Immune function of microglia
Tóm tắt
During the past decade, mechanisms involved in the immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS) have moved to the forefront of neuropathological research mainly because of the recognition that most neurological disorders involve activation and, possibly, dysregulation of microglia, the intrinsic macrophages of the CNS. Increasing evidence indicates that, in addition to their well‐established phagocytic function, microglia may also participate in the regulation of non specific inflammation as well as adaptive immune responses. This article focuses on the signals regulating microglia innate immune functions, the role of microglia in antigen presentation, and their possible involvement in the development of CNS immunopathology. GLIA 36:165–179, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aloisi F, 1998, Microglia are more efficient than astrocytes in antigen processing and in Th1 but not Th2 activation, J Immunol, 160, 4671, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.4671
Aloisi F, 1999, CD40–CD154 interaction and IFN‐gamma are required for IL‐12 not prostaglandin E2 secretion by microglia during antigen presentation to Th1 cells, J Immunol, 162, 1384, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1384
Bettelli E, 1998, IL‐10 is critical in the regulation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis as demonstrated by studies of IL‐10‐ and IL‐4‐deficient and transgenic mice, J Immunol, 161, 3299, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.7.3299
Bonetti B, 1997, Cell death during autoimmune demyelination: effector but not target cells are eliminated by apoptosis, J Immunol, 158, 5733, 10.4049/jimmunol.159.11.5733
Ford AL, 1995, Normal adult ramified microglia separated from other central nervous system macrophages by flow cytometric sorting. Phenotypic differences defined and ex vivo antigen presentation to myelin basic protein‐reactive CD4+ T cells compared, J Immunol, 154, 4309, 10.4049/jimmunol.154.9.4309
Frei K, 1994, Antigen presentation in the central nervous system. The inhibitory effect of IL‐10 on MHC class II expression and cytokine production depends on the inducing signals and the type of cell analyzed, J Immunol, 152, 2720, 10.4049/jimmunol.152.6.2720
Gebicke‐Haerter PJ, 1996, Molecular mechanisms of microglial activation: implications for regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases, Neurochem Int, 29, 1
Jander S, 1998, Time course and cellular localization of interleukin‐10 mRNA and protein expression in autoimmune inflammation of the rat central nervous system, Am J Pathol, 152, 975
Liu JSH, 1998, IFNs are critical regulators of IL‐1 receptor antagonist and IL‐1 expression in human microglia, J Immunol, 161, 1989, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.4.1989
Ma N, 1999, T cell immunity induced by allogeneic microglia in relation to neuronal retina transplantation, J Immunol, 162, 4482, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4482
McManus CM, 1998, Cytokine induction of MIP‐1 alpha and MIP‐1 beta in human fetal microglia, J Immunol, 160, 1449, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.3.1449
Ohmori K, 1992, In situ demonstration of proliferating cells in the rat central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Evidence suggesting that most infiltrating T cells do not proliferate in the target organ, Lab Invest, 66, 54
Sallusto F, 2000, Understanding dendritic cell and T‐lymphocyte traffic through the analysis of chemokine receptor expression, Immunol Rev, 177.134
Sedgwick JD, 1997, Immunology of the nervous system, 364
Sedgwick JD, 1998, Central nervous system microglial cell activation and proliferation follows direct interaction with tissue‐infiltrating T cell blasts, J Immunol, 160, 5320, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.11.5320
Shrikant P, 1996, The central nervous system as an immunocompetent organ: role of glial cells in antigen presentation, J Immunol, 157, 1819, 10.4049/jimmunol.157.5.1819
Vass K, 1990, Intrathecal application of interferon gamma. Progressive appearance of MHC antigens within the rat nervous system, Am J Pathol, 137, 789