Hypocrisy and culture: Failing to practice what you preach receives harsher interpersonal reactions in independent (vs. interdependent) cultures

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology - Tập 76 - Trang 371-384 - 2018
Daniel A. Effron1, Hazel Rose Markus2, Lauren M. Jackman2, Yukiko Muramoto3, Hamdi Muluk4
1Organisational Behaviour Subject Area, London Business School, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4SA, United Kingdom
2Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Jordan Hall, Building 420, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
3Department of Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
4Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alicke, 2013, Hypocrisy: What counts?, Philosophical Psychology, 26, 673, 10.1080/09515089.2012.677397 Arnett, 2008, The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American, American Psychologist, 63, 602, 10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.602 Aron, 1992, Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 596, 10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596 Barden, 2005, “Saying one thing and doing another”: Examining the impact of event order on hypocrisy judgments of others, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1463, 10.1177/0146167205276430 Barden, 2014, Order of actions mitigates hypocrisy judgments for ingroup more than outgroup members, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17, 590, 10.1177/1368430213510192 Batson, 1999, Moral hypocrisy: Appearing moral to oneself without being so, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 525, 10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.525 Bhatti, 2013, Political hypocrisy: The effect of political scandals on candidate evaluations, Acta Politica, 48, 408, 10.1057/ap.2013.6 Buhrmester, 2011, Amazon's Mechanical Turk, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3, 10.1177/1745691610393980 Cha, 2006, When values backfire: Leadership, attribution, and disenchantment in a values-driven organization, The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 57, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.10.006 Choi, 2007, Individual differences in analytic versus holistic thinking, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 691, 10.1177/0146167206298568 Choi, 2000, Cultural psychology of surprise: Holistic theories and recognition of contradiction, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 890, 10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.890 Choi, 1999, Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality, Psychological Bulletin, 125, 47, 10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.47 Church, 2014, Relating self-concept consistency to hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in eight cultures, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 695, 10.1177/0022022114527347 Cohen, 2001, Religion and the morality of mentality, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 697, 10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.697 Cross, 2003, The relational-interdependent self-construal, self-concept consistency, and well-being, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 933, 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.933 Cross, 2011, The what, how, why, and where of self-construal, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 142, 10.1177/1088868310373752 Davidson, 2002 Davis, 2006, The effects of the perceived behavioral integrity of managers on employee attitudes: A meta-analysis, Journal of Business Ethics, 67, 407, 10.1007/s10551-006-9034-4 Doi, 1986 Doney, 1998, Understanding the influence of national culture on the development of trust, Academy of Management Review, 23, 601, 10.5465/amr.1998.926629 Effron, 2015, Hypocrisy by association: When organizational membership increases condemnation for wrongdoing, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 130, 147, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.05.001 Effron, 2015, Do as I say, not as I've done: Suffering for a misdeed reduces the hypocrisy of advising others against it, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 131, 16, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.07.004 Effron, 2010, Letting people off the hook: When do good deeds excuse transgressions?, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1618, 10.1177/0146167210385922 English, 2007, Culture and self-concept stability: Consistency across and within contexts among Asian Americans and European Americans, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 478, 10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.478 Ferrin, 2010, Trust differences across national-societal cultures: Much to do, or much ado about nothing? Fiske, 1998, The cultural matrix of social psychology Friedman, 2017, The impact of culture on reactions to promise breaches: Differences between East and West in Behavioral Integrity perceptions, Group & Organization Management Gelfand, 2006, On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1225, 10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1225 Gelfand, 2011, Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study, Science, 332, 1100, 10.1126/science.1197754 Gilbert, 1995, The correspondence bias, Psychological Bulletin, 117, 21, 10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.21 Graham, 2013, Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 55, 10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4 Graham, 2015, When values and behavior conflict: Moral pluralism and intrapersonal moral hypocrisy, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9, 158, 10.1111/spc3.12158 Graham, 2011, Mapping the moral domain, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 366, 10.1037/a0021847 Hale, 2015, Asymmetries in perceptions of self and others' hypocrisy: Rethinking the meaning and perception of the construct, European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 88, 10.1002/ejsp.2064 Hayes, 2013 Heine, 1997, Culture, dissonance, and self-affirmation, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 389, 10.1177/0146167297234005 Heine, 1999, Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?, Psychological Review, 106, 766, 10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766 Heine, 2002, What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?: The reference-group effect, Journal of Personality and Social Psychobgy, 82, 903, 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.903 Hennig-Thurau, 2006, Are all smiles created equal? How emotional contagion and emotional labor affect service relationships, Journal of Marketing, 70, 58, 10.1509/jmkg.70.3.058 Henrich, 2010, The weirdest people in the world?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 61, 10.1017/S0140525X0999152X Hodges, 2006, A nonconformist account of the Asch experiments: Values, pragmatics, and moral dilemmas, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 2, 10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_1 Hofstede, 2010 Hoshino-Browne, 2005, On the cultural guises of cognitive dissonance: The case of Easterners and Westerners, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 294, 10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.294 Howe, 2017, Healthier than thou? “Practicing what you preach” backfires by increasing anticipated devaluation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112, 718, 10.1037/pspi0000085 Ji, 2000, Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 943, 10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.943 Ji, 2004, Is it culture or is it language? Examination of language effects in cross-cultural research on categorization, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 57, 10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.57 Jordan, 2017, Why do we hate hypocrites? Evidence for a theory of false signaling, Psychological Science, 28, 189, 10.1177/0956797616685771 Kannan-Narasimhan, 2012, Behavioral integrity: How leader referents and trust matter to workplace outcomes, Journal of Business Ethics, 111, 165, 10.1007/s10551-011-1199-9 Kitayama, 1999, Yin and yang of the Japanese self: The cultural psychology of coherence Kitayama, 2009, A cultural task analysis of implicit independence: Comparing North America, Western Europe, and East Asia, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 236, 10.1037/a0015999 Kitayama, 2004, Is there any “free” choice? Self and dissonance in two cultures, Psychological Science, 15, 527, 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00714.x Kouzes, 2011 Kreps, 2017, Hypocritical flip-flop, or courageous evolution? When leaders change their moral minds, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 730, 10.1037/pspi0000103 Kurzban, 2010 Lammers, 2012, Abstraction increases hypocrisy, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 475, 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.006 Lammers, 2010, Power increases hypocrisy: Moralizing in reasoning, immorality in behavior, Psychological Science, 21, 737, 10.1177/0956797610368810 Laurent, 2013, Punishing hypocrisy: The roles of hypocrisy and moral emotions in deciding culpability and punishment of criminal and civil moral transgressors, Cognition and Emotion, 1 Lebra, 2004 Leroy, 2012, Behavioral integrity for safety, priority of safety, psychological safety, and patient safety: A team-level study, Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 1273, 10.1037/a0030076 Leroy, 2012, Authentic leadership and behavioral integrity as drivers of follower commitment and performance, Journal of Business Ethics, 107, 255, 10.1007/s10551-011-1036-1 Levine, 2003, Self-construal scales lack validity, Human Communication Research, 29, 210, 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2003.tb00837.x Lillard, 1998, Ethnopsychologies: Cultural variations in theories of mind, Psychological Bulletin, 123, 3, 10.1037/0033-2909.123.1.3 Malle, 1999, How people explain behavior: A new theoretical framework, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 23, 10.1207/s15327957pspr0301_2 Malle, 2011, Time to give up the dogmas of attribution: An alternative theory of behavior explanation, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 297, 10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00006-8 Markus, 2016, What moves people to action? Culture and motivation, Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 161, 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.028 Markus, 2014 Markus, 1991, Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation, Psychological Review, 98, 224, 10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224 Markus, 2003, Models of agency: Sociocultural diversity in the construction of action, Vol. 49, 1 Markus, 2010, Cultures and selves, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 420, 10.1177/1745691610375557 Mayer, 2005, Trust in management and performance: Who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss?, Academy of Management Journal, 48, 874, 10.5465/amj.2005.18803928 Meyer, 1993, Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538, 10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.538 Monin, 2012, Moral hypocrisy, moral inconsistency, and the struggle for moral integrity, 167 Morling, 2002, Cultural practices emphasize influence in the United States and adjustment in Japan, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 311, 10.1177/0146167202286003 Morris, 1994, Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 949, 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.949 Mu, 2015, How culture gets embrained: Cultural differences in event-related potentials of social norm violations, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 15348, 10.1073/pnas.1509839112 Na, 2010, Cultural differences are not always reducible to individual differences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 6192, 10.1073/pnas.1001911107 Nisbett, 2001, Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition, Psychological Review, 108, 291, 10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.291 Oppenheimer, 2009, Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 867, 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.009 Oyserman, 2007, Priming “culture”: Culture as situated cognition, 255 Palanski, 2011, Team virtues and performance: An examination of transparency, behavioral integrity, and trust, Journal of Business Ethics, 99, 201, 10.1007/s10551-010-0650-7 Palanski, 2011, Impact of behavioral integrity on follower job performance: A three-study examination, The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 765, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.05.014 Peng, 1999, Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction, American Psychologist, 54, 741, 10.1037/0003-066X.54.9.741 Polman, 2012, Effects of anger, guilt, and envy on moral hypocrisy, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 129, 10.1177/0146167211422365 Powell, 2012, Schadenfreude caused by the exposure of hypocrisy in others, Self and Identity, 1 Riemer, 2014, Preferences don't have to be personal: Expanding attitude theorizing with a cross-cultural perspective, Psychological Review, 121, 619, 10.1037/a0037666 Rosenthal, 1985 Savani, 2008, Let your preference be your guide?: Preferences and choices are more tightly linked for North Americans than for Indians, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 861, 10.1037/a0011618 Schimmack, 2002, Cultural influences on the relation between pleasant emotions and unpleasant emotions: Asian dialectic philosophies or individualism-collectivism?, Cognition and Emotion, 16, 705, 10.1080/02699930143000590 Selya, 2012, A practical guide to calculating Cohen's f(2), a measure of local effect size, from PROC MIXED, Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1, 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00111 Shweder, 1997, The “big three” of morality (Autonomy, Community and Divinity) and the “big three” explanations of suffering Simmons, 2011, False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant, Psychological Science, 22, 1359, 10.1177/0956797611417632 Simons, 2002, Behavioral integrity: The perceived alignment between managers' words and deeds as a research focus, Organization Science, 13, 18, 10.1287/orsc.13.1.18.543 Simons, 2008 Simons, 2007, Racial differences in sensitivity to behavioral integrity: Attitudinal consequences, in-group effects, and “trickle down” among Black and non-Black employees, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 650, 10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.650 Simons, 2014, How leader alignment of words and deeds affects followers: A meta-analysis of behavioral integrity research, Journal of Business Ethics, 1 Singelis, 1994, The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580, 10.1177/0146167294205014 Stephens, 2012, It's your choice: How the middle-class model of independence disadvantages working-class Americans, 87 Stephens, 2012, Unseen disadvantage: How American universities' focus on independence undermines the academic performance of first-generation college students, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1178, 10.1037/a0027143 Stephens, 2009, Why did they “choose” to stay? Perspectives of Hurricane Katrina observers and survivors, Psychological Science, 20, 878, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02386.x Stone, 2008, To practice what we preach: The use of hypocrisy and cognitive dissonance to motivate behavior change, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1024, 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00088.x Suh, 2002, Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1378, 10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1378 Sverdlik, 2012, Morality across cultures: A value perspective Tedeschi, 1971, Cognitive dissonance: Private ratiocination or public spectacle?, American Psychologist, 26, 685, 10.1037/h0032110 Triandis, 1995 UCLA Statistical Consulting Group Valdesolo, 2007, Moral hypocrisy: Social groups and the flexibility of virtue, Psychological Science, 18, 689, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01961.x Valdesolo, 2008, The duality of virtue: Deconstructing the moral hypocrite, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1334, 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.03.010 Vignoles, 2016, Beyond the “East-West” dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145, 966, 10.1037/xge0000175 Zhang, 2015, Paradoxical leader behaviors in people management: Antecedents and consequences, Academy of Management Journal, 58, 538, 10.5465/amj.2012.0995