How to avoid customers leaving: the case of the Estonian telecommunication industry

Baltic Journal of Management - Tập 4 Số 1 - Trang 66-79 - 2009
AndresKuusik1, UrmasVarblane1
1Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Tóm tắt

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show that the major factors affecting loyalty are dependant on the level of loyalty of customers.Design/methodology/approachA model of relationship between factors of loyalty and loyalty levels of customers was constructed and tested on the empirical data about 1,000 private customers from the Customer Satisfaction Survey of Elion, the biggest telecommunication company in Estonia. Logit model was used in order to examine which factors influence the probability of the customers remaining on their loyalty level or to moving to another loyalty level.FindingsThe findings of the study revealed that it is not accurate to treat all customers equally in terms of methods of increasing their loyalty. The results reveal that four analysed factors affecting customer loyalty (satisfaction, trustworthiness, image and importance of relationship) are playing different roles in the different levels of customer loyalty. The overall satisfaction and importance of a relationship build the foundation of any kind of loyalty. The reliability of products or trustworthiness of the vendor is most critical for behavioural loyalists and the image creation is the main tool for getting committed customers.Research limitations/implicationsThe method for collecting the source data set certain constraints on the adequacy of the model.Practical implicationsThe results presented in this paper could be used by firms developing targeted approaches as part of the aim of increasing customer's loyalty.Originality/valueThis paper introduces an original approach combining factors affecting the customers' loyalty with the customers' different loyalty levels. Also, the ladder of customer loyalty levels could be used in other research areas.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aaker, J.L. (1999), “The malleable self: the role of self‐expression in persuasion”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 36 No. 1, pp. 45‐58.

Andreson, E.W. and Fornell, C. (2000), “Foundations of the American Customer Satisfaction Index”, Total Quality Management, Vol. 11 No. 7, pp. 869‐82.

Ashforth, B.E. and Mael, F. (1989), “Social identity theory and the organization”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 20‐39.

Barnes, J. (2004), “Loyalty: a multidimensional concept”, available at: www.CRMguru.com (accessed 2004).

Belk, R.W. (1988), “Possessions and the extended self”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 15, pp. 139‐68.

Butz, H.E. Jr and Goodstein, L.D. (1996), “Measuring customer value: gaining a strategic advantage”, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 63‐77.

Chaudhuri, A. (1995), “Brand equity or double jeopardy”, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 26‐32.

Chaudhuri, A. and Holbrook, M.B. (2001), “The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: the role of brand loyalty”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 65 No. 2, pp. 81‐94.

Cunningham, R.M. (1956), “Brand loyalty – what, where, how much?”, Harward Business Review, Vol. 34, pp. 116‐28.

Day, G.S. (2003), “Creating a superior customer‐relating capability”, MIT Sloan Management Preview, Vol. 44 No. 3, pp. 77‐83.

Djupe, P.A. (2000), “Religious brand loyalty and political loyalties”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 39 No. 1, pp. 78‐90.

Doney, P.M. and Cannon, J.P. (1997), “An examination of the nature of trust in buyer‐seller relationships”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 61, pp. 35‐51.

Dwyer, F.R., Schurr, P.H. and Oh, S. (1987), “Developing buyer‐seller relationships”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 51, pp. 11‐27.

Ehrenberg, A.S.C., Goodhardt, G.J. and Barwise, T.P. (1990), “Double jeopardy revisited”, Journal of marketing, Vol. 54, pp. 82‐91.

Farley, JohnU. (1964), “Why does ‘brand loyalty’ vary over products?”, Journal of Marketing Research, November, pp. 9‐14.

Fournier, S. (1998), “Consumers and their brands: developing relationship theory in consumer research”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 24, pp. 343‐73.

Grönholdt, L., Martensen, A. and Kristensen, K. (2000), “The relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty: cross‐industry differences”, Total Quality Management, Vol. 11 Nos 4/5&6, pp. 509‐14.

Gummesson, E. (1998), “Productivity, quality and relationship marketing in service operations”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 4‐15.

Harary, F. and Lipstein, B. (1962), “The dynamics of brand loyalty: a Markovian approach”, Operations Research, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 19‐40.

Heskett, J.L., Jones, T.O., Lovemann, G.W., Sasser, W.E. Jr and Schlesinger, L.A. (1994), “Putting the service‐profit chain to work”, Harward Business Review, Vol. 72 No. 2, pp. 164‐74.

Hofmeyr, J. and Rice, B. (2000), Commitment‐led Marketing, Wiley, Chichester, p. 299.

Hughes, A.M. (2007), “Churn reduction in the telecom industry”, available at: www.telecom‐marketing.com/index.php?q = node/29 (accessed 1 March 2008).

Jacoby, J. and Kyner, D.B. (1973), “Brand loyalty vs. repeat purchasing behavior”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 10, pp. 1‐9.

Jones, T.O. and Sasser, W.E. Jr (1995), “Why satisfied costumers defect”, Harward Busines Review, Vol. 73 No. 6, pp. 88‐99.

Kanwar, N. and Pagiavlas, N. (1992), “When are higher social class consumers more and less brand loyal than lower social class consumers?: the role of mediating variables”, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 19, pp. 589‐95.

Kim, C.K., Han, D. and Park, S. (2001), “The effect of brand personality and brand identification on brand loyalty: applying the theory of social identification”, Japanese Psychological Research, Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 195‐206.

Lattin, J.M. (1987), “A model of balances choice behavior”, Marketing Science, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 48‐65.

Lewitt, T. (1983), “After the sale is over …”, Harvard Business Review, September/October, pp. 87‐93.

McConnell, D.J. (1968), “The development of brand loyalty: an experimental study”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 5, pp. 13‐19.

Mascarenhas, O.A., Kesavan, R. and Bernacchi, M. (2006), “Lasting customer loyalty: a total customer experience approach”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 23 No. 7, pp. 397‐405.

Moorman, C., Zaltman, G. and Deshpande, R. (1992), “Relationships between providers and users of market research: the dynamics of trust within and between organizations”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 29, pp. 314‐28.

Morgan, R.M. and Hunt, S.D. (1994), “The commitment‐trust theory of relationship marketing”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58 No. 3, pp. 20‐3.

Morgan, R.M. and Hunt, S.D. (1995), “The commitment‐trust theory of relationship marketing”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58 No. 3, pp. 20‐39.

Oliver, R.L. (1999), “Whence consumer loyalty?”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 63, pp. 33‐44.

Reichheld, F.F. (1993), “Loyalty‐based management”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 71 No. 2, pp. 64‐72.

Reichheld, F.F. (2003), “The one number you need to grow'”, Harward Business Review, Vol. 81 No. 12, pp. 46‐55.

Reichheld, F.F., Markey, R.G. and Hopton, C. (2000), “The loyalty effect – the relationship between loyalty and profits”, European Business Journal, pp. 134‐9.

Rosenberg, L. and Czepiel, J.A. (1984), “A marketing approach to customer retention”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 1, pp. 45‐51.

Sheth, J.N. (1968), “A factor analytical model of brand loyalty”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 5, pp. 395‐404.

Spekman, R.E. (1988), “Strategic supplier selection: understanding long‐term buyer relationships”, Business Horizons, July‐August, pp. 75‐81.

Tidwell, P.M. and Horgan, D.D. (1992/1993), “Brand character as a function of brand loyalty”, Current Psychology, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 346‐53.

Tucker, W.T. (1964), “The development of brand loyalty”, Journal of Marketing Research, August, pp. 32‐5.

Weiss, A. (2001), “When do B2B customers want a close relationship?”, available at: www.MarketingProfs.com/tutorials (accessed 2004).

Wernerfelt, B. (1991), “Brand loyalty and market equilibrium”, Marketing Science, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 229‐45.