Hurricane Gustav (2008) Waves and Storm Surge: Hindcast, Synoptic Analysis, and Validation in Southern Louisiana

Monthly Weather Review - Tập 139 Số 8 - Trang 2488-2522 - 2011
J. C. Dietrich1, Joannes J. Westerink1, Andrew B. Kennedy1, Jane McKee Smith2, Robert E. Jensen2, Marcel Zijlema3, L.H. Holthuijsen3, Clint Dawson4, Richard A. Luettich5, Mark D. Powell6, Vincent J. Cardone7, Andrew T. Cox7, Gregory W. Stone8, Hasan Pourtaheri9, Mark Hope1, Seizo Tanaka1, L. G. Westerink1, H. J. Westerink1, Zachary Cobell1
1Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
2Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
3Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
4Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
5Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina
6NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory/Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida
7*Oceanweather, Inc., Cos Cob, Connecticut
8Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
9New Orleans District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana

Tóm tắt

AbstractHurricane Gustav (2008) made landfall in southern Louisiana on 1 September 2008 with its eye never closer than 75 km to New Orleans, but its waves and storm surge threatened to flood the city. Easterly tropical-storm-strength winds impacted the region east of the Mississippi River for 12–15 h, allowing for early surge to develop up to 3.5 m there and enter the river and the city’s navigation canals. During landfall, winds shifted from easterly to southerly, resulting in late surge development and propagation over more than 70 km of marshes on the river’s west bank, over more than 40 km of Caernarvon marsh on the east bank, and into Lake Pontchartrain to the north. Wind waves with estimated significant heights of 15 m developed in the deep Gulf of Mexico but were reduced in size once they reached the continental shelf. The barrier islands further dissipated the waves, and locally generated seas existed behind these effective breaking zones.The hardening and innovative deployment of gauges since Hurricane Katrina (2005) resulted in a wealth of measured data for Gustav. A total of 39 wind wave time histories, 362 water level time histories, and 82 high water marks were available to describe the event. Computational models—including a structured-mesh deepwater wave model (WAM) and a nearshore steady-state wave (STWAVE) model, as well as an unstructured-mesh “simulating waves nearshore” (SWAN) wave model and an advanced circulation (ADCIRC) model—resolve the region with unprecedented levels of detail, with an unstructured mesh spacing of 100–200 m in the wave-breaking zones and 20–50 m in the small-scale channels. Data-assimilated winds were applied using NOAA’s Hurricane Research Division Wind Analysis System (H*Wind) and Interactive Objective Kinematic Analysis (IOKA) procedures. Wave and surge computations from these models are validated comprehensively at the measurement locations ranging from the deep Gulf of Mexico and along the coast to the rivers and floodplains of southern Louisiana and are described and quantified within the context of the evolution of the storm.

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Monthly Weather Review

Tập 139 Số 8

2488-2522

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