Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: A Review

Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. (2013). IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.

Walsh, 2019, The Impact of Climate Change on Fertility, Trends Ecol. Evol., 34, 249, 10.1016/j.tree.2018.12.002

CaraDonna, 2018, Experimental warming in the field delays phenology and reduces body mass, fat content and survival: Implications for the persistence of a pollinator under climate change, Funct. Ecol., 32, 2345, 10.1111/1365-2435.13151

Asseng, 2018, Climate change impact on Mexico wheat production, Agric. For. Meteorol., 263, 373, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.09.008

Kontgis, 2019, Climate change impacts on rice productivity in the Mekong River Delta, Appl. Geogr., 102, 71, 10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.12.004

Raymundo, 2018, Climate change impact on global potato production, Eur. J. Agron., 100, 87, 10.1016/j.eja.2017.11.008

Mazdiyasni, 2015, Substantial increase in concurrent droughts and heatwaves in the United States, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 11484, 10.1073/pnas.1422945112

Ogburn, S.P. (2019, February 13). Indian Monsoons Are Becoming More Extreme. Available online: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/indian-monsoons-are-becoming-more-extreme/.

Warner, K., Ehrhart, C., de Sherbinin, A., Adamo, S., and Chai-Onn, T. (2009). In Search of Shelter: Mapping the Effects of Climate Change on Human Migration and Displacement, Climate Change CARE International.

Black, 2011, Climate change: Migration as adaptation, Nature, 478, 447, 10.1038/478477a

McLeman, 2006, Migration as an Adaptation to Climate Change, Clim. Chang., 76, 31, 10.1007/s10584-005-9000-7

Reuveny, 2007, Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict, Political Geogr., 26, 656, 10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.05.001

Gleditsch, 2007, Climate change and conflict, Political Geogr., 26, 627, 10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.06.003

Barnett, 2003, Security and climate change, Glob. Environ. Chang., 13, 7, 10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00080-8

AFHYPAC and FNCCR (2019, February 13). Déployer les stations hydrogène dans votre territoire. Available online: http://www.afhypac.org/documents/divers/GUIDE-STATION-HYDROGENE-WEB.pdf.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2019, February 13). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2015, Available online: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/2017_complete_report.pdf.

(2018, October 12). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Available online: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf.

Saito, 2010, Role of nuclear energy to a future society of shortage of energy resources and global warming, J. Nucl. Mater., 398, 1, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.10.002

Salameh, 2003, Can renewable and unconventional energy sources bridge the global energy gap in the 21st century?, Appl. Energy, 75, 33, 10.1016/S0306-2619(03)00016-3

Friedrichs, 2010, Global energy crunch: How different parts of the world would react to a peak oil scenario, Energy Policy, 38, 4562, 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.04.011

Lund, 2009, Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems—The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050, Energy, 34, 524, 10.1016/j.energy.2008.04.003

Singer, S., Denruyter, J.-P., and Yener, D. (2017). The Energy Report: 100% Renewable Energy by 2050. Towards 100% Renewable Energy, Springer.

Züttel, A., Borgschulte, A., and Schlapbach, L. (2011). Hydrogen as a Future Energy Carrier, John Wiley & Sons.

Winter, C.-J., and Nitsch, J. (1988). Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier, Springer.

Mazloomi, 2012, Hydrogen as an energy carrier: Prospects and challenges, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 16, 3024, 10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.028

Cipriani, 2014, Perspective on hydrogen energy carrier and its automotive applications, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 39, 8482, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.174

Remhof, 2010, Hydrogen: The future energy carrier, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 368, 3329

Nakicenovic, N., Grübler, A., and McDonald, A. (1998). Global Energy Perspectives, Cambridge University Press.

Arnold, R. (2019, February 13). Are Renewable Energy Cost Reductions Coming to an End? What Next?. Available online: http://energypost.eu/are-renewable-energy-cost-reductions-coming-to-an-end-what-next/.

Kikuchi, 2019, Battery-assisted low-cost hydrogen production from solar energy: Rational target setting for future technology systems, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 44, 1451, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.119

Dincer, 2013, Development of novel renewable energy based hydrogen production systems: A comparative study, Energy Convers. Manag., 72, 77, 10.1016/j.enconman.2012.08.029

Nafchi, 2018, Performance assessment of a solar hydrogen and electricity production plant using high temperature PEM electrolyzer and energy storage, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 5820, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.09.058

2003, Materials for hydrogen storage, Mater. Today, 6, 24, 10.1016/S1369-7021(03)00922-2

Abdalla, 2018, Hydrogen production, storage, transportation and key challenges with applications: A review, Energy Convers. Manag., 165, 602, 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.03.088

Durbin, 2013, Review of hydrogen storage techniques for on board vehicle applications, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 38, 14595, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.07.058

Wang, 2008, New sorbents for hydrogen storage by hydrogen spillover–A review, Energy Environ. Sci., 1, 268, 10.1039/b807957a

Jain, 2010, Novel hydrogen storage materials: A review of lightweight complex hydrides, J. Alloy Compd., 503, 303, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.04.250

2004, A review of hydrogen storage systems based on boron and its compounds, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 29, 1371, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2003.12.010

2007, Towards the hydrogen economy?, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 32, 1625, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.12.017

Muradov, 2005, From hydrocarbon to hydrogen?carbon to hydrogen economy, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 30, 225, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2004.03.033

Barreto, 2003, The hydrogen economy in the 21st century: A sustainable development scenario, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 28, 267, 10.1016/S0360-3199(02)00074-5

Penner, 2006, Steps toward the hydrogen economy, Energy, 31, 33, 10.1016/j.energy.2004.04.060

Bossel, 2006, Does a Hydrogen Economy Make Sense?, Proc. IEEE, 94, 1826, 10.1109/JPROC.2006.883715

ITM Power (2019, March 18). Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure, Available online: http://www.level-network.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ITM-Power.pdf.

Gardiner, M., and Satyapal, S. (2019, June 13). Energy Requirements for Hydrogen Gas Compression and Liquefaction as Related to Vehicle Storage Needs, Available online: https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/9013_energy_requirements_for_hydrogen_gas_compression.pdf.

Fuel Cell Technologies Office (2019, March 18). Fuel Cells, Available online: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/11/f27/fcto_fuel_cells_fact_sheet.pdf.

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (2019, March 18). All-Electric Vehicles, Available online: https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtml.

Curry, C. (2019, June 13). Lithium-ion Costs and Market. Available online: https://data.bloomberglp.com/bnef/sites/14/2017/07/BNEF-Lithium-ion-battery-costs-and-market.pdf.

Tajitsu, N., and Shiraki, M. (2018). Toyota Plans to Expand Production, Shrink Cost of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles, in Business News, Reuters.

Brown, E.G. (2015). Joint Agency Staff Report on Assembly Bill 8: Assessment of Time and Cost Needed to Attain 100 Hydrogen Refueling Stations in California.

Thomas, 2009, Fuel cell and battery electric vehicles compared, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34, 6005, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.003

(2019, June 13). Heraeus, Heraeus Precious Appraisal. Available online: https://www.heraeus.com/media/media/hpm/doc_hpm/precious_metal_update/en_6/Appraisal_20190429.pdf.

ToolBox, T.E. (2019, February 13). Fossil and Alternative Fuels-Energy Content. Available online: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fossil-fuels-energy-content-d_1298.html.

AFHYPAC (2019, February 13). Les données de base physico-chimiques sur l’hydrogène. Mémento de l’Hydrogène. Available online: http://www.afhypac.org/documents/tout-savoir/fiche_1.2_donnees_physicochimiques_rev.mars_2013.pdf.

International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers (2019, February 13). Basic Properties of LNG. Available online: http://www.kosancrisplant.com/media/5648/1-lng_basics_82809_final_hq.pdf.

Mori, 2009, Recent challenges of hydrogen storage technologies for fuel cell vehicles, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34, 4569, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.07.115

Crabtree, 2008, Hydrogen storage in liquid organic heterocycles, Energy Environ. Sci., 1, 134, 10.1039/b805644g

Eberle, 2006, Hydrogen storage in metal–hydrogen systems and their derivatives, J. Power Sources, 154, 456, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.10.050

Aardahl, 2009, Overview of systems considerations for on-board chemical hydrogen storage, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34, 6676, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.009

Zhang, 2005, A Review of Heat Transfer Issues in Hydrogen Storage Technologies, J. Heat Transf., 127, 1391, 10.1115/1.2098875

U.S. Department of Energy (2019, February 06). Fuel Cell Technologies Office Multi-Year Research, Development, and Demonstration Plan, Available online: https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/downloads/fuel-cell-technologies-office-multi-year-research-development-and-22.

SAE International (2019, February 13). SAE J2600 Compressed Hydrogen Surface Vehicle Fueling Connection Devices. Available online: https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j2600_201211/.

Yamashita, A., Kondo, M., Goto, S., and Ogami, N. (2015). Development of High-Pressure Hydrogen Storage System for the Toyota “Mirai”. SAE Tech. Pap. Ser.

Legault, M. (2019, February 13). Pressure Vessel Tank Types. Available online: https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/pressure-vessel-tank-types.

Law, K., and Rosenfeld, J. (2019, March 18). Cost Analyses of Hydrogen Storage Materials and On-Board Systems, Available online: https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review11/st002_law_2011_o.pdf.

Hua, T., Ahluwalia, R., Peng, J.-K., Kromer, M., Lasher, S., McKenney, K., Law, K., and Sinha, J. (2010). Technical Assessment of Compressed Hydrogen Storage Tank Systems for Automotive Applications.

(2019, June 13). Fuel Cell Technologies Office, Hydrogen Storage, Available online: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/03/f34/fcto-h2-storage-fact-sheet.pdf.

Toyota (2019, February 13). 2017 Mirai Product Information. Available online: https://ssl.toyota.com/mirai/assets/core/Docs/Mirai%20Specs.pdf.

Gye, 2019, Quantitative risk assessment of an urban hydrogen refueling station, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 44, 1288, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.035

Alperowicz, N. (2019, June 13). Ube Industries’ New Nylon Resin to be Used in Toyota Fuel-Cell Vehicles. Available online: chemweek.com.

Wyckaert, P., Nadeau, S., and Bouzid, H.A. (2017, January 15–17). Analysis of risks of pressure vessels. Proceedings of the Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft, Zurich, Switzerland.

Rossini, 1970, Report on International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 2, 447, 10.1016/0021-9614(70)90096-0

Xu, 2015, Design and analysis of liquid hydrogen storage tank for high-altitude long-endurance remotely-operated aircraft, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 40, 16578, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.09.028

Babac, 2009, Two-dimensional thermal analysis of liquid hydrogen tank insulation, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34, 6357, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.05.052

Petitpas, 2018, Simulation of boil-off losses during transfer at a LH2 based hydrogen refueling station, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 21451, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.09.132

Lordgooei, 1992, An optimization study of liquid hydrogen boil-off losses, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 17, 227, 10.1016/0360-3199(92)90131-F

Zhou, 2005, Progress and problems in hydrogen storage methods, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 9, 395, 10.1016/j.rser.2004.05.005

Amos, W.A. (1998). Costs of Storing and Transporting Hydrogen, National Technical Information Service (NTIS).

Colozza, A.J. (2002). Hydrogen Storage for Aircraft Applications Overview.

Sirosh, N. (2002, January 6–10). Hydrogen Composite Tank Program. Proceedings of the 2002 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review, Golden, CO, USA.

(2019, June 13). Hydrogen Delivery Technical Team Roadmap, Available online: energy.gov.

Stang, 2010, Development of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction processes from 1898 to 2009, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 4524, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.02.109

Petitpas, G., and Simon, A.J. (2017). Liquid Hydrogen Infrastructure Analysis.

Meneghelli, B., Tamburello, D., Fesmire, J., and Swanger, A. (2019, June 13). Integrated Insulation System for Automotive Cryogenic, Available online: https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress17/iv_d_4_meneghelli_2017.pdf.

(2018). D1655-18a, ASTM International.

Crabtree, 2004, The Hydrogen Economy, Phys. Today, 57, 39, 10.1063/1.1878333

Petitpas, 2019, The fill density of automotive cryo-compressed hydrogen vessels, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 44, 1010, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.227

Kunze, K., and Oliver, K. (2012). Cryo-Compressed Hydrogen Storage, BMW Group.

Ahluwalia, R.K., Peng, J.-K., and Hua, T.Q. (2016). Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage. Compendium of Hydrogen Energy, Woodhead Publishing.

Argonne National Laboratory (2009). Technical Assessment of Cryo-Compressed Hydrogen Storage Tank Systems for Automotive Applications.

Ahluwalia, 2018, Supercritical cryo-compressed hydrogen storage for fuel cell electric buses, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 10215, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.113

Reed, 1994, Cryogenic properties of unidirectional composites, Cryogenics, 34, 909, 10.1016/0011-2275(94)90077-9

Ahluwalia, 2010, Nuclear Engineering Division Technical assessment of cryo-compressed hydrogen storage tank systems for automotive applications, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 4171, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.02.074

Aceves, 2013, Safe, long range, inexpensive and rapidly refuelable hydrogen vehicles with cryogenic pressure vessels, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 38, 2480, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.11.123

He, 2018, Porous metal–organic frameworks for fuel storage, Coord. Chem. Rev., 373, 167, 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.10.002

Zhao, 2018, Metal-Organic Frameworks for Batteries, Joule, 2, 2235, 10.1016/j.joule.2018.09.019

Mehtab, 2019, Metal-organic frameworks for energy storage devices: Batteries and supercapacitors, J. Energy Storage, 21, 632, 10.1016/j.est.2018.12.025

Qiu, 2018, Modified metal-organic frameworks as photocatalysts, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 231, 317, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.03.039

Lan, 2019, Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks for phototherapy of cancer, Coord. Chem. Rev., 379, 65, 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.007

Rosi, 2003, Hydrogen Storage in Microporous Metal-Organic Frameworks, Science, 300, 1127, 10.1126/science.1083440

Ahmed, 2017, Balancing gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen density in MOFs, Energy Environ. Sci., 10, 2459, 10.1039/C7EE02477K

Choi, 2008, Metal–organic framework MOF-5 prepared by microwave heating: Factors to be considered, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 116, 727, 10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.04.033

Koizumi, 2019, Hydrogen storage mechanism and diffusion in metal–organic frameworks, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 21, 7756, 10.1039/C8CP07467D

Saha, 2008, Equilibrium, kinetics and enthalpy of hydrogen adsorption in MOF-177, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 33, 7479, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.09.053

Yuan, 2018, Stable Metal-Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis, and Applications, Adv. Mater., 30, e1704303, 10.1002/adma.201704303

Wikipedia Contributors (2019, February 13). MOF-5. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Available online: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOF-5.

Chakraborty, 2013, Thermal management and desorption modeling of a cryo-adsorbent hydrogen storage system, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 38, 3973, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.11.113

Richard, 2009, Gas adsorption process in activated carbon over a wide temperature range above the critical point. Part 1: Modified Dubinin-Astakhov model, Adsorpt, 15, 43, 10.1007/s10450-009-9149-x

Richard, 2009, Gas adsorption process in activated carbon over a wide temperature range above the critical point. Part 2: Conservation of mass and energy, Adsorption, 15, 53, 10.1007/s10450-009-9150-4

Kumar, 2009, A lumped-parameter model for cryo-adsorber hydrogen storage tank, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34, 5466, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.05.025

Kumar, 2010, Generalized model development for a cryo-adsorber and 1-D results for the isobaric refueling period, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 3598, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.01.025

Ghosh, 2010, Cryosorption storage of gaseous hydrogen for vehicular application–A conceptual design, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 161, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.10.026

Momen, 2007, Hydrogen storage by adsorption on activated carbon: Investigation of the thermal effects during the charging process, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 32, 1542, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.10.048

Momen, 2009, Experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal effects during hydrogen charging in packed bed storage tank, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 52, 1495, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.06.045

Zhan, 2004, Improvements of the DA equation for application in hydrogen adsorption at supercritical conditions, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 28, 37, 10.1016/S0896-8446(03)00003-2

Paggiaro, 2010, Cryo-adsorptive hydrogen storage on activated carbon. II: Investigation of the thermal effects during filling at cryogenic temperatures, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 648, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.013

Schütz, W., Michl, F., Polifke, W., and Paggiaro, R. (2008). Storage System for Storing a Medium and Method for Loading a Storage System with a Storage Medium and Emptying the Same Therefrom. (Application No. 10/578,172), U.S. Patent.

Xiao, 2010, Simulation of heat and mass transfer in activated carbon tank for hydrogen storage, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 8106, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.01.021

Vasiliev, 2010, Activated carbon fibres and composites on its base for high performance hydrogen storage system, Chem. Eng. Sci., 65, 2586, 10.1016/j.ces.2009.12.037

Huang, 2007, Thermal conductivity of a metal-organic framework (MOF-5): Part II. Measurement, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 50, 405, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.10.001

Hardy, 2018, Hydrogen storage adsorbent systems acceptability envelope, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 19528, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.140

Proch, 2019, Pt@MOF-177: Synthesis, Room-Temperature Hydrogen Storage and Oxidation Catalysis, Chem. A Eur. J., 14, 8204, 10.1002/chem.200801043

Thornton, 2017, New synthetic routes towards MOF production at scale, Chem. Soc. Rev., 46, 3453, 10.1039/C7CS00109F

DeSantis, 2017, Techno-economic Analysis of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Hydrogen and Natural Gas Storage, Energy Fuels, 31, 2024, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02510

Cheng, 2004, GCMC simulation of hydrogen physisorption on carbon nanotubes and nanotube arrays, Carbon, 42, 2019, 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.04.006

Ariharan, 2018, Nitrogen-incorporated carbon nanotube derived from polystyrene and polypyrrole as hydrogen storage material, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 5077, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.01.110

Kaskun, 2018, The synthesized nickel-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes for hydrogen storage under moderate pressures, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 10773, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.01.084

Silambarasan, 2017, Gamma (γ)-ray irradiated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for hydrogen storage, Appl. Surf. Sci., 418, 49, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.02.262

Masika, 2013, Preparation of ultrahigh surface area porous carbons templated using zeolite 13X for enhanced hydrogen storage, Prog. Nat. Sci., 23, 308, 10.1016/j.pnsc.2013.04.007

Ahn, C. (2019, March 25). Enhanced Hydrogen Dipole Physisorption, Available online: https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review06/stp_16_ahn.pdf.

Broom, 2019, Concepts for improving hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 44, 7768, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.224

Shriniwasan, 2018, Hydrogen Sorption Mechanism of Magnesium (Hydride), Mater. Today Proc., 5, 23235, 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.11.055

Zuliani, D., and Reeson, D. (2012, January 8–12). Making Magnesium a More Cost and Environmentally Competitive Option. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Wu, 2011, A new model to describe absorption kinetics of Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36, 12923, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.07.026

Li, 2019, Isothermal hydrogenation kinetics of ball-milled nano-catalyzed magnesium hydride, Materials, 5, 100227

Vigelholm, 1983, Formation and decomposition of magnesium hydride, J. Less Common Met., 89, 135, 10.1016/0022-5088(83)90259-X

Paskevicius, 2010, Thermodynamic Changes in Mechanochemically Synthesized Magnesium Hydride Nanoparticles, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 5077, 10.1021/ja908398u

Zaluska, 1999, Nanocrystalline magnesium for hydrogen storage, J. Alloy. Compd., 288, 217, 10.1016/S0925-8388(99)00073-0

Yahya, 2018, Synergistic catalytic effect of SrTiO3 and Ni on the hydrogen storage properties of MgH2, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 6244, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.02.028

Felderhoff, 2006, Advanced Hydrogen-Storage Materials Based on Sc-, Ce-, and Pr-Doped NaAlH4, Adv. Mater., 18, 1198, 10.1002/adma.200501367

Rusman, 2016, A review on the current progress of metal hydrides material for solid-state hydrogen storage applications, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 41, 12108, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.244

Garrier, 2011, MgH2 intermediate scale tank tests under various experimental conditions, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36, 9719, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.05.017

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2019, February 13). Magnesium Hydride (CID=5486771), Available online: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5486771.

Sakintuna, 2007, Metal hydride materials for solid hydrogen storage: A review, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 32, 1121, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.022

Ley, 2014, Complex hydrides for hydrogen storage–new perspectives, Mater. Today, 17, 122, 10.1016/j.mattod.2014.02.013

Li, 2011, Research progress in LiBH4 for hydrogen storage: A review, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36, 14512, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.08.030

Li, 2013, Comparative study on the reversibility of pure metal borohydrides, J. Alloys Compd., 580, S292, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.03.264

Sun, 2014, Hydrogen storage performance of nano Ni decorated LiBH4 on activated carbon prepared through organic solvent, J. Alloys Compd., 612, 287, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.05.134

Lombardo, 2019, Study of borohydride ionic liquids as hydrogen storage materials, J. Energy Chem., 33, 17, 10.1016/j.jechem.2018.08.011

Salmi, 2019, Reaction engineering approach to the synthesis of sodium borohydride, Chem. Eng. Sci., 199, 79, 10.1016/j.ces.2019.01.007

Lee, 2019, Carbon layer supported nickel catalyst for sodium borohydride (NaBH4) dehydrogenation, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 44, 2943, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.218

Au, 2010, Reversibility aspect of lithium borohydrides, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 10311, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.07.130

Skipper, 2012, The Kubas interaction in M(II) (M = Ti, V, Cr) hydrazine-based hydrogen storage materials: A DFT study, Dalton Trans., 41, 8515, 10.1039/c2dt30383c

Kubas, 2009, Hydrogen activation on organometallic complexes and H2 production, utilization, and storage for future energy, J. Organomet. Chem., 694, 2648, 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.05.027

Kubas, 2001, Metal–dihydrogen and σ-bond coordination: The consummate extension of the Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model for metal–olefin π bonding, J. Organomet. Chem., 635, 37, 10.1016/S0022-328X(01)01066-X

Morris, 2019, A manganese hydride molecular sieve for practical hydrogen storage under ambient conditions, Energy Environ. Sci., 12, 1580, 10.1039/C8EE02499E

Hales, 2019, Computational study of H2 binding to MH3 (M = Ti, V, or Cr), Dalton Trans., 48, 4921, 10.1039/C9DT00025A

Preuster, 2017, Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs): Toward a Hydrogen-free Hydrogen Economy, Acc. Chem. Res., 50, 74, 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00474

Hu, 2015, A novel liquid organic hydrogen carrier system based on catalytic peptide formation and hydrogenation, Nat. Commun., 6, 6859, 10.1038/ncomms7859

Taube, M., and Taube, P. (1979). A Liquid Organic Carrier of Hydrogen as a Fuel for Automobiles, Institut für Reaktorforschung.

Eblagon, 2010, Hydrogenation of 9-ethylcarbazole as a prototype of a liquid hydrogen carrier, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 11609, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.03.068

Geburtig, 2016, Chemical utilization of hydrogen from fluctuating energy sources–Catalytic transfer hydrogenation from charged Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier systems, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 41, 1010, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.10.013

He, 2015, Liquid organic hydrogen carriers, J. Energy Chem., 24, 587, 10.1016/j.jechem.2015.08.007

Teichmann, 2012, Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers as an efficient vector for the transport and storage of renewable energy, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 37, 18118, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.08.066

Teichmann, 2011, A future energy supply based on Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC), Energy Environ. Sci., 4, 2767, 10.1039/c1ee01454d

Sotoodeh, 2011, Structure sensitivity of dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole dehydrogenation over Pd catalysts, J. Catal., 279, 36, 10.1016/j.jcat.2010.12.022

Sotoodeh, 2009, Kinetics of H2 recovery from dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole over a supported Pd catalyst, Appl. Catal. A Gen., 362, 155, 10.1016/j.apcata.2009.04.039

Gleichweit, 2013, Dehydrogenation of Dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole on Pt(111), ChemSusChem, 6, 974, 10.1002/cssc.201300263

Sobota, 2011, Dehydrogenation of Dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole on Pd/Al2O3 Model Catalysts, Chem. A Eur. J., 17, 11542, 10.1002/chem.201101311

Amende, 2013, Dehydrogenation Mechanism of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers: Dodecahydro- N -ethylcarbazole on Pd(111), Chem. A Eur. J., 19, 10854, 10.1002/chem.201301323

Amende, 2014, Model Catalytic Studies of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers: Dehydrogenation and Decomposition Mechanisms of Dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole on Pt(111), ACS Catal., 4, 657, 10.1021/cs400946x

Hamilton, 2009, B–N compounds for chemical hydrogen storage, Chem. Soc. Rev., 38, 279, 10.1039/B800312M

Jiang, 2019, A experimental study on the dehydrogenation performance of dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole on M/TiO2 catalysts, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 44, 2951, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.236

Glaister, 2010, The environmental costs of platinum–PGM mining and sustainability: Is the glass half-full or half-empty?, Miner. Eng., 23, 438, 10.1016/j.mineng.2009.12.007

He, 2018, Selective and Stable Non-Noble-Metal Intermetallic Compound Catalyst for the Direct Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 140, 14010, 10.1021/jacs.8b05060

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2019, February 13). 9-Ethylcarbazole (CID=6836), Available online: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6836.

Sultan, O., and Shaw, H. (2019, February 13). Study of Automotive Storage of Hydrogen using Recyclable Liquid Chemical Carriers. Available online: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975STIN. 7633642S.

Chiyoda Corporation (2019, February 01). What Is “SPERA HYDROGEN” System?. Available online: https://www.chiyodacorp.com/en/service/spera-hydrogen/innovations/.

Chiyoda Corporation (2019, February 01). Performance of 10,000 Hours of Operation in Chiyoda’s Demo Plant. Available online: https://www.chiyodacorp.com/en/service/spera-hydrogen/demo-plant/.

Kim, 2011, Toxicity of Methylcyclohexane and Its Effect on the Reproductive System in SD Rats, Saf. Health Work, 2, 290, 10.5491/SHAW.2011.2.3.290

Anderson, 1974, Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish, Mar. Boil., 27, 75, 10.1007/BF00394763

Campo, 1997, Toluene-induced hearing loss: A mid-frequency location of the cochlear lesions, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 19, 129, 10.1016/S0892-0362(96)00214-0

Hydrogeit (2019, February 01). Dibenzyltoluene: The Future of Hydrogen Storage. Available online: https://www.h2-international.com/2018/09/03/dibenzyltoluene-the-future-of-hydrogen-storage/.

Leinweber, 2018, Hydrogenation of the Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier Compound Monobenzyl Toluene: Reaction Pathway and Kinetic Effects, Energy Technol., 6, 513, 10.1002/ente.201700376

Modisha, 2018, Analysis of reaction mixtures of perhydro-dibenzyltoluene using two-dimensional gas chromatography and single quadrupole gas chromatography, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 5620, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.02.005

Heller, 2016, Binary Diffusion Coefficients of the Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier System Dibenzyltoluene/Perhydrodibenzyltoluene, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 61, 504, 10.1021/acs.jced.5b00671

Stark, 2015, Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers: Thermophysical and Thermochemical Studies of Benzyl- and Dibenzyl-toluene Derivatives, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 54, 7967, 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01841

Aslam, 2016, Experimental assessment of the degree of hydrogen loading for the dibenzyl toluene based LOHC system, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 41, 22097, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.09.196

Obesser, 2014, Evaluation of Industrially Applied Heat-Transfer Fluids as Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier Systems, ChemSusChem, 7, 229, 10.1002/cssc.201300426

Arkema (2019, February 01). GPS Safety Summary: Dibenzyltoluene. Available online: https://www.arkema.com/export/shared/.content/media/downloads/socialresponsability/safety-summuries/Hydrogen-Peroxide-Dibenzyltoluene-GPS-2013-02-10-V0.pdf.

Shi, 2019, Integration of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation based on dibenzyltoluene as liquid organic hydrogen energy carrier, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 44, 5345, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.09.083

Schneider, 2016, Review on methanation–From fundamentals to current projects, Fuel, 166, 276, 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.111

Lefebvre, 2016, Renewable Power-to-Gas: A technological and economic review, Renew. Energy, 85, 1371, 10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.066

Thauer, 2008, Methanogenic archaea: Ecologically relevant differences in energy conservation, Nat. Rev. Genet., 6, 579, 10.1038/nrmicro1931

Seifert, 2014, Analysis of process related factors to increase volumetric productivity and quality of biomethane with Methanothermobacter marburgensis, Appl. Energy, 132, 155, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.002

Hashimoto, 1999, Global CO2 recycling—novel materials and prospect for prevention of global warming and abundant energy supply, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 267, 200, 10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00092-1

Bajohr, 2011, Speicherung elektrischer Energie aus regenerativen Quellen im Erdgasnetz, Energ. Wasser Prax., 62, 72

Lefebvre, 2015, Improvement of three-phase methanation reactor performance for steady-state and transient operation, Fuel Process. Technol., 132, 83, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.10.040

Minh, 2018, Upgrading greenhouse gases (methane and carbon dioxide) into syngas using nickel-based catalysts, Fuel, 226, 195, 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.017

Weger, 2017, Methane cracking as a bridge technology to the hydrogen economy, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 42, 720, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.029

Joglekar, 2016, Organometallic Complexes Anchored to Conductive Carbon for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methane at Low Temperature, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 138, 116, 10.1021/jacs.5b06392

Douvartzides, 2004, Exergy analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell power plant fed by either ethanol or methane, J. Power Sources, 131, 224, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.10.015

Amiri, 2018, Evaluation of fuel diversity in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell system, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 43, 23475, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.192

Xiao, 2018, Ammonia for power, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 69, 63, 10.1016/j.pecs.2018.07.001

Lamb, 2019, Ammonia for hydrogen storage; A review of catalytic ammonia decomposition and hydrogen separation and purification, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 44, 3580, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.024

Christensen, 2006, Towards an ammonia-mediated hydrogen economy?, Catal. Today, 111, 140, 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.10.011

Perna, 2018, Design and performance assessment of a combined heat, hydrogen and power (CHHP) system based on ammonia-fueled SOFC, Appl. Energy, 231, 1216, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.138

Aziz, 2017, Combined nitrogen production, ammonia synthesis, and power generation for efficient hydrogen storage, Energy Procedia, 143, 674, 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.745

Yapicioglu, 2019, A review on clean ammonia as a potential fuel for power generators, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 103, 96, 10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.023

Cinti, 2017, Coupling Solid Oxide Electrolyser (SOE) and ammonia production plant, Appl. Energy, 192, 466, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.026

Lange, N.A., and Dean, J.A. (1967). Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill.

Siddiqui, 2018, A review and comparative assessment of direct ammonia fuel cells, Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog., 5, 568, 10.1016/j.tsep.2018.02.011

Afif, 2016, Ammonia-fed fuel cells: A comprehensive review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 60, 822, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.120

Cooper, S.J., and Brandon, N.P. (2017). Chapter 1 - An Introduction to Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Materials, Technology and Applications. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Lifetime and Reliability, Academic Press.

Schmidt, 2017, Future cost and performance of water electrolysis: An expert elicitation study, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 42, 30470, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.045

Kobayashi, 2018, Science and technology of ammonia combustion, Proc. Combust. Inst., 37, 109, 10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.029

Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman.

Wikipedia Contributors (2019, February 19). Haber Process. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process.