Homing to scars as a defense against predators in the pulmonate limpet Siphonaria gigas (Gastropoda)

Marine Biology - Tập 72 - Trang 319-324 - 1983
S. D. Garrity1, S. C. Levings1,2
1Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
2Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA

Tóm tắt

Each individual Siphonaria gigas Sowerby 1825 has a permanent home site from which it forages. Fidelity of adult limpets to scars over a seven-month period was greater than 90%. The survival of limpets which were prevented from returning to home scars was less than that of those which were allowed to return to scars. Losses of scar-denied limpets decreased with time, as individuals abraded their shells to fit new home sites on the rock. Fish are the most likely agents in removing scarless, vulnerable S. gigas.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abe, N.: The homing, spawning and other habits of the limpet. Siphonaria japonica (Donovan). Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Sendai 15, 59–95 (1940) Bertness, M. D., S. D. Garrity and S. C. Levings: Predation pressure and gastropod foraging: a tropical-temperate comparison. Evolution 35, 995–1007 (1981) Black, R.: The effects of grazing by the limpet Acmaea insessa on the kelp Egregia laevigata in the intertidal zone. Ecology 57, 265–277 (1976) Black, R.: Competition between intertidal limpets: an intrusive niche on a steep resource gradient. J. Anim. Ecol. 48, 401–411 (1979) Black, R., K. Fisher, A. Hill and P. McShane: Physical and biological conditions on a steep intertidal gradient at Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Aust. J. Ecol. 4, 67–74 (1979) Branch, G. M.: Mechanisms reducing intraspecific competition in Patella spp.: migration, differentiation, and territorial behaviour. J. Anim. Ecol. 44, 575–600 (1975a) Branch, G. M.: Intraspecific competition in Patella cochlear Born. J. Anim. Ecol. 44, 263–281 (1975b) Branch, G. M.: The responses of South African patellid limpets to invertebrate predators. Zool. Afr. 13, 221–232 (1978) Cassidy, M. D. and S. M. Evans: Foraging behavior in relation to position on the seashore in the limpet Patella vulgata. Anim. Behav. 29, 300–301 (1980) Cook, S. B.: A study of homing behavior in the limpet Siphonaria alternata. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole 141, 449–457 (1971) Cook, S. B.: Fish predation on pulmonate limpets. Veliger 22, 380–381 (1980) Cook, S. B. and C. B. Cook: Tidal amplitude and activity in the pulmonate limpet Siphonaria normalis (Gould) and S. alternata (Say). J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 35, 119–136 (1978) Cook, S. B. and C. B. Cook: Activity patterns in Siphonaria populations: heading choice and the effects of size and grazing interval. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 49, 69–79 (1981) Creese, R. G.: An analysis of distribution and abundance of populations of the high-shore limpet Notoacmaea petterdi (Tension-Woods). Oecologia 45, 252–260 (1980) Frank, P. W.: On home range of limpets. Am. Nat. 158, 99–104 (1964) Frank, P. W.: A condition for a sessile strategy. Am. Nat. 118, 288–290 (1981) Garrity, S. D. and S. C. Levings: A predator-prey interaction between two physically and biologically constrained tropical rocky shore gastropods: direct, indirect and community effects. Ecol. Mono. 51, 267–286 (1981) Glynn, P. W.: Observations on the ecology of the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Panama. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 2, 13–30 (1972) Hirano, Y.: Studies on the activity pattern of the Patellid limpet Cellana toreuma (Reeve). J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 40, 137–148 (1979) Hirano, Y. and A. Inaba: Siphonaria (pulmonate limpet) survey of Japan 1. Observations on the behavior of Siphonaria japonica during breeding season. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 25, 323–334 (1980) Marcus, E. and E. Marcus: On Siphonaria hispida. Zoologia 23, 107–130 (1966) McAlister, R. O. and F. M. Fisher: Responses of the false limpet Siphonaria pectinata Linnaeus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) to osmotic stress. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole 134, 96–117 (1968) Ohgushi, R.: Ethological studies on the intertidal limpets I. On the tidal rhythmic activities of two species of limpets. Jap. J. Ecol, 4, 120 (1954) Stephenson, T. A.: The marine ecology of the South African coasts, with special reference to the habits of limpets. Proc. Linn. Soc. London 148, 74–79 (1936) Stimson, J.: The role of territory in the ecology of the intertidal limpet Lottia gigantea Gray. Ecology, 54, 1020–1030 (1973) Thomas, R. F.: Homing behavior and movement rhythms in the pulmonate limpet, Siphonaria pectinata. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 40, 303–311 (1973) Willoughby, J. W.: A field study on the clustering and movement behavior in the limpet Acmaea digitalis. Veliger 15, 223–230 (1973)