Hướng dẫn Chăm sóc Ngoại khoa trong Phẫu thuật Đại tràng/Chậu Elective: Khuyến nghị của Hiệp hội Phục hồi Nhanh Sau Phẫu thuật (ERAS®)

World Journal of Surgery - Tập 37 - Trang 285-305 - 2012
J. Nygren1,2, J. Thacker3, F. Carli4, K. C. H. Fearon5, S. Norderval6, D. N. Lobo7, O. Ljungqvist8, M. Soop9, J. Ramirez10
1Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
2Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, USA
4Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
5Department of Clinical Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
6Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
7Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
8Department of Surgery, Orebro University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden
9Department of Surgery, Middlemore Hospital, South Auckland Clinical School University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
10Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain

Tóm tắt

Bài tổng quan này nhằm mục đích trình bày sự đồng thuận về chăm sóc tối ưu trong giai đoạn trước, trong và sau phẫu thuật đối với phẫu thuật đại tràng/chậu, và cung cấp các khuyến nghị phân loại cho các tiêu chí nhằm xây dựng một giao thức phục hồi nâng cao dựa trên bằng chứng. Các nghiên cứu được lựa chọn với sự chú ý đặc biệt đến các phân tích gộp, các thử nghiệm ngẫu nhiên có đối chứng và các nhóm nghiên cứu lớn theo chiều dọc. Đối với mỗi tiêu chí trong quy trình điều trị ngoại khoa, tài liệu tiếng Anh có sẵn đã được xem xét, đánh giá và phân loại. Một khuyến nghị đồng thuận đã được đạt được sau khi nhóm thực hiện đánh giá nghiêm ngặt văn liệu. Đối với hầu hết các tiêu chí trong giao thức, các khuyến nghị được dựa trên các thử nghiệm có chất lượng tốt hoặc các phân tích gộp của các thử nghiệm có chất lượng tốt (cấp độ bằng chứng: cao hoặc trung bình). Dựa trên bằng chứng có sẵn cho từng tiêu chí trong quy trình chăm sóc ngoại khoa đa phương thức, Hiệp hội Phục hồi Nhanh Sau Phẫu thuật (ERAS), Hiệp hội Dinh dưỡng Lâm sàng và Chuyển hóa Châu Âu (ESPEN) và Hiệp hội Quốc tế về Chuyển hóa và Dinh dưỡng Phẫu thuật (IASMEN) trình bày một đánh giá đồng thuận toàn diện dựa trên bằng chứng về chăm sóc ngoại khoa trong phẫu thuật đại tràng.

Từ khóa

#Chăm sóc ngoại khoa #Phẫu thuật đại tràng #Phục hồi sau phẫu thuật #Hiệp hội ERAS #Lâm sàng

Tài liệu tham khảo

Fearon KC, Ljungqvist O, Von Meyenfeldt M et al (2005) Enhanced recovery after surgery: a consensus review of clinical care for patients undergoing colonic resection. Clin Nutr 24:466–477 Kehlet H, Wilmore DW (2008) Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery. Ann Surg 248:189–198 Verhagen AP, de Vet HC, de Bie RA et al (1998) The Delphi list: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. J Clin Epidemiol 51:1124–1235 Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R et al (2008) Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ 336:1049–1051 Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R et al (2008) Incorporating considerations of resources use into grading recommendations. BMJ 336:1170–1173 Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R et al (2008) What is “quality of evidence” and why is it important to clinicians? BMJ 336:995–998 Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE et al (2008) GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 336:924–926 Carli F, Charlebois P, Baldini G et al (2009) An integrated multidisciplinary approach to implementation of a fast-track program for laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Can J Anaesth 56:837–842 Halaszynski TM, Juda R, Silverman DG (2004) Optimizing postoperative outcomes with efficient preoperative assessment and management. Crit Care Med 32:S76–S86 Stergiopoulou A, Birbas K, Katostaras T et al (2007) The effect of interactive multimedia on preoperative knowledge and postoperative recovery of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods Inf Med 46:406–409 Clarke HD, Timm VL, Goldberg BR et al (2011) Preoperative patient education reduces in-hospital falls after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 470:244–249 Edward GM, Naald NV, Oort FJ et al (2010) Information gain in patients using a multimedia website with tailored information on anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 106:319–324 Haines TP, Hill AM, Hill KD et al (2010) Patient education to prevent falls among older hospital inpatients: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 171(516–52):4 Younis J, Salerno G, Fanto D et al (2011) Focused preoperative patient stoma education, prior to ileostomy formation after anterior resection, contributes to a reduction in delayed discharge within the enhanced recovery programme. Int J Colorectal Dis 27:43–47 AAGBI (2010) Pre-operative assessment and patient preparation Gustafsson UO, Ljungqvist O (2011) Perioperative nutritional management in digestive tract surgery. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 14:504–509 Mastracci TM, Carli F, Finley RJ et al (2011) Effect of preoperative smoking cessation interventions on postoperative complications. J Am Coll Surg 212:1094–1096 Tonnesen H, Nielsen PR, Lauritzen JB et al (2009) Smoking and alcohol intervention before surgery: evidence for best practice. Br J Anaesth 102:297–306 Carli F, Charlebois P, Stein B et al (2010) Randomized clinical trial of prehabilitation in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 97:1187–1197 Mayo NE, Feldman L, Scott S et al (2011) Impact of preoperative change in physical function on postoperative recovery: argument supporting prehabilitation for colorectal surgery. Surgery 150:505–514 Holte K, Nielsen KG, Madsen JL et al (2004) Physiologic effects of bowel preparation. Dis Colon Rectum 47:1397–1402 Guenaga KF, Matos D, Wille-Jorgensen P (2011) Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD001544 Bretagnol F, Panis Y, Rullier E et al (2010) Rectal cancer surgery with or without bowel preparation: the French GRECCAR III multicenter single-blinded randomized trial. Ann Surg 252:863–868 Brady M, Kinn S, Stuart P (2009) Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7(4):CD005285 Soreide E, Ljungqvist O (2006) Modern preoperative fasting guidelines: a summary of the present recommendations and remaining questions. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 20:483–491 Gustafsson UO, Nygren J, Thorell A et al (2008) Pre-operative carbohydrate loading may be used in type 2 diabetes patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52:946–951 Nygren J (2006) The metabolic effects of fasting and surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 20:429–438 Crowe PJ, Dennison A, Royle GT (1984) The effect of pre-operative glucose loading on postoperative nitrogen metabolism. Br J Surg 71:635–637 Svanfeldt M, Thorell A, Hausel J et al (2007) Randomized clinical trial of the effect of preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment on postoperative whole-body protein and glucose kinetics. Br J Surg 94:1342–1350 Yuill KA, Richardson RA, Davidson HI et al (2005) The administration of an oral carbohydrate-containing fluid prior to major elective upper-gastrointestinal surgery preserves skeletal muscle mass postoperatively—a randomised clinical trial. Clin Nutr 24:32–37 Henriksen MG, Hessov I, Dela F et al (2003) Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrates and peptides on postoperative endocrine response, mobilization, nutrition and muscle function in abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47:191–199 Awad S, Varadhan K, Kanagaraj M et al (2012) Preoperative oral carbohydrate loading in elective surgery: a meta-analysis. BJS 99 (accepted) Gustafsson UO, Hausel J, Thorell A et al (2011) Adherence to the enhanced recovery after surgery protocol and outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery. Arch Surg 146:571–577 Caumo W, Levandovski R, Hidalgo MP (2009) Preoperative anxiolytic effect of melatonin and clonidine on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Pain 10:100–108 Walker KJ, Smith AF (2009) Premedication for anxiety in adult day surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7(4):CD002192 Lepouse C, Lautner CA, Liu L et al (2006) Emergence delirium in adults in the post-anaesthesia care unit. Br J Anaesth 96:747–753 Rasmussen LS, Steentoft A, Rasmussen H et al (1999) Benzodiazepines and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. ISPOCD Group. International Study of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction. Br J Anaesth 83:585–589 Rasmussen MS, Jorgensen LN, Wille-Jorgensen P (2009) Prolonged thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin for abdominal or pelvic surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 21(1):CD004318 Amaragiri SV, Lees TA (2000) Elastic compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7(7):CD001484 Fleming FJ, Kim MJ, Salloum RM et al (2010) How much do we need to worry about venous thromboembolism after hospital discharge? A study of colorectal surgery patients using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Dis Colon Rectum 53:1355–1360 Bratzler DW, Houck PM (2004) Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Clin Infect Dis 38:1706–1715 Nelson RL, Glenny AM, Song F (2009) Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 21(1):CD001181 Itani KM, Wilson SE, Awad SS et al (2006) Ertapenem versus cefotetan prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery. N Engl J Med 355:2640–2651 Darouiche RO, Wall MJ Jr, Itani KM et al (2010) Chlorhexidine-alcohol versus povidone-iodine for surgical-site antisepsis. N Engl J Med 362:18–26 Punjasawadwong Y, Boonjeungmonkol N, Phongchiewboon A (2007) Bispectral index for improving anaesthetic delivery and postoperative recovery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 17(4):CD003843 Marret E, Remy C, Bonnet F (2007) Meta-analysis of epidural analgesia versus parenteral opioid analgesia after colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 94:665–673 Levy BF, Scott MJ, Fawcett W et al (2011) Randomized clinical trial of epidural, spinal or patient-controlled analgesia for patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 98:1068–1078 Marana E, Colicci S, Meo F et al (2010) Neuroendocrine stress response in gynecological laparoscopy: TIVA with propofol versus sevoflurane anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 22:250–255 Liu Y, Zheng Y, Gu X et al (2012) The efficacy of NMDA receptor antagonists for preventing remifentanil-induced increase in postoperative pain and analgesic requirement: a meta-analysis. Minerva Anestesiol 78:653–667 Rex C, Wagner S, Spies C et al (2009) Reversal of neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex after continuous infusion of rocuronium in patients randomized to sevoflurane or propofol maintenance anesthesia. Anesthesiology 111:30–35 Beck-Schimmer B, Schimmer RC (2010) Perioperative tidal volume and intra-operative open lung strategy in healthy lungs: where are we going? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 24:199–210 Talab HF, Zabani IA, Abdelrahman HS et al (2009) Intraoperative ventilatory strategies for prevention of pulmonary atelectasis in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Anesth Analg 109:1511–1516 Greif R, Akca O, Horn EP et al (2000) Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med 342:161–167 Imberger G, McIlroy D, Pace NL et al (2010) Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during anaesthesia for the prevention of mortality and postoperative pulmonary complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8(9):CD007922 Blixt C, Ahlstedt C, Ljungqvist O et al (2012) The effect of perioperative glucose control on postoperative insulin resistance. Clin Nutr. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.02.011 Jackson RS, Amdur RL, White JC et al (2011) Hyperglycemia is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality after colectomy for cancer. J Am Coll Surg 214:68–80 Sato H, Carvalho G, Sato T et al (2010) The association of preoperative glycemic control, intraoperative insulin sensitivity, and outcomes after cardiac surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:4338–4344 Sato H, Lattermann R, Carvalho G et al (2010) Perioperative glucose and insulin administration while maintaining normoglycemia (GIN therapy) in patients undergoing major liver resection. Anesth Analg 110:1711–1718 Gould TH, Grace K, Thorne G et al (2002) Effect of thoracic epidural anaesthesia on colonic blood flow. Br J Anaesth 89:446–451 Giglio MT, Marucci M, Testini M et al (2009) Goal-directed haemodynamic therapy and gastrointestinal complications in major surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth 103:637–646 Hiltebrand LB, Koepfli E, Kimberger O et al (2011) Hypotension during fluid-restricted abdominal surgery: effects of norepinephrine treatment on regional and microcirculatory blood flow in the intestinal tract. Anesthesiology 114:557–564 Carli F, Kehlet H, Baldini G et al (2011) Evidence basis for regional anesthesia in multidisciplinary fast-track surgical care pathways. Reg Anesth Pain Med 36:63–72 Kehlet H, Dahl JB (2003) Anaesthesia, surgery, and challenges in postoperative recovery. Lancet 362:1921–1928 Kranke P, Eberhart LH (2011) Possibilities and limitations in the pharmacological management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Eur J Anaesthesiol 28:758–765 Fajardo AD, Dharmarajan S, George V et al (2010) Laparoscopic versus open 2-stage ileal pouch: laparoscopic approach allows for faster restoration of intestinal continuity. J Am Coll Surg 211:377–383 Marcello PW, Milsom JW, Wong SK et al (2000) Laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy: case-matched comparative study with open restorative proctocolectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 43:604–608 Bartels SA, D’Hoore A, Cuesta MA et al (2012) Significantly increased pregnancy rates after laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy: a cross-sectional study. Ann Surg. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318250caa9 Wu XJ, He XS, Zhou XY et al (2010) The role of laparoscopic surgery for ulcerative colitis: systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 25:949–957 Trastulli S, Cirocchi R, Listorti C et al (2012) Laparoscopic vs open resection for rectal cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Colorectal Dis 14:e277–e296 Breukink S, Pierie J, Wiggers T (2006) Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18(4):CD005200 Poon JT, Law WL (2009) Laparoscopic resection for rectal cancer: a review. Ann Surg Oncol 16:3038–3047 Guillou PJ, Quirke P, Thorpe H et al (2005) Short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic-assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365:1718–1726 Jayne DG, Guillou PJ, Thorpe H et al (2007) Randomized trial of laparoscopic-assisted resection of colorectal carcinoma: 3-year results of the UK MRC CLASICC Trial Group. J Clin Oncol 25:3061–3068 Huang MJ, Liang JL, Wang H et al (2010) Laparoscopic-assisted versus open surgery for rectal cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on oncologic adequacy of resection and long-term oncologic outcomes. Int J Colorectal Dis 26:415–421 Cheatham ML, Chapman WC, Key SP et al (1995) A meta-analysis of selective versus routine nasogastric decompression after elective laparotomy. Ann Surg 221:469–476 discussion 476-468 Nelson R, Edwards S, Tse B (2007) Prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18(3):CD004929 Manning BJ, Winter DC, McGreal G et al (2001) Nasogastric intubation causes gastroesophageal reflux in patients undergoing elective laparotomy. Surgery 130:788–791 Rao W, Zhang X, Zhang J et al (2010) The role of nasogastric tube in decompression after elective colon and rectum surgery: a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 26:423–429 Jottard K, Hoff C, Maessen J et al (2009) Life and death of the nasogastric tube in elective colonic surgery in the Netherlands. Clin Nutr 28:26–28 De Witte JL, Demeyer C, Vandemaele E (2010) Resistive-heating or forced-air warming for the prevention of redistribution hypothermia. Anesth Analg 110:829–833 Bundgaard-Nielsen M, Secher NH (2009) ‘Liberal’ vs. ‘restrictive’ perioperative fluid therapy—a critical assessment of the evidence. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 53:843–851 Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Mekhail N et al (2003) Randomized clinical trial comparing epidural anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic segmental colectomy. Br J Surg 90:1195–1199 Virlos I, Clements D, Beynon J et al (2010) Short-term outcomes with intrathecal versus epidural analgesia in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 97:1401–1406 Senagore AJ, Emery T, Luchtefeld M et al (2009) Fluid management for laparoscopic colectomy: a prospective, randomized assessment of goal-directed administration of balanced salt solution or hetastarch coupled with an enhanced recovery program. Dis Colon Rectum 52:1935–1940 Noblett SE, Snowden CP, Shenton BK et al (2006) Randomized clinical trial assessing the effect of Doppler-optimized fluid management on outcome after elective colorectal resection. Br J Surg 93:1069–1076 Soni N (2009) British Consensus Guidelines on Intravenous Fluid Therapy for Adult Surgical Patients (GIFTASUP): Cassandra’s view. Anaesthesia 64:235–238 Jesus E, Karliczek A, Matos D et al (2004) Prophylactic anastomotic drainage for colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18(4):CD002100 Bretagnol F, Slim K (2005) Anterior resection with low colorectal anastomosis. To drain or not? Ann Chir 130:336–339 Zmora O, Madbouly K, Tulchinsky H et al (2010) Urinary bladder catheter drainage following pelvic surgery—is it necessary for that long? Dis Colon Rectum 53:321–326 Benoist S, Panis Y, Denet C et al (1999) Optimal duration of urinary drainage after rectal resection: a randomized controlled trial. Surgery 125:135–141 Zaouter C, Kaneva P, Carli F (2009) Less urinary tract infection by earlier removal of bladder catheter in surgical patients receiving thoracic epidural analgesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 34:542–548 McPhail MJ, Abu-Hilal M, Johnson CD (2006) A meta-analysis comparing suprapubic and transurethral catheterization for bladder drainage after abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 93:1038–1044 Fitzgerald JE, Ahmed I (2009) Systematic review and meta-analysis of chewing-gum therapy in the reduction of postoperative paralytic ileus following gastrointestinal surgery. World J Surg 33:2557–2566. doi:10.1007/s00268-009-0104-5 Basse L, Madsen JL, Kehlet H (2001) Normal gastrointestinal transit after colonic resection using epidural analgesia, enforced oral nutrition and laxative. Br J Surg 88:1498–1500 Fanning J, Yu-Brekke S (1999) Prospective trial of aggressive postoperative bowel stimulation following radical hysterectomy. Gynecol Oncol 73:412–414 Zingg U, Miskovic D, Pasternak I et al (2008) Effect of bisacodyl on postoperative bowel motility in elective colorectal surgery: a prospective, randomized trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 23:1175–1183 Hendry PO, van Dam RM, Bukkems SF et al (2010) Randomized clinical trial of laxatives and oral nutritional supplements within an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol following liver resection. Br J Surg 97:1198–1206 Hansen CT, Sorensen M, Moller C et al (2007) Effect of laxatives on gastrointestinal functional recovery in fast-track hysterectomy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 196:e311–e317 Werawatganon T, Charuluxanun S (2005) Patient controlled intravenous opioid analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia for pain after intra-abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 25(1):CD004088 McCarthy GC, Megalla SA, Habib AS (2010) Impact of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative analgesia and recovery from surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Drugs 70:1149–1163 Wongyingsinn M, Baldini G, Charlebois P et al (2011) Intravenous lidocaine versus thoracic epidural analgesia: a randomized controlled trial in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery using an enhanced recovery program. Reg Anesth Pain Med 36:241–248 Beaussier M, El’Ayoubi H, Schiffer E et al (2007) Continuous preperitoneal infusion of ropivacaine provides effective analgesia and accelerates recovery after colorectal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology 107:461–468 Abdallah FW, Chan VW, Brull R (2012) Transversus abdominis plane block: a systematic review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 37:193–209 Charlton S, Cyna AM, Middleton P et al (2010) Perioperative transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks for analgesia after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8(12):CD007705 Gorissen KJ, Benning D, Berghmans T et al (2012) Risk of anastomotic leakage with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 99:721–727 Klein M (2012) Postoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colorectal anastomotic leakage. NSAIDs and anastomotic leakage. Dan Med J 59: B4420 Andersen HK, Lewis SJ, Thomas S (2006) Early enteral nutrition within 24 h of colorectal surgery versus later commencement of feeding for postoperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18(4):CD004080 Nygren J, Soop M, Thorell A et al (2009) An enhanced-recovery protocol improves outcome after colorectal resection already during the first year: a single-center experience in 168 consecutive patients. Dis Colon Rectum 52:978–985 Keele AM, Bray MJ, Emery PW et al (1997) Two phase randomised controlled clinical trial of postoperative oral dietary supplements in surgical patients. Gut 40:393–399 Smedley F, Bowling T, James M et al (2004) Randomized clinical trial of the effects of preoperative and postoperative oral nutritional supplements on clinical course and cost of care. Br J Surg 91:983–990 Beattie AH, Prach AT, Baxter JP et al (2000) A randomised controlled trial evaluating the use of enteral nutritional supplements postoperatively in malnourished surgical patients. Gut 46:813–818 Nygren J, Thorell A, Efendic S et al (1997) Site of insulin resistance after surgery: the contribution of hypocaloric nutrition and bed rest. Clin Sci (Colch) 93:137–146 Gustafsson UO, Thorell A, Soop M et al (2009) Haemoglobin A1c as a predictor of postoperative hyperglycaemia and complications after major colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 96:1358–1364 van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359–1367 Van den Berghe G (2003) Insulin therapy for the critically ill patient. Clin Cornerstone 5:56–63 Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY et al (2009) Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360:1283–1297 Doenst T, Wijeysundera D, Karkouti K et al (2005) Hyperglycemia during cardiopulmonary bypass is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130:1144 Frisch A, Chandra P, Smiley D et al (2010) Prevalence and clinical outcome of hyperglycemia in the perioperative period in noncardiac surgery. Diabetes Care 33:1783–1788 Gandhi GY, Nuttall GA, Abel MD et al (2005) Intraoperative hyperglycemia and perioperative outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Mayo Clin Proc 80:862–866 Umpierrez GE, Hellman R, Korytkowski MT et al (2012) Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients in non-critical care setting: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:16–38 Umpierrez GE, Palacio A, Smiley D (2007) Sliding scale insulin use: myth or insanity? Am J Med 120:563–567 Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Jacobs S et al (2011) Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing general surgery (RABBIT 2 surgery). Diabetes Care 34:256–261 Nygren J, Soop M, Thorell A et al (1998) Preoperative oral carbohydrate administration reduces postoperative insulin resistance. Clin Nutr 17:65–71 Soop M, Nygren J, Myrenfors P et al (2001) Preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment attenuates immediate postoperative insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280:E576–E583 Lattermann R, Carli F, Wykes L et al (2003) Perioperative glucose infusion and the catabolic response to surgery: the effect of epidural block. Anesth Analg 96:555–562, table of contents Uchida I, Asoh T, Shirasaka C et al (1988) Effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative insulin resistance as evaluated by insulin clamp technique. Br J Surg 75:557–562 Thorell A, Nygren J, Essen P et al (1996) The metabolic response to cholecystectomy: insulin resistance after open compared with laparoscopic operation. Eur J Surg 162:187–191 Soop M, Carlson GL, Hopkinson J et al (2004) Randomized clinical trial of the effects of immediate enteral nutrition on metabolic responses to major colorectal surgery in an enhanced recovery protocol. Br J Surg 91:1138–1145 Kehlet H, Wilmore DW (2002) Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome. Am J Surg 183:630–641 Ingraham AM, Cohen ME, Bilimoria KY et al (2010) Association of surgical care improvement project infection-related process measure compliance with risk-adjusted outcomes: implications for quality measurement. J Am Coll Surg 211:705–714 Dervenis C, Avgerinos C, Lytras D et al (2003) Benefits and limitations of enteral nutrition in the early postoperative period. Langenbecks Arch Surg 387:441–449 Maessen J, Dejong CH, Hausel J et al (2007) A protocol is not enough to implement an enhanced recovery programme for colorectal resection. Br J Surg 94:224–231 Hendry PO, Hausel J, Nygren J et al (2009) Determinants of outcome after colorectal resection within an enhanced recovery programme. Br J Surg 96:197–205 Augestad KM, Lindsetmo RO, Reynolds H et al (2011) International trends in surgical treatment of rectal cancer. Am J Surg 201:353–357 discussion 357-358 Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Dejong CH et al (2010) The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway for patients undergoing major elective open colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 29:434–440 Branagan G, Richardson L, Shetty A et al (2010) An enhanced recovery programme reduces length of stay after rectal surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis 25:1359–1362 Huibers CJ, de Roos MA, Ong KH (2011) The effect of the introduction of the ERAS protocol in laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 27:751–757 Teeuwen PH, Bleichrodt RP, de Jong PJ et al (2011) Enhanced recovery after surgery versus conventional perioperative care in rectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 54:833–839 King PM, Blazeby JM, Ewings P et al (2006) The influence of an Enhanced Recovery Programme on clinical outcomes, costs and quality of life after surgery for colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 8:506–513 Sammour T, Zargar-Shoshtari K, Bhat A et al (2010) A programme of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a cost-effective intervention in elective colonic surgery. N Z Med J 123:61–70 Vlug MS, Wind J, Hollmann MW et al (2011) Laparoscopy in combination with fast track multimodal management is the best perioperative strategy in patients undergoing colonic surgery: a randomized clinical trial (LAFA-study). Ann Surg 254:868–875 Urbach DR, Harnish JL, McIlroy JH et al (2006) A measure of quality of life after abdominal surgery. Qual Life Res 15:1053–1061 Jakobsen DH, Sonne E, Andreasen J et al (2006) Convalescence after colonic surgery with fast-track vs conventional care. Colorectal Dis 8:683–687 Zargar-Shoshtari K, Paddison JS, Booth RJ et al (2009) A prospective study on the influence of a fast-track program on postoperative fatigue and functional recovery after major colonic surgery. J Surg Res 154:330–335 Lassen K, Soop M, Nygren J et al (2009) Consensus review of optimal perioperative care in colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Group recommendations. Arch Surg 144:961–969