Inertia in an ombrotrophic bog ecosystem in response to 9 years' realistic perturbation by wet deposition of nitrogen, separated by form

Global Change Biology - Tập 20 Số 2 - Trang 566-580 - 2014
Lucy J. Sheppard1, Ian D. Leith1, Toshie Mizunuma2, Sarah R. Leeson1, Sanna Kivimäki1, J.N. Cape1, Netty van Dijk1, David Leaver1, Mark A. Sutton1, D. Fowler1, L.J.L. van den Berg3,4, Alan Crossley5, Chris D. Field6, Simon M. Smart7
1Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Edinburgh Bush Estate Penicuik EH26 0QB UK
2School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN UK
3B-WARE Research Centre, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 6558, Nijmegen, 6503 GB The Netherlands
4Department of Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ The Netherlands
5ACrosstech, Deanfoot Rd, West Linton, Peeblesshire, EH46 7AU UK
6John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
7Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK

Tóm tắt

AbstractWet deposition of nitrogen (N) occurs in oxidized (nitrate) and reduced (ammonium) forms. Whether one form drives vegetation change more than the other is widely debated, as field evidence has been lacking. We are manipulating N form in wet deposition to an ombrotrophic bog, Whim (Scottish Borders), and here report nine years of results. Ammonium and nitrate were provided in rainwater spray as NH4Cl or NaNO3 at 8, 24 or 56 kg N ha−1 yr−1, plus a rainwater only control, via an automated system coupled to site meteorology. Detrimental N effects were observed in sensitive nonvascular plant species, with higher cumulative N loads leading to more damage at lower annual doses. Cover responses to N addition, both in relation to form and dose, were species specific and mostly dependent on N dose. Some species were generally indifferent to N form and dose, while others were dose sensitive. Calluna vulgaris showed a preference for higher N doses as ammonium N and Hypnum jutlandicum for nitrate N. However, after 9 years, the magnitude of change from wet deposited N on overall species cover is small, indicating only a slow decline in key species. Nitrogen treatment effects on soil N availability were likewise small and rarely correlated with species cover. Ammonium caused most N accumulation and damage to sensitive species at lower N loads, but toxic effects also occurred with nitrate. However, because different species respond differently to N form, setting of ecosystem level critical loads by N form is challenging. We recommend implementing the lowest value of the critical load range where communities include sensitive nonvascular plants and where ammonium dominates wet deposition chemistry. In the context of parallel assessment at the same site, N treatments for wet deposition showed overall much smaller effects than corresponding inputs of dry deposition as ammonia.

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Global Change Biology

Tập 20 Số 2

566-580

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