Hypoglycemic mechanism of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharides on type 2 diabetic mice by altering gut microbiota and regulating the PI3K-akt signaling pathwaye

C.F. Chi. Antioxidant and anticancer peptides from the protein hydrolysate of blood clam ( Tegillarca granosa) muscle. 2015, 15: 301-313. Y. Okamoto. Comprehensive analysis of glycosaminoglycans from the edible shellfish. 2018, 184: 269-276. L. Zhu. Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide from Arca granosa Linnaeus via TLR4/MyD88/NFκB and TLR4/TRIF signaling pathways. 2021, 84: 104579. H. Sun. IDF diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. 2021 H. Li. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic mechanism of tea polysaccharides on type 2 diabetic rats via gut microbiota and metabolism alteration. 2020, 68(37): 10015-10028. S. Carbone. Glucose-lowering therapies for cardiovascular risk reduction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: state-of-the-art review. 2018, 93(11): 1629-1647. A.A. Tahrani. Pharmacology and therapeutic implications of current drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2016, 12(10): 566-592. M. Siavash. Severity of gastrointestinal side effects of metformin tablet compared to metformin capsule in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. 2017, 6(2): 73-76. A. Singh. Study of adverse drug reactions in patients with diabetes attending a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi. India. 2017, 145(2): 247-249. S. Hu. Renoprotective effect of fucoidan from Acaudina molpadioides in streptozotocin/high fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic mice. 2017, 31: 123-130. A.T. Getachew. Optimization of polysaccharides extraction from Pacific oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) using subcritical water:structural characterization and biological activities. 2019, 121: 852-861. T. Wang. Antidiabetic activity in type 2 diabetic mice and α-glucosidase inhibitory. antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of chemically profiled pear peel and pulp extracts (Pyrus spp.). 2015, 13: 276-288. Y. Huang. Antidiabetic activity of a Flavonoid-Rich extract from flowers of Wisteria sinensis in type 2 diabetic mice via activation of the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 pathway. 2021, 77: 104338. X. Zhou. Protective effects of Antarctic krill oil in dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mice. 2021, 79: 104394. G. Wu. Antidiabetic effects of polysaccharide from azuki bean ( Vigna angularis) in type 2 diabetic rats via insulin/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. 2020, 101: 105456. Y. Zhang. Anti-hyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of a special fraction of Luohanguo extract on obese T2DM rats. 2020, 247: 112273. X. Si. A comparison of RS4-type resistant starch to RS2-type resistant starch in suppressing oxidative stress in highfat-diet-induced obese rats. 2016, 8(1): 232-240. R.A. Defronzo. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2015, 1(41): 15019. U. Rashid. Antioxidant. anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic effects of Fagonia olivieri DC on STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats - In vivo and in vitro study. 2019, 242: 112038. S. Tateya. Recent advances in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. 2013, 4: 93. J. Zhu. Liubao brick tea activates the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway to lower blood glucose. metabolic disorders and insulin resistance via altering the intestinal flora. 2021, 148: 110594. L. Wang. Structural elucidation and immune-enhancing activity of peculiar polysaccharides fractioned from marine clam Meretrix meretrix ( Linnaeus). 2018, 201: 500-513. R. Zhang. Composition, isolation. purification and biological activities of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides: a review. 2020, 228: 115381. S.Y. Xu. Recent advances in marine algae polysaccharides: isolation, structure. and activities. 2017, 15(12): 388. J. Liu. Characterization and antidiabetic evaluation of sulfated polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis. 2022, 95: 105155. Z. Liu. An acidic polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt prevents obesity and improves gut microbiota and metabolism of mice induced by high-fat diet. 2022, 154: 110980. R.B. Kasetti. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of methanol:water (4:1) fraction isolated from aqueous extract of Syzygium alternifolium seeds in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. 2010, 48(4): 1078-1084. M.P. Hermans. High rates of atherogenic dyslipidemia, β-cell function loss. and microangiopathy among Turkish migrants with T2DM. 2019, 13(1): 716-720. A.K. Patar. Chlorophyllin supplementation modulates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver of streptozotocin-administered mice. 2018, 44(5): 418-430. T. Ito. Impact of taurine depletion on glucose control and insulin secretion in mice. 2015, 129(1): 59-64. H.B. Bhatt. Fatty liver disease in diabetes mellitus. 2015, 4(2): 101-108. K. Wang. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide attenuates type 2 diabetes mellitus via the regulation of PI3K/Akt-mediated glycogen synthesis and glucose metabolism. 2018, 40: 261-271. C.J. He. Veratrilla baillonii Franch exerts antidiabetic activity and improves liver injury through IRS/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in type 2 diabetic db/ db mice. 2020, 75: 104204. V. Krishnan. Role of nutraceutical starch and proanthocyanidins of pigmented rice in regulating hyperglycemia: enzyme inhibition. enhanced glucose uptake and hepatic glucose homeostasis using in vitro model. 2021, 335: 127505. B. Thorens. GLUT2, glucose sensing and glucose homeostasis. 2015, 58(2): 221-232. Y. Zhang. Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease: GSK-3β as a potential link. 2018, 339: 57-65. S. Lamichane. Pivotal roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and their signal cascade for cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis. 2018, 19(4). G. den Besten. Short-chain fatty acids protect against high-fat diet-induced obesity via a PPARγ-dependent switch from lipogenesis to fat oxidation. 2015, 64(7): 2398-2408. G. Zhao. Metabolomics analysis of alloxan-induced diabetes in mice using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS after Crassostrea gigas polysaccharide treatment. 2018, 108: 550-557. Y. Danrong. Impact of crude polysaccharides from abalone viscera on the physiological function of diabetic mice. 2014, 30(04): 26-33. Y. Zhang. Regulating the gut microbiota and SCFAs in the faeces of T2DM rats should be one of antidiabetic mechanisms of mogrosides in the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii. 2021, 274: 114033. G. Yang. Role of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes and related diseases. 2021, 117: 154712. F.S. Thomaz. Wasabi supplementation alters the composition of the gut microbiota of diet-induced obese rats. 2020, 67: 103868. N. Ottman. Genome-scale model and omics analysis of metabolic capacities of Akkermansia muciniphila reveal a preferential mucin-degrading lifestyle. 2017 H.J. Flint. Links between diet. gut microbiota composition and gut metabolism. 2015, 74(1): 13-22. R. Zhong. Antidiabetic effect of aloin via JNK-IRS1/PI3K pathways and regulation of gut microbiota. 2022, 11(1): 189-198. K. Zhang. Desulfovibrio desulfuricans aggravates atherosclerosis by enhancing intestinal permeability and endothelial TLR4/NF-κB pathway in Apoe mice. 2021 S. Yue. Effects of theabrownin on serum metabolites and gut microbiome in rats with a high-sugar diet. 2019, 10(11): 7063-7080.