Hawai‘i’s food consumption and supply sources: benchmark estimates and measurement issues
Tóm tắt
At the current time, Hawai‘i lacks an established set of benchmark estimates on the availability of food for market consumption and its supply sources. This paper serves to fill a persistent gap in the existing literature by providing an estimation framework to map the existing food supply flows from various sources and to determine the various levels of food consumption in Hawai‘i. The authors suggest modified measures of food self-sufficiency and import dependency to provide a more accurate assessment on the extent of food localization in Hawai‘i. The analytical framework presented in this paper can be applied to other small, open (island or regional) economies with a food localization agenda, as it provides a more discrete and appropriate set of measurements, as well as offering the lessons gained through Hawai‘i’s experience and challenges in the data-collating process. Local production and imports (continental United States and foreign countries) of consumable food in Hawai‘i are estimated at just over 1.14 million tonnes in 2010. Food exports totaled 175.5 thousand tonnes, leaving total available food for consumption locally at 966.6 thousand tonnes. On a de facto basis, per capita food consumption in Hawai‘i is estimated at 657.9 kilograms in 2010. At the food group level, fresh vegetables lead with per capita food consumption of 84.2 kilograms, followed by other proteins at 69.1 kilograms, fresh fruits at 67.7 kilograms, fresh milk at 62.9 kilograms, and rice at 27.9 kilograms. The analysis indicates that Hawai‘i has an overall food self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) of 15.7% and an overall food import dependency ratio (IDR) of 102.5%. While it appears counterintuitive that the IDR exceeds 100%, this figure actually indicates the existence of food imports into Hawai‘i that are then turned around and re-exported to other markets. With application of the more accurate localization ratio (LR), we estimate that only 11.6% of available food for consumption in Hawai‘i was actually sourced from local production in 2010. Likewise, the modified import dependency ratio (MIDR) indicates that an estimated 88.4% of available food in Hawai‘i was sourced from imports.
Tài liệu tham khảo
ACE-WCSC: Navigation data center – domestic U.S. waterborne traffic, part 4, 2010. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center, New Orleans, LA; 2012. . Accessed 16 Jul 2012 http://www.navigationdatacenter.us/wcsc/webpub10/webpubpart-4.htm
De Janvry A, Sadoulet E: Food self-sufficiency and food security in India: Achievements and contradictions. In National and regional self-sufficiency goals. Edited by: Ruppel FJ, Kellogg ED. Lynne Rienner, Boulder & London; 1991.
DEFRA: Food security and the UK: An evidence and analysis paper. UK. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London; 2006. . Accessed 5 Apr 2013 http://archive.defra.gov.uk/evidence/economics/foodfarm/reports/documents/foodsecurity.pdf.
DEFRA: Food statistics pocket book 2008. U.K. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London; 2008. . Accessed 5 Apr 2013 http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130123162956/http:/www.defra.gov.uk/statistics/files/defra-stats-foodfarm-food-pocketbook-2008.pdf.
FAO: Food balance sheets – A handbook. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome; 2001. . Accessed 26 Oct 2012 http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x9892e/x9892e00.htm.
FAS: Global agricultural trade system (GATS) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, Washington D.C; 2012. . Accessed 12 Jun 2012 http://www.fas.usda.gov/gats/default.aspx.
Fitzpatrick E: Agricultural self-sufficiency in Southeast Asia: Malaysia and Thailand. In National and regional self-sufficiency goals. Edited by: Ruppel FJ, Kellogg ED. Lynne Rienner, Boulder & London; 1991.
Gordon U: Program for an assessment of food sustainability in Israel. Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Ketura, Israel; 2011. . Accessed 5 Apr 2013 http://www.arava.org/userfiles/file/Director/_Food.doc.
Halweil B: Eat here: Reclaiming homegrown pleasures in a global supermarket. W.W. Norton & Co., New York; 2004.
Heady D, Fan S: Anatomy of a crisis: the causes and consequences of surging food prices. Agricultural Economics. 2008, 39: 375–391.
Holm D, Rogers R, Lass D: Food self-sufficiency in the New England states, 1975–1997. Department of Resource Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; 2000. . Accessed 26 Oct 2012 http://www.massbenchmarks.org/publications/studies/pdf/foodself00.pdf.
Hudgins L: Per capita annual utilization and consumption of fish and shellfish in Hawai‘i, 1970–77. Marine Fisheries Review 1980, 42: 16–20.
Kako T: Sharp decline in the food self-sufficiency ratio in Japan and its future prospects. Paper presented at the International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference, Beijing, China; 2009. 16–22 August 2009 16–22 August 2009
Kendall P, Petracco M: The current state and future of Caribbean agriculture. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 2009, 33(7):780–797. 10.1080/10440040903221409
Leung PS, Loke M: Economic impacts of improving Hawai‘i’s food self-sufficiency. Economic Issues EI-16 (December 2008). College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; 2008. . Accessed 12 Dec 2012 http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/EI-16.pdf . Accessed 12 Dec 2012
Loke M, Geslani C, Takenaka B, Leung PS: Seafood consumption and supply sources in Hawai‘i, 2000–2009. Marine Fisheries Review 2012, 74(4):44–51.
Melrose J, Delparte D: Hawai‘i county food self-sufficiency baseline 2012. University of Hawai‘i, Hilo, HI; 2012. . Accessed 26 Oct 2012 http://geodata.sdal.hilo.hawaii.edu/GEODATA/COH_Ag_Project.html.
Mikic M, Gilbert J: Trade statistics in policymaking: A handbook of commonly used trade indices and indicators. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Bangkok, Thailand; 2007. . Accessed 11 Jan 2013 http://www.unescap.org/tid/aptiad/Handbook2.pdf.
NASS: Hawai‘i statistics. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Washington D.C; 2012. . Accessed 2 Jul 2012 http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Hawaii/index.asp
OP-DBEDT: Increased food security and food self-sufficiency strategy. Office of Planning, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, Hawai‘i; 2012. . Accessed 12 Dec 2012 http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/spb/INCREASED_FOOD_SECURITY_AND_FOOD_SELF_SUFFICIENCY_STRATEGY.pdf
Page C, Bony L, Schewel L: Island of Hawai‘i whole system project phase I report. Rocky Mountain Institute, Boulder, CO; 2007. Accessed 26 Oct 2012 http://www.kohalacenter.org/pdf/hi_wsp_2.pdf
Ulupono I: Local food market demand study of O`ahu shoppers: Executive summary. 2011. . Accessed 12 Dec 2012 https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/40878762/Local%20Food%20Market%20Demand%20Study%20Executive%20Summary.pdf