How useful is preoperative imaging for tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging of gastric cancer? A meta-analysis

Gastric Cancer - Tập 15 - Trang 3-18 - 2011
Rajini Seevaratnam1, Roberta Cardoso1, Caitlin Mcgregor2, Laercio Lourenco3, Alyson Mahar1,4, Rinku Sutradhar5,6, Calvin Law6,7, Lawrence Paszat6,8, Natalie Coburn1,6,7,8
1Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
2Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
3Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
4Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
5Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
6Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada
7Division of Surgical Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
8Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Tóm tắt

Surgery is the fundamental curative option for gastric cancer patients. Imaging scans are routinely prescribed in an attempt to stage the disease prior to surgery. Consequently, the correlation between radiology exams and pathology is crucial for appropriate treatment planning. Systematic searches were conducted using Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from January 1, 1998 to December 1, 2009. We calculated the accuracy, overstaging rate, understaging rate, Kappa statistic, sensitivity, and specificity for abdominal ultrasound (AUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) with respect to the gold standard (pathology). We also compared the performance of CT by detector number and image type. A meta-analysis was performed. For pre-operative T staging MRI scans had better performance accuracy than CT and AUS; CT scanners using ≥4 detectors and multi-planar reformatted (MPR) images had higher staging performances than scanners with <4 detectors and axial images only. For pre-operative N staging PET had the lowest sensitivity, but the highest specificity among modalities; CT performance did not significantly differ by detector number or addition of MPR images. For pre-operative M staging performance did not significantly differ by modality, detector number, or MPR images. The agreement between pre-operative TNM staging by imaging scans and post-operative staging by pathology is not perfect and may affect treatment decisions. Operator dependence and heterogeneity of data may account for the variations in staging performance. Physicians should consider this discrepancy when creating their treatment plans.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Ly QP, Sasson AR. Modern surgical considerations for gastric cancer. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2008;6(9):885–94.

Kovoor PA, Hwang J. Treatment of resectable gastric cancer: current standards of care. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009;9(1):135–42.

Hartgrink HH, Jansen EP, van Grieken NC, van de Velde CJ. Gastric cancer. Lancet. 2009;374(9688):477–90.

Catalano V, Labianca R, Beretta GD, Gatta G, de Braud F, Van Cutsem E. Gastric cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2009;71(2):127–64.

Schwarz RE. Factors influencing change of preoperative treatment intent in a gastrointestinal cancer practice. World J Surg Oncol. 2007;5:32.

National Comprehensive Cancer Network N. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology—Gastric Cancer—V.2.2010. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc.; 2010.

Lim JH, Ko YT, Lee DH. Transabdominal US staging of gastric cancer. Abdom Imaging. 1994;19(6):527–31.

Suk KT, Lim DW, Kim MY, Park DH, Kim KH, Kim JM, et al. Thickening of the gastric wall on transabdominal sonography: a sign of gastric cancer. J Clin Ultrasound. 2008;36(8):462–6.

Solbiati L, Tonolini M, Cova L, Goldberg SN. The role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the detection of focal liver lesions. Eur Radiol. 2001;11(Suppl 3):E15–26.

Chen CY, Wu DC, Kang WY, Hsu JS. Staging of gastric cancer with 16-channel MDCT. Abdom Imaging. 2006;31(5):514–20.

Kim AY, Kim HJ, Ha HK. Gastric cancer by multidetector row CT: preoperative staging. Abdom Imaging. 2005;30(4):465–72.

Tunaci M. Carcinoma of stomach and duodenum: radiologic diagnosis and staging. Eur J Radiol. 2002;42(3):181–92.

Kwee RM, Kwee TC. Imaging in local staging of gastric cancer: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(15):2107–16.

Koh DM, Collins DJ. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the body: applications and challenges in oncology. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(6):1622–35.

Dassen AE, Lips DJ, Hoekstra CJ, Pruijt JF, Bosscha K. FDG-PET has no definite role in preoperative imaging in gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009;35(5):449–55.

Thie JA. Understanding the standardized uptake value, its methods, and implications for usage. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(9):1431–4.

Boellaard R, Krak NC, Hoekstra OS, Lammertsma AA. Effects of noise, image resolution, and ROI definition on the accuracy of standard uptake values: a simulation study. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(9):1519–27.

UICC/AJCC. American Joint Committee on Cancer, Cancer Staging Manual. 1988–2002. http://www.cancerstaging.org/products/pasteditions.html.

Japanese Gastric Cancer Association (JGCA). Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma, 2nd English edition. Gastric Cancer. 1998;1:10–24.

Viera AJ, Garrett JM. Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic. Fam Med. 2005;37(5):360–3.

Copper H, Hedges L. The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Newbury Park: Russell Sage Foundation; 1994.

Bland JM, Altman DG. Multiple significance tests: the Bonferroni method. BMJ. 1995;310(6973):170.

Ahn HS, Lee HJ, Yoo MW, Kim SG, Im JP, Kim SH, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of T and N stages with endoscopy, stomach protocol CT, and endoscopic ultrasonography in early gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2009;99(1):20–7.

Bhandari S, Shim CS, Kim JH, Jung IS, Cho JY, Lee JS, et al. Usefulness of three-dimensional, multidetector row CT (virtual gastroscopy and multiplanar reconstruction) in the evaluation of gastric cancer: a comparison with conventional endoscopy, EUS, and histopathology. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59(6):619–26.

Blackshaw GR, Barry JD, Edwards P, Allison MC, Thomas GV, Lewis WG. Laparoscopy significantly improves the perceived preoperative stage of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2003;6(4):225–9.

Cereceda Perez CN, Urbasos Pascual MI, Romero Castellanos C, Carreira Gomez C, Pinto Varela JM. Helical CT of the stomach: differentiation between benign and malignant pathologies, together with the staging of gastric carcinoma. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2002;94(10):601–12.

Chen BB, Liang PC, Liu KL, Hsiao JK, Huang JC, Wong JM, et al. Preoperative diagnosis of gastric tumors by three-dimensional multidetector row CT and double contrast barium meal study: correlation with surgical and histologic results. J Formos Med Assoc. 2007;106(11):943–52.

Chen CY, Hsu JS, Wu DC, Kang WY, Hsieh JS, Jaw TS, et al. Gastric cancer: preoperative local staging with 3D multi-detector row CT—correlation with surgical and histopathologic results. Radiology. 2007;242(2):472–82.

Chen J, Cheong JH, Yun MJ, Kim J, Lim JS, Hyung WJ, et al. Improvement in preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma with positron emission tomography. Cancer. 2005;103(11):2383–90.

D’Elia F, Zingarelli A, Palli D, Grani M. Hydro-dynamic CT preoperative staging of gastric cancer: correlation with pathological findings. A prospective study of 107 cases. Eur Radiol. 2000;10(12):1877–85.

Dux M, Richter GM, Hansmann J, Kuntz C, Kauffmann GW. Helical hydro-CT for diagnosis and staging of gastric carcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999;23(6):913–22.

Gamon Giner R, Escrig Sos J, Salvador Sanchis JL, Ruiz del Castillo J, Garcia Vila JH, Marcote Valdivieso E. Helical CT evaluation in the preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2002;94(10):593–600.

Habermann CR, Weiss F, Riecken R, Honarpisheh H, Bohnacker S, Staedtler C, et al. Preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma: comparison of helical CT and endoscopic US. Radiology. 2004;230(2):465–71.

Hur J, Park MS, Lee JH, Lim JS, Yu JS, Hong YJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multidetector row computed tomography in T- and N staging of gastric cancer with histopathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006;30(3):372–7.

Kadowaki K, Murakami T, Yoshioka H, Kim T, Takahashi S, Tomoda K, et al. Helical CT imaging of gastric cancer: normal wall appearance and the potential for staging. Radiat Med. 2000;18(1):47–54.

Kang BC, Kim JH, Kim KW, Lee DY, Baek SY, Lee SW, et al. Value of the dynamic and delayed MR sequence with Gd-DTPA in the T-staging of stomach cancer: correlation with the histopathology. Abdom Imaging. 2000;25(1):14–24.

Kayaalp C, Arda K, Orug T, Ozcay N. Value of computed tomography in addition to ultrasound for preoperative staging of gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2002;28(5):540–3.

Kim HJ, Kim AY, Oh ST, Kim JS, Kim KW, Kim PN, et al. Gastric cancer staging at multi-detector row CT gastrography: comparison of transverse and volumetric CT scanning. Radiology. 2005;236(3):879–85.

Kumano S, Murakami T, Kim T, Hori M, Iannaccone R, Nakata S, et al. T staging of gastric cancer: role of multi-detector row CT. Radiology. 2005;237(3):961–6.

Lee DH, Ko YT. Advanced gastric carcinoma: the role of three-dimensional and axial imaging by spiral CT. Abdom Imaging. 1999;24(2):111–6.

Lee DH, Seo TS, Ko YT. Spiral CT of the gastric carcinoma: staging and enhancement pattern. Clin Imaging. 2001;25(1):32–7.

Lee DH, Ko YT, Park SJ, Lim JW. Comparison of hydro-US and spiral CT in the staging of gastric cancer. Clin Imaging. 2001;25(3):181–6.

Liao SR, Dai Y, Huo L, Yan K, Zhang L, Zhang H, et al. Transabdominal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10(23):3399–404.

Lim JS, Kim MJ, Yun MJ, Oh YT, Kim JH, Hwang HS, et al. Comparison of CT and 18F-FDG PET for detecting peritoneal metastasis on the preoperative evaluation for gastric carcinoma. Korean J Radiol. 2006;7(4):249–56.

Mochiki E, Kuwano H, Katoh H, Asao T, Oriuchi N, Endo K. Evaluation of 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography for gastric cancer. World J Surg. 2004;28(3):247–53.

Polkowski M, Palucki J, Wronska E, Szawlowski A, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Butruk E. Endosonography versus helical computed tomography for locoregional staging of gastric cancer. Endoscopy. 2004;36(7):617–23.

Shimizu K, Ito K, Matsunaga N, Shimizu A, Kawakami Y. Diagnosis of gastric cancer with MDCT using the water-filling method and multiplanar reconstruction: CT-histologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185(5):1152–8.

Shinohara T, Ohyama S, Yamaguchi T, Muto T, Kohno A, Ogura T, et al. Preoperative TNM staging of advanced gastric cancer with multi-detector row computed tomography. Jpn Med Assoc J. 2005;48(4):175–82.

Sohn KM, Lee JM, Lee SY, Ahn BY, Park SM, Kim KM. Comparing MR imaging and CT in the staging of gastric carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174(6):1551–7.

Tian J, Chen L, Wei B, Shao M, Ding Y, Yin D, et al. The value of vesicant 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) in gastric malignancies. Nucl Med Commun. 2004;25(8):825–31.

Wang CK, Kuo YT, Liu GC, Tsai KB, Huang YS. Dynamic contrast-enhanced subtraction and delayed MRI of gastric tumors: radiologic-pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2000;24(6):872–7.

Wei WZ, Yu JP, Li J, Liu CS, Zheng XH. Evaluation of contrast-enhanced helical hydro-CT in staging gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(29):4592–5.

Yan C, Zhu ZG, Yan M, Zhang H, Pan ZL, Chen J, et al. Value of multidetector-row computed tomography in the preoperative T and N staging of gastric carcinoma: a large-scale Chinese study. J Surg Oncol. 2009;100(3):205–14.

Yang DM, Kim HC, Jin W, Ryu CW, Kang JH, Park CH, et al. 64 multidetector-row computed tomography for preoperative evaluation of gastric cancer: histological correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2007;31(1):98–103.

Yang QM, Kawamura T, Itoh H, Bando E, Nemoto M, Akamoto S, et al. Is PET-CT suitable for predicting lymph node status for gastric cancer? Hepatogastroenterology. 2008;55(82–83):782–5.

Yun M, Lim JS, Noh SH, Hyung WJ, Cheong JH, Bong JK, et al. Lymph node staging of gastric cancer using (18)F-FDG PET: a comparison study with CT. J Nucl Med. 2005;46(10):1582–8.

Hundt W, Braunschweig R, Reiser M. Assessment of gastric cancer: value of breathhold technique and two-phase spiral CT. Eur Radiol. 1999;9(1):68–72.

Kim YN, Choi D, Kim SH, Kim MJ, Lee SJ, Lee WJ, et al. Gastric cancer staging at isotropic MDCT including coronal and sagittal MPR images: endoscopically diagnosed early vs advanced gastric cancer. Abdom Imaging. 2009;34(1):26–34.

Takao M, Fukuda T, Iwanaga S, Hayashi K, Kusano H, Okudaira S. Gastric cancer: evaluation of triphasic spiral CT and radiologic–pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1998;22(2):288–94.

Kim SK, Kang KW, Lee JS, Kim HK, Chang HJ, Choi JY, et al. Assessment of lymph node metastases using 18F-FDG PET in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33(2):148–55.

Mukai K, Ishida Y, Okajima K, Isozaki H, Morimoto T, Nishiyama S. Usefulness of preoperative FDG-PET for detection of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2006;9(3):192–6.

Stahl A, Ott K, Weber WA, Becker K, Link T, Siewert JR, et al. FDG PET imaging of locally advanced gastric carcinomas: correlation with endoscopic and histopathological findings. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30(2):288–95.

Blackshaw GR, Stephens MR, Lewis WG, Boyce J, Barry JD, Edwards P, et al. Progressive CT system technology and experience improve the perceived preoperative stage of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2005;8(1):29–34.

Bergman JJ, Fockens P. Endoscopic ultrasonography in patients with gastro-esophageal cancer. Eur J Ultrasound. 1999;10(2–3):127–38.

Cardoso R, Coburn N, Seevaratnam R, Sutradhar R, Law C, Lourenco L, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the utility of EUS for pre-operative staging for early and advanced gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2011; Accepted.

Kwee RM, Kwee TC. Imaging in assessing lymph node status in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2009;12(1):6–22.

Van Binnebeek S, Karges W, Mottaghy FM. Functional imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;727:105–22.

Ward J. New MR techniques for the detection of liver metastases. Cancer Imaging. 2006;6:33–42.

Leake P-A, Cardoso R, Seevaratnam R, Lourenco L, Helyer L, Mahar A, et al. A systematic review of the accuracy and indications for diagnostic laparoscopy prior to curative-intent resection of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2011. doi:10.1007/s10120-011-0047-z.

van Vliet EP, Steyerberg EW, Eijkemans MJ, Kuipers EJ, Siersema PD. Detection of distant metastases in patients with oesophageal or gastric cardia cancer: a diagnostic decision analysis. Br J Cancer. 2007;97(7):868–76.

Callaway MP, Bailey D. Staging computed tomography in upper GI malignancy. A survey of the 5 cancer networks covered by the South West Cancer Intelligence Service. Clin Radiol. 2005;60(7):794–800.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Gastric Cancer

Tập 15

3-18

Thông tin tác giả