Idiopathic scoliosis: etiological concepts and hypotheses

Acaroglu E, Akel I et al (2009) Comparison of the melatonin and calmodulin in paravertebral muscle and platelets of patients with or without adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34(18):E659–E663 Akoume MY, Azeddine B et al (2010) Cell-based screening test for idiopathic scoliosis using cellular dielectric spectroscopy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35(13):E601–E608 Andersen MO, Thomsen K et al (2007) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in twins: a population-based survey. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32(8):927–930 Bredoux R, Corvazier E et al (2006) Human platelet Ca2+-ATPases: new markers of cell differentiation as illustrated in idiopathic scoliosis. Platelets 17(6):421–433 Burwell RG, Aujla RK et al (2009) Pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in girls—a double neuro-osseous theory involving disharmony between two nervous systems, somatic and autonomic expressed in the spine and trunk: possible dependency on sympathetic nervous system and hormones with implications for medical therapy. Scoliosis 4:24 Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH et al (2008) Concepts on the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Bone growth and mass, vertebral column, spinal cord, brain, skull, extra-spinal left-right skeletal length asymmetries, disproportions and molecular pathogenesis. Stud Health Technol Inform 135:3–52 Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH et al (2011) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), environment, exposome and epigenetics: a molecular perspective of postnatal normal spinal growth and the etiopathogenesis of AIS with consideration of a network approach and possible implications for medical therapy. Scoliosis 6(1):26 Cheng JC, Tang SP et al (2001) Osteopenia in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a histomorphometric study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26(3):E19–E23 Chu WC, Lam WM et al (2008) Relative shortening and functional tethering of spinal cord in adolescent scoliosis—result of asynchronous neuro-osseous growth, summary of an electronic focus group debate of the IBSE. Scoliosis 3:8 Chu WC, Lam WW et al (2006) Relative shortening and functional tethering of spinal cord in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?: study with multiplanar reformat magnetic resonance imaging and somatosensory evoked potential. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31(1):E19–E25 Chu WC, Man GC et al (2007) A detailed morphologic and functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the craniocervical junction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32(15):1667–1674 Chu WC, Man GC et al (2008) Morphological and functional electrophysiological evidence of relative spinal cord tethering in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33(6):673–680 Clough M, Justice CM et al (2010) Males with familial idiopathic scoliosis: a distinct phenotypic subgroup. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35(2):162–168 Cook SD, Harding AF et al (1987) Trabecular bone mineral density in idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 7(2):168–174 Dede O, Akel I et al (2011) Is decreased bone mineral density associated with development of scoliosis? A bipedal osteopenic rat model. Scoliosis 6(1):24 Drevelle X, Dubousset J et al (2008) Analysis of the mechanisms of idiopathic scoliosis progression using finite element simulation. Stud Health Technol Inform 140:85–89 Drevelle X, Lafon Y et al (2010) Analysis of idiopathic scoliosis progression by using numerical simulation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35(10):E407–E412 Floman Y, Liebergall M et al (1983) Abnormalities of aggregation, thromboxane A2 synthesis, and 14C serotonin release in platelets of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 8(3):236–241 Gauchard GC, Lascombes P et al (2001) Influence of different types of progressive idiopathic scoliosis on static and dynamic postural control. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26(9):1052–1058 Hadley-Miller N, Mims B et al (1994) The potential role of the elastic fiber system in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 76(8):1193–1206 Haumont T, Gauchard GC et al (2011) Postural instability in early-stage idiopathic scoliosis in adolescent girls. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36(13):E847–E854 Healey JH, Lane JM (1985) Structural scoliosis in osteoporotic women. Clin Orthop Relat Res 195:216–223 Justice CM, Miller NH et al (2003) Familial idiopathic scoliosis: evidence of an X-linked susceptibility locus. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28(6):589–594 Kahmann RD, Donohue JM et al (1992) Platelet function in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 17(2):145–148 Karol LA (2001) Effectiveness of bracing in male patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26(18):2001–2005 Kindsfater K, Lowe T et al (1994) Levels of platelet calmodulin for the prediction of progression and severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 76(8):1186–1192 Kono H, Machida M et al (2011) Mechanism of osteoporosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: experimental scoliosis in pinealectomized chickens. J Pineal Res 51(4):387–393 Lambert FM, Malinvaud D et al (2009) Vestibular asymmetry as the cause of idiopathic scoliosis: a possible answer fromXenopus. J Neurosci 29(40):12477–12483 Letellier K, Azeddine B et al (2007) Etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and new molecular concepts. Med Sci (Paris) 23(11):910–916 Liu T, Chu WC et al (2008) MR analysis of regional brain volume in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: neurological manifestation of a systemic disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 27(4):732–736 Lowe T, Lawellin D et al (2002) Platelet calmodulin levels in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: do the levels correlate with curve progression and severity? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 27(7):768–775 Machida M, Dubousset J et al (1995) Role of melatonin deficiency in the development of scoliosis in pinealectomised chickens. J Bone Joint Surg Br 77(1):134–138 Machida M, Dubousset J et al (2009) Serum melatonin levels in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis prediction and prevention for curve progression—a prospective study. J Pineal Res 46(3):344–348 Mallau S, Bollini G et al (2007) Locomotor skills and balance strategies in adolescents idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32(1):E14–E22 Marosy B, Justice CM et al (2010) Identification of susceptibility loci for scoliosis in FIS families with triple curves. Am J Med Genet A 152A(4):846–855 Meyer C, Cammarata E et al (2006) Why do idiopathic scoliosis patients participate more in gymnastics? Scand J Med Sci Sports 16(4):231–236 Meyer C, Haumont T et al (2008) The practice of physical and sporting activity in teenagers with idiopathic scoliosis is related to the curve type. Scand J Med Sci Sports 18(6):751–755 Meyer S, More R et al (1987) Platelet pathology in minimal curve idiopathic scoliosis: an attempt to predict curve progression. J Orthop Res 5(3):330–336 Miller NH (2011) Idiopathic scoliosis: cracking the genetic code and what does it mean? J Pediatr Orthop 31(1 Suppl):S49–S52 Miller NH (2007) Genetics of familial idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 462:6–10 Miller NH, Justice CM et al (2005) Identification of candidate regions for familial idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 30(10):1181–1187 Moreau A, Akoume Ndong MY et al (2009) Molecular and genetic aspects of idiopathic scoliosis. Blood test for idiopathic scoliosis. Orthopade 38(2):114–116, 118–121 Moreau A, Wang DS et al (2004) Melatonin signaling dysfunction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29(16):1772–1781 Muhlrad A, Yarom R (1982) Contractile protein studies on platelets from patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Haemostasis 11(3):154–160 Ogilvie JW (2011) Update on prognostic genetic testing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). J Pediatr Orthop 31(1 Suppl):S46–S48 Ogilvie JW, Braun J et al (2006) The search for idiopathic scoliosis genes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31(6):679–681 Peleg I, Eldor A et al (1989) Altered structural and functional properties of myosins, from platelets of idiopathic scoliosis patients. J Orthop Res 7(2):260–265 Porter RW (2000) Idiopathic scoliosis: the relation between the vertebral canal and the vertebral bodies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25(11):1360–1366 Porter RW (2001) Can a short spinal cord produce scoliosis? Eur Spine J 10(1):2–9 Porter RW (2001) The pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis: uncoupled neuro-osseous growth? Eur Spine J 10(6):473–481 Riseborough EJ, Wynne-Davies R (1973) A genetic survey of idiopathic scoliosis in Boston, Massachusetts. J Bone Joint Surg Am 55(5):974–982 Roth M (1981) Idiopathic scoliosis and Scheuermann’s disease: essentially identical manifestations of neuro-vertebral growth disproportion. Radiol Diagn (Berl) 22(3):380–391 Rousie DL, Deroubaix JP et al (2009) Abnormal connection between lateral and posterior semicircular canal revealed by a new modeling process: origin and physiological consequences. Ann NY Acad Sci 1164:455–457 Sharma S, Gao X et al (2011) Genome-wide association studies of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis suggest candidate susceptibility genes. Hum Mol Genet 20(7):1456–1466 Shyy W, Wang K et al (2010) Evaluation of GPR50, hMel-1B, and ROR-alpha melatonin-related receptors and the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 30(6):539–543 Staub H (1922) Eine skoliotikerfamilie. Ein Betrag zur Frage der kongenitalen Skoliose und der Hereditat der Skoliosen. Z Orthop Chir 43:1–20 Suk SI, Kim IK et al (1991) A study on platelet function in idiopathic scoliosis. Orthopedics 14(10):1079–1083 Szalay EA, Bosch P et al (2008) Adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis are not osteoporotic. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33(7):802–806 Thevenon A, Pollez B et al (1987) Relationship between kyphosis, scoliosis, and osteoporosis in the elderly population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 12(8):744–745 Vermot J, Pourquie O (2005) Retinoic acid coordinates somitogenesis and left-right patterning in vertebrate embryos. Nature 435(7039):215–220 Vilhais-Neto GC, Maruhashi M et al (2010) Rere controls retinoic acid signalling and somite bilateral symmetry. Nature 463(7283):953–957 Wang W, Zhu Z et al (2012) Different curve pattern and other radiographic characteristics in male and female patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 37(18):1586–1592 Ward K, Ogilvie JW et al (2010) Validation of DNA-based prognostic testing to predict spinal curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35(25):E1455–E1464 Wiener-Vacher SR, Mazda K (1998) Asymmetric otolith vestibulo-ocular responses in children with idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr 132(6):1028–1032 Wise CA, Gao X et al (2008) Understanding genetic factors in idiopathic scoliosis, a complex disease of childhood. Curr Genomics 9(1):51–59 Wynne-Davies R (1975) Infantile idiopathic scoliosis. Causative factors, particularly in the first six months of life. J Bone Joint Surg Br 57(2):138–141 Yarom R, Muhlrad A et al (1980) Platelet pathology in patients with idiopathic scoliosis: ultrastructural morphometry, aggregations, X-ray spectrometry, and biochemical analysis. Lab Invest 43(3):208–216