Impacts of tourism development on the physical environment of Mussoorie, a hill station in the lower Himalayan range of India

Journal of Mountain Science - Tập 15 - Trang 2276-2291 - 2018
Sangeeta Sundriyal1, Vijay Shridhar1, Sandeep Madhwal1, Kamal Pandey2, Vikram Sharma2
1School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, India
2Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, India

Tóm tắt

Tourism in mountainous regions is a significant source of revenue generation. However, it has also been associated with many adverse environmental consequences. This study aims at assessing the negative impacts of the incessant upsurge in tourism development on the physical environment of Mussoorie, a well-known mountain tourist destination in India. The impact indicators for the region were identified and assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis of field observations. The observations indicated the aggravation of traffic congestion, atmospheric pollution, undisposed solid waste, water scarcity and infrastructure unavailability as the prevalent issues, especially during the peak tourist months. The extent of the consequential damage to the environment was evaluated by conducting an assessment of tourism-induced human disturbance on the natural landscape of the town. Slope, slope aspect, vegetation cover, road network and drainage network were incorporated as the determining landscape attributes to prepare thematic maps of landscape quality (perceivable intrinsic properties) and landscape fragility (vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbances) using GIS technique. An absorption capacity map was finally prepared to characterize the study area into regions of different conservation needs. The results identified the need for planning appropriate preservation strategies for different tourist places in the town. The study can be used by the policy makers for implementing the regulatory measures against potential disturbances due to mass-tourism.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Allen JS, Lu KS, Potts TD (1999) A GIS–Based Analysis and Prediction of Land–Use Change in a Coastal Tourism Destination Area. World Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism. pp 287–297.

Atik M, Işikli RC, Ortaçeşme V, et al. (2015) Definition of landscape character areas and types in Side region, Antalya–Turkey with regard to land use planning. Land use policy 44: 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.11.019

Bastian O, Stein C, Lupp G, et al. (2015) The appreciation of nature and landscape by tourism service providers and visitors in the Ore Mountains (Germany). Landscape Online 41: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.201541

Bathmanabhan S, Nagendra S, Madanayak S (2010) Analysis and interpretation of particulate matter–PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 emissions from the heterogeneous traffic near an urban roadway. Atmospheric Pollution Research 1: 184–194. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2010.024

Boori MS, Vozenílek V, Choudhary K (2015) Land use/cover disturbance due to tourism in Jeseníky Mountain, Czich Republic: A remote sensing and GIS based approach. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences 18: 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2014.12.002

Buckley R, Pickering C, Warnken J (2000) Environmental management for Alpine tourism and resorts in Australia. In: P Godde, M Price, F Zimmermann (eds.), Tourism and development in mountain regions. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. pp 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851993911.0027

Census of India (2011) District census handbook Dehradun: Village and town wise Primary Census Abstract (PCA). Dehradun: Directorate of Census Operations.

Foody G (2002) Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment. Remote Sensing Of Environment 80(1): 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(01)00295-4

Forman RTT, Godron M (1986) Landscape Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. p 620.

Geneletti D, Dawa D (2009) Environmental impact assessment of mountain tourism in developing regions: A study in Ladakh, Indian Himalaya. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 29: 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2009.01.003

Gossling S (2000) Sustainable Tourism Development in Developing Countries: Some Aspects of Energy Use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 8: 410–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580008667376

Gössling S (2001) The consequences of tourism for sustainable water use on a tropical island: Zanzibar, Tanzania. Journal of Environmental Management 61: 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2000.0403

Government of Uttarakhand (2016) Accepted projects details. eSuvidha: Online Investment Tracking Mechanism. Available online: https://doi.org/esuvidha.gov.in/uttarakhand/cci_acceptedprojects.php, accessed on 2016–02–24.

Herich H, Hueglin C, Buchmann B (2011) A 2. 5 year’ s source apportionment study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4: 1409–1420. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1409-201.

Holden A (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd ed.) London: Routledge.

Joshi SC, Pant P (1990) Environmental implications of the recent growth of tourism in Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya, U.P., India. Mountain Research and Development 10(4): 347–357. https://doi.org/10.2307/3673497

Kholod N, Evans M (2016) Reducing black carbon emissions from diesel vehicles in Russia: An assessment and policy recommendations. Environmental Science & Policy 56: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.10.017

Kirch A (2002) Impact of Tourism and Urbanization on Water Supply and Water Quality in Manali, Northern India. Canadian Water Resources Journal 27: 383–400. https://doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2704383

Kulshrestha A, Satsangi PG, Masih J, et al. (2009) Metal concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra, India. Science of The Total Environment 407: 6196–6204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.050

Kuniyal JC, Jain AP, Shannigrahi AS (2003) Solid waste management in Indian Himalayan tourists’ treks: A case study in and around the Valley of Flowers and Hemkund Sahib. Waste Management 23: 807–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(03)00027-8

Lee CC, Chang CP (2008) Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Closer Look at Panels. Tourism Management 29(1): 180–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.02.013

Lillesand TM, Kiefer RW, Chipman JW (2015) Remote sensing and image interpretation (Seventh edition). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey.

Liu Y, Wei X, Li P, et al. (2016) Sensitivity of correlation structure of class–and landscape–level metrics in three diverse regions. Ecological Indicators 64: 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.12.021

Madan S, Rawat L (2000) The impacts of tourism on the environment of Mussoorie, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Environmentalist 20: 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006760015997

Martínez–Graña AM, Silva PG, Goy JL, et al. (2017) Geomorphology applied to landscape analysis for planning and management of natural spaces. Case study: Las Batuecas–S. de Francia and Quilamas natural parks, (Salamanca, Spain). Science of the Total Environment 584–585: 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.155

Mateu–Sbert J, Ricci–Cabello I, Villalonga–Olives E, et al. (2013) The impact of tourism on municipal solid waste generation: The case of Menorca Island (Spain). Waste Management 33: 2589–2593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.08.007

Mbaiwa JE (2003) The socio–economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on the Okavango Delta, north–western Botswana. Journal of Arid Environments 54: 447–467. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2002.1101

McKercher B (1993) Some fundamental truths about tourism: Understanding tourism’s social and environmental impacts. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 1:6–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669589309450697

Miguel Martínez–Graña A (2013) Cartographic–Environmental Analysis of the Landscape in Natural Protected Parks for His Management Using GIS. Application to the Natural Parks of the “Las Batuecas–Sierra de Francia” and “Quilamas” (Central System, Spain). Journal of Geographic Information System 5: 54–68. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2013.51006

Nepal SK, Chipeniuk R (2005) Mountain Tourism: Toward a Conceptual Framework. Tourism Geographies 7: 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680500164849

Neto F (2003) A new approach to sustainable tourism development: Moving beyond environmental protection. Natural Resource Forum 27: 212–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.00056

Pickering CM, Hill W (2007) Impacts of recreation and tourism on plant biodiversity and vegetation in protected areas in Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 85: 791–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.11.021

Pignatti S (1993) Impact of tourism on the mountain landscape of central italy. Landscape And Urban Planning 24(1–4): 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(93)90082-O

Ramachandran H, Ramachandran N (2001) Carrying capacity of Mussoorie. New Delhi: For Supreme Court Monitoring Committee, Dehradun. Concept Pub. Co.

Saaty TL (1980) The Analytic Hierarchy Process. McGraw–Hill, New York.

Saaty TL (2008) Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. International Journal of services Sciences 1(1): 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijssci.2008.017590

Saenz–de–Miera O, Rosselló J (2014) Modeling tourism impacts on air pollution: The case study of PM10 in Mallorca. Tourism Management 40: 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.012

Singh S (2008) Destination development dilemma–Case of Manali in Himachal Himalaya. Tourism Management 29: 1152–1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.018

Srivastava A, Gupta S, Jain VK (2008) Source Appointment of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in Coarse and Fine Size Ranges over Delhi. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 8 (2): 188–200. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2007.09.0040

Steen Jacobsen JK (2007) Use of landscape perception methods in tourism studies: A review of photo–based research approaches. Tourism Geographies 9: 234–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680701422871

Terkenli T (2004) Tourism and landscape. In: Lew et al (eds.), A companion to Tourism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford. pp 339–348.

Tolvanen A, Kangas K (2016) Tourism, biodiversity and protected areas–Review from northern Fennoscandia. Journal of Environmental Management 169: 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.12.011

Van Der Duim R, Caalders J (2002) Biodiversity and tourism: Impacts and interventions. Annals of Tourism Research 29: 743–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00087-1

World Tourism Organization (2016) International tourist arrivals up 4% reach a record 1.2 billion in 2015. Available online at: https://doi.org/media.unwto.org/press-release/2016-0118/international-tourist-arrivals-4-reach-record-12-billion-2015 (accessed on 31 March 2016)

Zhang JT, Xiang C, Li M (2012) Effects of tourism and topography on vegetation diversity in the subalpine meadows of the Dongling Mountains of Beijing, China. Environmental Management 49: 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9786-1

Zhang K, Batterman S (2013) Air pollution and health risks due to vehicle traffic. The Science of the Total Environment 450–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.074

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Mountain Science

Tập 15

2276-2291

Thông tin tác giả