheumatoid synovitis. J. Exp. Med. 168, 1573–1586 (1988).

Panayi, G.S., Lanchbury, J.S. & Kingsley, G.H. The importance of the T cell in initiating and maintaining the chronic synovitis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 35, 729–735 (1992).

Staines, N. & Wooley, P.H. Collagen arthritis — what can it teach us? Br. J. Rheum. 33, 798–807 (1994).

Harrison, W.B., Cyclosporin. in Second-Line Agents in the Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases, (eds. Dixon, J.S. & Furst, D.E.) (Dekker, New York, 1992).

Gregerson, P.K., Silver, J. & Winchester, R.J. The shared epitope hypothesis: An approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 30, 1205–1213 (1987).

Mclnnes, I.B. et al. The role of interleukin-15 in T-cell migration and activation in rheumatoid arthritis. Nature Med. 2, 175–182 (1996).

Grabstein, K.H. et al. Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with the β-chain of the interleukin-2 receptor. Science 264, 965–967 (1994).

Burton, J.D. et al. A lymphokine, provisionally designated interleukin T and produced by a human adult T cell leukemia line, stimulates T cell proliferation and the induction of lymphokine-activated killer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 4935–4939 (1994).

Giri, J.G. et al. Utilization of the b and g chains of the IL-2 receptor by the novel cytokine IL-15. EMBO J. 13, 2822–2830 (1994).

Giri, J.G. et al. Identification and cloning of a novel IL-15 binding protein that is structurally related to the a chain of the IL-2 receptor. EMBO J. 14, 3654–3663 (1995).

Armitage, R.J., MacDuff, B.M., Eisenman, J., Paxton, R. & Grabstein, K.H. IL-15 has stimulatory activity for the induction of B cell proliferation and differentiation. J. Immunol. 154, 483–490 (1995).

Carson, W.E. et al. Interleukin (IL) 15 is a novel cytokine that activates human natural killer cells via components of the IL-2 receptor, J. Exp. Med. 180, 1395–1403 (1994).

Akbar, A.N. et al. Interleukin-2 receptor common g-chain signalling cytokines regulate activated T cell apoptosis in response to growth factor withdrawal: Selective induction of anti-apoptotic (bcl-2, bcl-xL) but not pro-apoptotic (bax, bcl-xs) gene expression, Eur. J. Immunol. 26, 294–299 (1996).

Wilkinson, P.C. & Liew, F.Y. Chemoattraction of human blood T lymphocytes by IL-15. J. Exp. Med. 181, 1255–1259 (1995).

AI-Mughales, J., Blyth, T.H., Hunter, J. & Wilkinson, P.C. The chemoattractant activity of rheumatoid synovial fluid for human lymphocytes is due to multiple cytokines. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 106, 230–236 (1996).

Arend, W.P., St Dayer, J.-M. Inhibition of the production and effects of interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor a in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 38, 151–160 (1995).

Elliot, M.J. et al. Randomised double blind comparison of a chimaeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor a (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 344, 1105–1110 (1995).

Rankin, E.C.C. et al. The therapeutic effects of an engineered human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha antibody (CD571) in rheumatoid arthritis. Br. J Rheum. 34, 334–342 (1995).

Lacraz, S., Isler, P., Vey, E., Welgus, H.G. & Dayer, J.-M. Direct contact between T lymphocytes and monocytes is a major pathway for induction of metalloproteinase expression. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 22027–22033 (1994).

Kohem, C.L. et al. Enrichment of differentiated CD45RBdim, CD27-memory T cells in peripheral blood, synovial fluid and synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 39, 844–854 (1996).

Chu, C., Field, M., Feldmann, M. & Maini, R.N. Localisation of tumour necrosis factor alpha in synovial tissue and at the cartilage-pannus junction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 34, 1125–1132 (1991).

Fernandez-Gutierrez, B., Hernandez-Garcia, C., Banares, A.A. & Joier, J.A. Characterisation and regulation of CD69 expression on rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid T cells. J. Rheumatol. 22, 413–420 (1995).

Burmester, G. et al. Differential expression of la antigens by rheumatoid synovial lining cells. J. Clin. Invest. 80, 595–604 (1987).

Laffon, A. et al. Upregulated expression and function of VLA-4 fibronectin receptors on human activated T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 88, 546–552 (1991).

Iannone, F., Corrigall, V.M., Kingsley, G. & Panayi, G. Evidence for continuous recruitment and of T cells into the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur. J. Immunol. 24, 2706–2713 (1994)

Kanegane, H. & Tosato, G. Activation of naive and memory T cells by interleukin-15. Blood 88, 230–235 (1996).

Struyk, L. et al. T cell receptors in rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum. 38, 577–589 (1996).

Nieto, M. Angel del Pozo, M. & Sanchez-Madrid, F. Interleukin-15 induces adhesion molecule redistribution in T lymphocytes, Eur. J. Immunol. 26, 1302–1307 (1996).

Perrella, O., Carrieri, P.B., De Mercato, R. & Buscaino, G.A. Markers of activated T lymphocytes and T cell receptor gamma/delta+ in patients with multiple sclerosis Eur. Neural. 33, 152–155 (1993).

Garcia Monzon, C. et al. Expression of a novel activation antigen on intrahepatic CD8+ lymphocytes in viral chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology 98, 1029–1035 (1990).

Testi, R., D'Ambrsoio, D., De Maria, R. & Santoni, A. The CD69 receptor: A multipurpose cell-surface trigger for haematopoietic cells. Immunol. Today 15, 479–483 (1994).

Isler, P., Vey, E., Zhang, J.-H. & Dayer, J.-M. Cell surface glycoproteins expressed on activated human T cells induce production of interleukin-1 beta by monocytic cells: A possible role of CD69. fur. Cytokine Netw. 4, 15–23 (1993).

Arnett, F.C. et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 31, 315–324 (1988).

Tagaya, Y., Burton, J.D., Miyamoto, Y. . 8t Waldmann, T.A. Identification of a novel receptor/signal transduction pathway for IL-15/T in mast cells. EMBOJ. 15, 4928–4939 (1996).