Aitken SN, Yeaman S, Holliday JA, Wang T, Curtis-McLane S: Adaptation, migration or extirpation: climate change outcomes for tree populations. Evol Appl. 2008, 1: 95-111. 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00013.x.
Eckert CG, Samis KE, Lougheed SC: Genetic variation across species' geographical ranges: the central-marginal hypothesis and beyond. Mol Ecol. 2008, 17: 1170-1188. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03659.x.
Lesica P, Allendorf FW: When are peripheral populations valuable for conservation?. Conserv Biol. 1995, 9: 753-760. 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040753.x.
Hampe A, Petit RJ: Conserving biodiversity under climate change: the rear edge matters. Ecol Letters. 2005, 8: 461-467. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00739.x.
Williams DA, Wang Y, Borchetta M, Gaines MS: Genetic diversity and spatial structure of a keystone species in fragmented pine rockland habitat. Biol Conserv. 2007, 138: 256-268. 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.04.024.
Born C, Hardy OJ, Chevalier MH, Ossari S, Attéke EJW, Hossaert-Mckey M: Small-scale spatial genetic structure in the central African rainforest tree species Aucoumea klaineana: a stepwise approach to infer the impact of limited gene dispersal, population history and habitat fragmentation. Mol Ecol. 2008, 17: 2041-2050. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03685.x.
De-Lucas AI, Gonza'lez-Marti'nez SC, Vendramin GG, Hidalgo E, Heuertz M: Spatial genetic structure in continuous and fragmented populations of Pinus pinaster Aiton. Mol Ecol. 2009, 18: 4564-4576. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04372.x.
Gapare WJ, Aitken SN: Strong spatial genetic structure in peripheral but not core populations of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.]. Mol Ecol. 2005, 14: 2659-2667. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02633.x.
Jain SK: Population structure and the effects of breeding system. Plant Genetic Resources: Today and Tomorrow. Edited by: Frankel O, Hawkes JG. 1975, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 15-36.
Loveless MD, Hamrick JL: Ecological determinants of genetic structure in plant populations. Ann Rev Ecol Syst. 1984, 15: 65-95. 10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.000433.
Hamrick JL, Nason JD: Consequence of dispersal in plants. Population Dynamics in Ecological Space and Time. Edited by: Rhodes OE, Ronald KC, Smith MH. 1996, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA, 203-235.
Smouse PE, Peakall R: Spatial autocorrelation analysis of individual multiallele and multilocus genetic structure. Heredity. 1999, 82: 561-573. 10.1038/sj.hdy.6885180.
Kalisz S, Nason JD, Hanzawa FM, Tonsor SJ: Spatial population genetic structure in Trillium grandiflorum: the roles of dispersal, mating, history and selection. Evol Biol. 2001, 55: 1560-1568.
Young AG, Merriam HG: Effects of forest fragmentation on the spatial genetic structure of Acer saccharum Marsh (sugar maple) populations. Heredity. 1994, 72: 201-208. 10.1038/hdy.1994.27.
Jump AS, Peñuelas J: Genetic effects of chronic habitat fragmentation in a wind-pollinated tree. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006, 103: 8096-8100. 10.1073/pnas.0510127103.
Epperson BK: Plant dispersal, neighbourhood size and isolation by distance. Mol Ecol. 2007, 16: 3854-3865. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03434.x.
Troupin D, Nathan R, Vendramin GG: Analysis of spatial genetic structure in an expanding Pinus halepensis population reveals development of fine-scale genetic clustering over time. Mol Ecol. 2006, 15: 3617-3630. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03047.x.
Wright S: Isolation by distance. Genetics. 1943, 28: 114-138.
Reusch TBH, Hukriede W, Stam WT, Olsen JL: Differentiating between clonal growth and limited gene flow using spatial autocorrelation of microsatellites. Heredity. 1999, 83: 120-126. 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1999.00546.x.
Vekemans X, Hardy OJ: New insights from fine-scale spatial genetic structure analyses in plant populations. Mol Ecol. 2004, 13: 921-934. 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2004.02076.x.
Boyle TJB, Liengsiri C, Piewluang C: Genetic structure of black spruce on two contrasting sites. Heredity. 1990, 65: 393-399. 10.1038/hdy.1990.109.
Epperson BK, Allard RW: Spatial autocorrelation analysis of the distribution of genotypes within populations of lodgepole pine. Genetics. 1989, 121: 369-377.
Knowles P: Spatial genetic structure within two natural stands of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P.). Silvae Genet. 1991, 40: 13-19.
Knowles P, Perry DJ, Foster HA: Spatial genetic structure in two tamarack (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) populations with differing establishment histories. Evolution. 1992, 46: 572-576. 10.2307/2409875.
Xie CY, Knowles P: Spatial genetic substructure within natural populations of jack pine (Pinus banksiana). Can J Bot. 1991, 69: 547-551. 10.1139/b91-074.
Leonardi S, Raddi S, Borghetti M: Spatial autocorrelation of allozyme traits in a Norway spruce (Picea abies) population. Can J For Res. 1996, 26: 63-71. 10.1139/x26-007.
Epperson BK, Chung MG: Spatial genetic structure of allozyme polymorphisms within populations of Pinus strobus (Pinaceae). Am J Bot. 2001, 88: 1006-1010. 10.2307/2657081.
Parker KC, Hamrick JL, Parker AJ, Nason JD: Fine-scale genetic structure in Pinus clausa (Pinaceae) populations: effects of disturbance history. Heredity. 2001, 87: 99-113. 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00914.x.
Bucci G, Menozzi P: Spatial autocorrelation and linkage of Mendelian RAPD markers in a population of Picea abies Karst. Mol Ecol. 2002, 11: 305-315. 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01444.x.
González-Martínez SC, Gerber S, Cervera MT, Martínez-Zapater JM, Gil L, Alía R: Seed gene flow and fine-scale structure in a Mediterranean pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) using nuclear microsatellite markers. Theor Appl Genet. 2002, 104: 1290-1297. 10.1007/s00122-002-0894-4.
Marquardt PE, Epperson BK: Spatial and population genetic structure of microsatellites in white pine. Mol Ecol. 2004, 13: 3305-3315. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02341.x.
Takahashi T, Tani N, Niiyama K, Yoshida S, Taira H, Tsumura Y: Genetic succession and spatial genetic structure in a natural old growth Cryptomeria japonica forest revealed by nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers. For Ecol Manage. 2008, 255: 2820-2828. 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.01.055.
Newell RE: Provincial (Nova Scotia) Status report on northern white cedar Thuja occidentalis prepared for the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. 2005
Jhonston WF: Thuja occidentalis L.: northern white cedar. Silvics of North America. 1. Conifers. Edited by: Burns RM, Honkala BH. 1990, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Handbook 654, Washington DC, USA, 580-589.
Bentley PA, Smith EC: A study of northern white cedar and jack pine in Nova Scotia. Proc NS Inst Sci. 1959, 24: 376-398.
Xie CY, Dancik BP, Yeh FC: The mating system in natural populations of Thuja orientalis. Can J For Res. 1991, 21: 333-339. 10.1139/x91-041.
Xie CY, Dancik BP, Yeh FC: Genetic structure of Thuja orientalis. Biochem Syst Ecol. 1992, 20: 433-441. 10.1016/0305-1978(92)90083-P.
El-Kassaby YA, Russell J, Ritland K: Mixed mating in an experimental populations of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. J Hered. 1994, 85: 227-231.
Perry DJ, Knowles P, Yeh FC: Allozyme variation of Thuja occidentalis L. in Northwestern Ontario. Biochem Syst Ecol. 1990, 18: 111-115. 10.1016/0305-1978(90)90045-H.
Matthes-Sears U, Mattes-Sears SC, Larson DW: Sources of allozymic variation in Thuja occidentalis in southern Ontario, Canada. Silvae Genet. 1991, 40: 100-105.
Lamy S, Bouchard A, Simon J-P: Genetic structure, variability and mating system in eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) populations of recent origin in an agricultural landscape in southern Québec. Can J For Res. 1999, 29: 1383-1392.
Perry DJ, Knowles P: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can J Bot. 1990, 68: 663-668. 10.1139/b90-086.
O'Connell LM, Ritland K, Thompson SL: Patterns of post-glacial colonization by western redcedar (Thuja plicata, Cupressaceae) as revealed by microsatellite markers. Botany. 2008, 86: 194-203. 10.1139/B07-124.
O'Connell LM, Ritland CE: Characterization of microsatellite loci in western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Mol Ecol. 2001, 9: 1920-1922.
White E, Hunter J, Dubetz C, Brost R, Bratton A, Edes S, Sahota R: Microsatellite markers for individual tree genotyping: application in forest crime prosecutions. J Chem Tech Biotech. 2000, 70: 923-926.
Nakao Y, Iwata H, Matsumoto A, Tsumura Y, Tomaru N: Highly polymorphic microsatellite markers in Chamaecyparis obtusa. Can J For Res. 2001, 31: 2248-2251. 10.1139/x01-145.
Peakall R, Smouse PE: GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes. 2006, 6: 288-295. 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x.
Gaudet J: FSTAT version 1.2: a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered. 1995, 86: 485-486.
Rajora OP, Rahman MH, Buchert GP, Danick BP: Microsatellite DNA analysis of genetic effects of harvesting in old-growth eastern white pine (Pinus storbus) in Ontario. Mol Ecol. 2000, 9: 339-348. 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00886.x.
Raymond M, Rousset F: GENEPOP version 1.2: population genetics software for the exact tests and ecumenicism. J Hered. 1995, 86: 248-249.
Beerli P, Felsenstein J: Maximum likelihood estimation of migration rates and population numbers of two populations using a coalescent approach. Genetics. 1999, 152: 763-773.
Ripley BD: The second-order analysis of stationary point processes. J Appl Prob. 1976, 13: 255-266. 10.2307/3212829.
Ripley BD: Modelling spatial patterns. J R Stat Soc. 1977, B39: 172-212.
Perry GLW: SpPack: spatial point pattern analysis in Excel using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Environ Model Soft. 2004, 19: 559-569. 10.1016/j.envsoft.2003.07.004.
Oddou-Muratorio S, Demesure-Musch B, Pelissier R, Gouyon PH: Impacts of gene flow and logging history on the local genetic structure of a scattered tree species, Sorbus torminalis L. Crantz. Mol Ecol. 2004, 13: 3689-3702. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02373.x.
Smouse PE, Peakall R, Gonzales E: A heterogeneity test for fine-scale genetic structure. Mol Ecol. 2008, 17: 3389-3400. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03839.x.
Loiselle BA, Sork VL, Nason J, Graham C: Spatial genetic-structure of a tropical understory shrub, Psychotria officinalis (Rubiaceae). Am J Bot. 1995, 82: 1420-1459. 10.2307/2445869.
Hardy OJ, Vekemans X: SPAGEDi: a versatile computer program to analyse spatial genetic structure at the individual or population levels. Mol Ecol Notes. 2002, 2: 618-620. 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00305.x.
Pandey M, Rajora OP: Genetic diversity and differentiation of core versus peripheral populations of eastern white cedar, Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae). Am J Botany. 2012, 99: 690-699. 10.3732/ajb.1100116.
Knowles P, Furnier GR, Aleksiuk MA, Perry DJ: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can J Bot. 1987, 65: 1087-1091. 10.1139/b87-151.
Levin DA, Kerster HW: Gene flow in seed plants. In Evolutionary Biology 7. Edited by: Dobzhansky T, Hecht MT, Steere WC. 1974, New York: Plenum Press, 139-220.
Schuster WSF, Mitton JB: Paternity and gene dispersal in limber pine (Pinus flexilis James). Heredity. 2000, 84: 348-361. 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00684.x.
Fowells HA: Silvics of forest trees of the United States. U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1965, Agriculture Handbook 271
De Blois S, Bouchard A: Dynamics of Thuja occidentalis in an agricultural landscape of southern Quebec. J Veg Sci. 1995, 6: 531-542. 10.2307/3236352.
Chung MG, Epperson BK: Clonal and spatial genetic structure in Eurya emarginata (Theaceae). Heredity. 2000, 84: 170-177. 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00644.x.
Parker KC, Parker AJ, Beaty M, Fuller MM, Faust TD: Population structure and spatial pattern of two coastal populations of Ocala sand pine (Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg. var. clausa D. B. Ward). J Torr Bot Soc. 1997, 124: 22-33. 10.2307/2996595.
Trabaud L, Michels C, Grosman J: Recovery of burnt Pinus halepensis Mill. forests. II. Pine reconstitution after wildfire. For Ecol Manage. 1985, 113: 67-179.
McCullough DG, Werner RA, Neumann D: Fire and insects in northern and boreal forest ecosystems of North America. Ann Rev Entomol. 1998, 43: 107-127. 10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.107.
O'Connell L, Mosseler A, Rajora OP: Extensive long-distance pollen dispersal in a fragmented landscape maintains genetic diversity in white spruce. J Heredity. 2007, 98: 640-645. 10.1093/jhered/esm089.