Global multi-scale segmentation of continental and coastal waters from the watersheds to the continental margins

Abril, G. and Borges, A. V.: Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from estuaries, in: Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Natural Environments and Hydroelectric Reservoirs: Fluxes and Processes, edited by: Tremblay, A., Varfalvy, L., Roehm, C., and Garneau, M., Springer, Berlin, 187–207, 2004.

Al-Barakati, M. A., James, A. E., and Karakas, G. M.: A Circulation Model of the Red Sea, Journal of Faculty of Marine Sciences, 13, 3–17, 2002.

Algesten, G., Wikner, J., Sobek, S., Tranvik, L. J., and Jansson, M.: Seasonal variation of CO2 saturation in the Gulf of Bothnia: indications of marine net heterotrophy, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002232, 2004.

Anderson, J. B.: Antarctic Marine Geology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Arndt, S., Vanderborght, J.-P., and Regnier, P.: Diatom growth response to physical forcing in a macrotidal estuary: Coupling hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and biogeochemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 112, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003581, 2007.

Arndt, S., Regnier, P., and Vanderborght, J.-P.: Seasonally-Resolved Nutrient Export Fluxes and Filtering Capacities in a Macrotidal Estuary, J. Marine Syst., 78, 42–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.02.008, 2009.

Atkinson, L. P., Huthnance, J. M., and Blanco, J. L.: Circulation, mixing and the distribution of remineralized nutrients, in: The Sea, edited by: Robinson, A. R. and Brink, K. H., Vol. 13, Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, 227–268, 2005.

Atroosh, K. B. and Moustafa, A. T.: An Estimation of the Probability Distribution of Wadi Bana Flow in the Abyan Delta of Yemen, J. Agr. Sci., 4, 80–89, https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n6p80, 2012.

Azevedo, I. C., Duarte, P. M., and Bordalo, A. A.: Pelagic metabolism of the Douro estuary (Portugal) – factors controlling primary production, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 69, 133–146, 2006.

Beusen, A. H. W., Dekkers, A. L. M., Bouwman, A. F., Ludwig, W., and Harrison, J.: Estimation of global river transport of sediments and associated particulate C, N, and P, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S05, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002453, 2005.

Billen, G., Lancelot, C., and Meybeck, M.: N, P and Si retention along the aquatic continuum from land to ocean. Ocean margin processes in global change: 19–44, edited by: Mantoura, R. F. C., Martin, J. M., and Wollast, R., Dahlem Workshop Reports, Wiley, 1991.

Borges, A. V.: Do we have enough pieces of the jigsaw to integrate CO2 fluxes in the coastal ocean?, Estuaries, 28, 3–27, 2005.

Borges, A. V. and Abril, G.: Carbon dioxide and methane dynamics in estuaries, in: Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, Vol. 5, edited by: Wolanski, E. and McLusky, D. S., 119–161, Academic Press, 2012.

Borges, A. V., Djenidi, S., Lacroix, G., Theate, J., Delille, B., and Frankignoulle, M.: Atmospheric CO2 flux from mangrove surrounding waters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1558, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017143, 2003.

Borges, A. V., Delille, B., and Frankignoulle, M.: Budgeting sinks and sources of CO2 in the coastal ocean: diversity of ecosystems counts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023053, 2005.

Bouillon, S., Dehairs, F., Schiettecatte, L.-S., and Borges, A. V.: Biogeochemistry of the Tana estuary and delta (northern Kenya), Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 45–59, 2007a.

Bouillon, S., Dehairs, F., Velimirov, B., Abril, G., and Borges, A. V.: Dynamics of organic and inorganic carbon across contiguous mangrove and seagrass systems (Gazi bay, Kenya), J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 112, G02018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000325, 2007b.

Bouillon, S., Middelburg, J. J., Dehairs, F., Borges, A. V., Abril, G., Flindt, M. R., Ulomi, S., and Kristensen, E.: Importance of intertidal sediment processes and porewater exchange on the water column biogeochemistry in a pristine mangrove creek (Ras Dege, Tanzania), Biogeosciences, 4, 311-322, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-311-2007, 2007c.

Bozec, Y., Cariou, T., Macé, E., Morin, P., Thuillier, D., and Vernet, M.: Seasonal dynamics of air-sea CO2 fluxes in the inner and outer Loire estuary (NW Europe), Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 100, 58–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.05.015, 2012.

Brink, K. H., Abrantes, F. F. G., Bernal, P. A., Dugdale, R. C., Estrada, M., Hutchings, L., Jahnke, R. A., Muller, P. J., and Smith, R. L.: Group report: How do coastal upwelling systems operate as integrated physical, chemical, and biological systems and influence the geological record?, in: Upwelling in the Ocean: Modern Processes and Ancient Records, edited by: Summerhayes, C. P., Emeis, K.-C., Angel, M. V., Smith, R. L., and Zeitzeschel, B., 103–124, 1995.

Buddemeier, R. W., Smith, S. V., Swaney, D. P., Crossland, C. J., and Maxwell, B. A.: Coastal typology: an integrative "neutral" technique for coastal zone characterization and analysis, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 77, 197–205, 2008.

Caffrey, J. M.: Factors controlling net ecosystem metabolism in U.S. estuaries, Estuaries, 27, 90–101, 2004.

Cai, W. J.: Estuarine and coastal ocean carbon paradox: CO2 sinks or sites of terrestrial carbon incineration?, Annu. Rev. Marine Sci., 3, 123–145, 2011.

Cai, W.-J. and Wang, Y.: The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Georgia, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 657–668, 1998.

Cai, W. J., Dai, M. H., and Wang, Y. C.: Air sea exchange of carbon dioxide in ocean margins: A province based synthesis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026219, 2006.

Carmouze, J. P., Knoppers, B., and Vasconcelos, P.: Metabolism of a subtropical Brazilian lagoon, Biogeochemistry, 14, 129–148, 1991.

Chen, C. T. A. and Borges, A. V.: Reconciling opposing views on carbon cycling in the coastal ocean: continental shelves as sinks and near-shore ecosystems as sources of atmospheric CO2, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 578–590, 2009.

Chen, C. T. A., Huang, T. H., Fu, Y. H., Bai, Y., and He, X.: Strong sources of CO2 in upper estuaries become sinks of CO2 in large river plumes, Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 4, 179–185, 2012.

Ciavatta, S., Pastres, R., Badetti, C., Ferrari, G., and Beck, M. B.: Estimation of phytoplanktonic production and system respiration from data collected by a real-time monitoring network in the Lagoon of Venice, Ecol. Model., 212, 28–36, 2008.

Cole, J. J., Prairie, Y. T., Caraco, N. F., McDowell, W. H., Tranvik, L. J., Striegl, R. G., Duarte, C. M., Kortelainen, P., Downing, J. A., Middelburg, J. J., and Melack, J.: Plumbing the global carbon cycle: Integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget, Ecosystems, 10, 171–184, 2007.

Collins, K. J.: Fluxes of Organic Carbon and Nutrients in Southampton Waters, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Southampton, 1978.

Crossland, C. J., Kremer, H. H., Lindeboom, H. J., Marshall Crossland, J. I., and LeTissier, M. D. A.: Coastal Fluxes in the Anthropocene, Global Change – The IGBP Series: Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, 2005.

Crosswell, J. R., Wetz, M. S., Hales, B., and Paerl, H. W.: Air-water CO2 fluxes in the microtidal Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C08017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jc007925, 2012.

DaSilva, A., Young, A. C., and Levitus, S.: Atlas of surface marine data 1994, Vol. 1: Algorithms and procedures., Tech. Rep. 6, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, NESDIS, 1994.

Day Jr., J. W., Madden, C. J., Ley-Lou, F., Wetzel, R. L., and Navarro, A. M.: Aquatic primary productivity in Terminos lagoon region, in: Ecology of Coastal Ecosystems in the Southern Gulf of Mexico: The Terminos Lagoon Region, edited by: Yàñez-Arancibia, A. and Day Jr., J. W., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, 221–236, 1988.

de la Paz, M., Gómez-Parra, A., and Forja, J.: Inorganic carbon dynamic and air-water CO2 exchange in the Guadalquivir Estuary, J. Marine Syst., 68, 265–277, 2007.

Déry, S. J. and Wood, E. F.: Decreasing river discharge in northern Canada, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022845, 2005.

Droz, L., Rigaut, F., Cochonat, P., and Tofani, R.: Morphology and recent evolution of the Zaire turbidite system (Gulf of Guinea), Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 108, 253–269, 1996.

Dürr, H. H., Laruelle, G. G., van Kempen, C. M., Slomp, C. P., Meybeck, M., and Middelkoop, H.: Worldwide Typology of Nearshore Coastal Systems: Defining the Estuarine Filter of River Inputs to the Oceans, Estuar. Coast., 34, 441–458, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9381-y, 2011.

DuFore, C. M.: Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Air-Sea Carbon Dioxide Fluxes of Florida Bay, Gratuate School Thesis, University of South Florida, 2012.

Engle, V. D., Kurtz, J. C., Smith, L. M., Chancy, C., and Bourgeois, P.: A classification of U.S. estuaries based on physical and hydrologic attributes, Environ. Monit. Assess., 129, 397–412, 2007.

Fekete, B. M., Vörösmarty, C. J., and Grabs W.: High-resolution fields of global runoff combining observed river discharge and simulated water balances, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1042, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB001254, 2002.

Ferrón, S., Ortega, T., Gómez-Parra, A., and Forja, J. M.: Seasonal study of CH4, CO2 and N2O in a shallow tidal system of the bay of Cádiz (SW Spain), J. Marine Syst., 66, 244–257, 2007.

Frankignoulle, M., Abril, G., Borges, A., Bourge, I., Canon, C., Delille, B., Libert, E., and Théate, J.-M.: Carbon dioxide emission from European estuaries, Science, 282, 434–436, 1998.

Garside, C. and Malone, T. C.: Monthly oxygen and carbon budgets of the New York Bight Apex, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 6, 93–104, 1978.

Gattuso, J.-P., Frankignoulle, M., and Wollast, R.: Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 29, 405–433, 1998.

Gazeau, F., Borges, A. V., Barrón, C., Duarte, C. M., Iversen, N., Middelburg, J. J., Delille, B., Pizay, M.-D., Frankignoulle, M., and Gattuso, J.-P.: Net ecosystem metabolism in a micro-tidal estuary (Randers Fjord, Denmark): evaluation of methods, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 301, 23–41, 2005a.

Gazeau, F., Gattuso, J.-P., Middelburg, J. J., Brion, N., Schiettecatte, L.-S., Frankignoulle, M., and Borges, A. V.: Planktonic and whole system metabolism in a nutrient-rich estuary (the Scheldt estuary), Estuaries, 28, 868–883, 2005b.

Gordon, J. D. C., Boudreau, P. R., Mann, K. H., Ong, J. E., Silvert, W. L., Smith, S. V., Wattayakorn, G., Wulff, F., and Yanagi, T.: LOICZ biogeochemical modelling guidelines. LOICZ reports & studies, 5. Texel: LOICZ, 1996.

Gross, G. M.: Oceanography: A View of the Earth. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., ISBN 0-13-629659-9, 1972.

Gruber, N., Lachkar, Z., Frenzel, H., Marchesiello, P., Munnich, M., McWilliams, J. C., Nagai, T., and Plattner, G.-K.: Mesoscale eddy-induced reduction in eastern boundary upwelling systems, Nat. Geosci., 4, 787–792, 2011.

Guo, X., Dai, M., Zhai, W., Cai, W.-J., and Chen, B.: CO2 flux and seasonal variability in a large subtropical estuarine system, the Pearl River Estuary, China, J. Geophys. Res., 114, G03013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000905, 2009.

Gupta, G. V. M., Thottathil, S. D., Balachandran, K. K., Madhu, N. V., Madheswaran, P., and Nair, S.: CO2 supersaturation and net heterotrophy in a tropical estuary (Cochin, India): influence of anthropogenic effect, Ecosystems, 12, 1145–1157, 2009.

Hartmann, J., Lauerwald, R., Moosdorf, N., Amann, T., and Weiss, A.: GLORICH: GLobal RIver and estuary CHemical database, ASLO, 13–18 February 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2011.

Hunt, C. W., Salisbury, J. E., Vandemark, D., and McGillis, W.: Contrasting Carbon Dioxide Inputs and Exchange in Three Adjacent New England Estuaries, Estuar. Coasts, 34, 68–77, 2011.

Jacobs, S. S., Helmer, H. H., Doake, C. S. M., Jenkins, A., and Frolich, R. M.: Melting of ice shelves and the mass balance of Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 38, 375–387, 1992.

Jassby, A. D., Cloern, J. E., and Powell, T. P.: Organic carbon sources and sinks in SanFrancisco Bay: variability induced by a river flow, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 93, 39–54, 1993.

Jiang, L.-Q., Cai, W.-J., and Wang, Y. A.: comparative study of carbon dioxide degassing in river- and marine-dominated estuaries, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2603–2615, 2008.

Karl, D. M.: A Sea of Change: Biogeochemical Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, Ecosystems, 2, 181–214, 1999.

Kaul, L. W. and Froelich, P. N.: Modeling estuarine nutrient geochemistry in a simple system, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 48, 1417–1733, 1984.

Kenney, B. E., Litaker, W., Duke, C. S., and Ramus, J.: Community oxygen metabolism in a shallow tidal estuary, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 27, 33–43, 1988.

Köppen, W.: Das geographisca System der Klimate, in: Handbuch der Klimatologie, edited by: Köppen, W. and Geiger, G., 1. C. Gebr, Borntraeger, 1–44, 1936.

Koné, Y. J. M. and Borges, A. V.: Dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics in the waters surrounding forested mangroves of the Ca Mau Province (Vietnam), Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 77, 409–421, 2008.

Koné, Y. J. M., Abril, G., Kouadio, K. N., Delille, B., and Borges, A. V.: Seasonal variability of carbon dioxide in the rivers and lagoons of Ivory Coast (West Africa), Estuar. Coasts, 32, 246–260, 2009.

Kristensen, E., Flindt, M. R., Ulomi, S., Borges, A. V., Abril, G., and Bouillon, S.: Emission of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere by sediments and open waters in two Tanzanian mangrove forests, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 370, 53–67, 2008.

Laruelle, G. G.: Quantifying nutrient cycling and retention in coastal waters at the global scale, Ph D dissertation, Utrecht University, 2009.

Laruelle, G. G., Roubeix, V., Sferratore, A., Brodherr, N., Ciuffa, D., Conley, D. J., Dürr, H. H., Garnier, J., Lancelot, C., Le Thi Phuong, Q., Meunier, J.-D., Meybeck, M., Michalopoulos, P., Moriceau, B., Ní Longphuirt, S., Loucaides, S., Papush, L., Presti, M., Ragueneau, O., Regnier, P. A. G., Saccone, L., Slomp, C. P., Spiteri, C., and Van Cappellen, P.: The global biogeochemical cycle of silicon: role of the land-ocean transition and response to anthropogenic perturbation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB4031, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003267, 2009.

Laruelle, G. G., Dürr, H. H., Slomp, C. P., and Borges, A. V.: Evaluation of sinks and sources of CO(2) in the global coastal ocean using a spatially-explicit typology of estuaries and continental shelves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L15607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043691, 2010.

Levitus, S., Boyer, T. P., Conkright, M. E., O' Brien, T., Antonov, J., Stephens, C., Stathoplos, L., Johnson, D., and Gelfeld, R.: NOAA Atlas NESDIS 18, World Ocean Database 1998: VOLUME 1: INTRODUCTION, US Gov. Printing Office, Wash. DC, 346 pp., 1998.

Liu, K.-K., Atkinson, L., Quinones, R., and Talaue-McManus, L. (Eds.): Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Continental Margins, Global Change – The IGBP Series, 3, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.

Lønborg, C. and Álvarez-Salgado, X. A.: Recycling versus export of bioavailable dissolved organic matter in the coastal ocean and efficiency of the continental shelf pump, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB3018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GB004353, 2012.

Longhurst, A.: Seasonal cycles of pelagic production and consumption, Prog. Oceanogr., 36, 77–167, 1995.

Longhurst, A.: Ecological geography of the sea. Academic Press, San Diego, 398 pp., 1998.

Macdonald, R. W. and Kuzyk, Z. Z. A.: The Hudson Bay System, J. Marine Syst., 88, 337–488, 2011.

Mackenzie, F. T., Ver, L. M., Sabine, C., Lane, M., and Lerman, A.: C, N, P, S global biogeochemical cycles and modeling of global change, in: Interactions of C, N, P and S Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change, edited by: Wollast, R., Mackenzie, F. T., and Chou, L., 1–62, Springer-Verlag, 1993.

Mackenzie, F. T., Ver, L. M., and Lerman, A.: Coupled biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur in the land-ocean-atmosphere system, in: Asian Change in the Context of Global Change, edited by: Galloway, J. N. and Melillo, J. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 42–100, 1998.

Mackenzie, F. T., Andersson, A., Lerman, A., and Ver, L. M.: Boundary exchanges in the global coastal margin: implications for the organic and inorganic carbon cycles, in: The Sea, 13, Chapter 7, edited by: Robinson, A. R. and Brink, K. H., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 193–225, 2005.

Mackenzie, F. T., De Carlo, E. H., and Lerman, A.: Coupled C, N, P, and O biogeochemical cycling at the land-ocean interface. In Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, edited by: Middelburg, J. J. and Laane, R., Ch. 5.10, Elsevier, 2012.

Maher, D. T. and Eyre, B. D.: Carbon budgets for three autotrophic Australian estuaries: Implications for global estimates of the coastal air-water CO2 flux, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004075, 2012.

Mann, K. H. and Lazier, J. R. N.: Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems: Biological-Physical Interactions in the Oceans, 3rd Edn., Blackwell Publishing, 2006.

Mantoura, R. E C., Martin, J.-M., and Wollast, R. (Eds.): Ocean margin processes in global change, Wiley, 1991.

Mayorga, E., Seitzinger, S. P., Harrison, J. A., Dumont, E., Beusen, A. H. W., Bouwman, A. F., Fekete, B. M., Kroeze, C., and Van Drecht, G.: Global Nutrient Export from WaterSheds 2 (NEWS 2): Model development and implementation, Environ. Model. Softw., 25, 837–853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.01.007, 2010.

McKee, B. A., Aller, R. C., Allison, M. A., Bianchi, T. S., and Kineke, G. C.: Transport and transformation of dissolved and particulate materials on continental margins influenced by major rivers: Benthic boundary layer and seabed processes, Cont. Shelf Res., 24, 899–926, 2004.

Mee, L. D.: The Chemistry and Hydrography of Some Tropical Coastal Lagoons – Pacific Coast of Mexico, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Liverpool, 125 pp., 1977.

Meybeck, M. and Dürr, H. H.: Cascading Filters of River Material from Headwaters to Regional Seas: The European Example, in: Watersheds, Bays, and Bounded Seas – The Science and Management of Semi-Enclosed Marine Systems, SCOPE Series 70, editede by: Urban Jr., E. R., Sundby, B., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., and Melillo, J. M., 115–139, Washington, Island Press, 2009.

Meybeck, M., Dürr, H. H., and Vörosmarty, C. J.: Global coastal segmentation and its river catchment contributors: A new look at land-ocean linkage, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB1S90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002540, 2006.

Meybeck, M., Kummu, M., and Dürr, H. H.: Global hydrobelts and hydroregions: improved reporting scale for water-related issues?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1093–1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1093-2013, 2013.

Miyajima, T., Tsuboi, Y., Tanaka, Y., and Koike, I.: Export of inorganic carbon from two Southeast Asian mangrove forests to adjacent estuaries as estimated by the stable isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon, J. Geophys. Res., 114, G01024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000861, 2009.

Muduli, P. R., Kanuri, V. V., Robin, R. S., Charan Kumar, B., Patra, S., Raman, A. V., Nageswarara Rao, G., and Subramanian, B. R.: Spatio-temporal variation of CO2 emission from Chilika Lake, a tropical coastal lagoon, on the east coast of India, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 113, 305–313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.08.020, 2012.

Mukhopadhyay, S. K., Biswas, H., De, T. K., Sen, S., and Jana, T. K.: Seasonal effects on the air–water carbon dioxide exchange in the Hooghly estuary, NE coast of Gulf of Bengal, India, J. Environ. Monit., 4, 549–552, 2002.

Nag, P.: Coastal geomorphic features around Indian Ocean, Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 39, 557–561, 2010.

New York Times: Times atlas of the world: Comprehensive edition, 9th Edn., New York: New York Times, 1992.

Nixon, S. W., Ammenman, J. W., Atkinson, L. P., Berounsky, V. M., Billen, G., Boicourt, W. C., Boynton, W. R., Church, T. M., DiToro, D. M., Elmgren, R., Garber, J. H., Giblin, A. E., Jahnke, R. A., Owens, N. J. P., Pilson, M. E. J., and Seitzinger, S. P.: The fate of nitrogen and phosphorus at the land sea margin of the north Atlantic Ocean, Biogeochemistry, 35, 141–180, 1996.

Obrador, B. and Pretus, J.: Budgets of organic and inorganic carbon in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon dominated by submerged vegetation, Hydrobiologia, 699, 35–54, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1152-7, 2012.

Odum, H. T. and Hoskin, C. M.: Comparative studies of the metabolism of Texas Bays. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas, 5, 16–46, 1958.

Odum, H. T. and Wilson, R.: Further studies on the reaeration and metabolism of Texas Bays, Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas, 8, 23–55, 1962.

Ortega, T., Ponce, R., Forja, J., and Gómez-Parra, A.: Fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon in three estuarine systems of the Cantabrian Sea (north of Spain), J. Marine Syst., 53, 125–142, 2005.

OSPAR: The Quality Status Report, available at: http://qsr2010.ospar.org/en/ (last access: 26 May 2013), 2010.

Pearce, A. F.: The Leeuwin Current and the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia, in: The Marine Flora and Fauna of the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia, Vol. 1, edited by: Wells, F. E., Perth: Western Australian Museum, 11–46, 1997.

Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.: Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1633–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007, 2007.

Pfeil, B., Olsen, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Hankin, S., Koyuk, H., Kozyr, A., Malczyk, J., Manke, A., Metzl, N., Sabine, C. L., Akl, J., Alin, S. R., Bellerby, R. G. J., Borges, A., Boutin, J., Brown, P. J., Cai, W.-J., Chavez, F. P., Chen, A., Cosca, C., Fassbender, A. J., Feely, R. A., González-Dávila, M., Goyet, C., Hardman-Mountford, N., Heinze, C., Hood, M., Hoppema, M., Hunt, C. W., Hydes, D., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Jones, S. D., Key, R. M., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lourantou, A., Merlivat, L., Midorikawa, T., Mintrop, L., Miyazaki, C., Murata, A., Nakadate, A., Nakano, Y., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Omar, A. M., Padin, X. A., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Perez, F. F., Pierrot, D., Poisson, A., R\\'{i}os, A. F., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schuster, U., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Suzuki, T., Takahashi, T., Tedesco, K., Telszewski, M., Thomas, H., Tilbrook, B., Tjiputra, J., Vandemark, D., Veness, T., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Weiss, R., Wong, C. S., and Yoshikawa-Inoue, H.: A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 5, 735–780, https://doi.org/10.5194/essdd-5-735-2012, 2012.

Pinet, P. R.: Invitation to Oceanography. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1996, ISBN 0-7637-2136-0, 3rd Edn., 1996.

Pous, S., Carton, X., and Lazure, P.: A Process Study of the Tidal Circulation in the Persian Gulf, Open Journal of Marine Science, 2, 131–140, https://doi.org/10.4236/ojms.2012.24016, 2012.

Prego, R.: General aspects of carbon biogeochemistry in the Ria of Vigo, northwestern Spain, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 57, 2041–2052, 1993.

Rabouille, C., Mackenzie, F. T., and Ver, L. M.: Influence of the human perturbation on carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen biogeochemical cycles in the global coastal ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 65, 3615–3641, 2001.

Ralison, O. H., Borges, A. V., Dehairs, F., Middelburg, J. J., and Bouillon, S.: Carbon biogeochemistry of the Betsiboka Estuary (north-western Madagascar), Org. Geochem., 39, 1649–1658, 2008.

Randall, J. M. and Day Jr., J. W.: Effects of river discharge and vertical circulation on aquatic primary production in a turbid Louisana (USA) estuary, Neth. J. Sea Res., 21, 231–242, 1987.

Raymond, P. A. and Hopkinson, C. S.: Ecosystem modulation of dissolved carbon age in a temperate marsh-dominated estuary, Ecosystems, 6, 694–705, 2003.

Raymond, P. A., Caraco, N. F., and Cole, J. J.: Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Atmospheric Flux in the Hudson River, Estuaries, 20, 381–390, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352351, 1997.

Raymond, P. A., Bauer, J. E., and Cole, J. J.: Atmospheric CO2 evasion, dissolved inorganic carbon production, and net heterotrophy in the York River estuary, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 1707–1717, 2000.

Regnier, P. and Steefel, C. I.: A high resolution estimate of the inorganic nitrogen flux from the Scheldt estuary to the coastal North Sea during a nitrogen-limited algal bloom, spring 1995, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 63, 1359–1374, 1999.

Regnier, P., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Mackenzie, F. T., Gruber, N., Janssens, I., Laruelle, G. G., Lauerwald, R., Luyssaert, S., Andersson, A. J., Arndt, S., Arnosti, C., Borges, A. V., Dale, A. W., Gallego-Sala, A., Goddéris, Y., Goossens, N., Hartmann, J., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Joos, F., LaRowe, D. E., Leifeld, J., Meysman, F. J. R., Munhoven, G., Raymond, P. A., Spahni, R., Suntharalingam, P., and Thullner, M.: Anthropogenic perturbation of the land to ocean carbon flux, Nat. Geosci., online first, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1830, 2013.

Revilla, M., Ansotegui, A., Iriarte, A., Madariaga, I., Orive, E., Sarobe, A., and Trigueros, J. M.: Microplankton metabolism along a trophic gradient in a shallow-temperate estuary, Estuaries, 25, 6–18, 2002.

Reyes, E. and Merino, M.: Diel dissolved oxygen dynamics and eutrophication in a shallow, well-mixed tropical lagoon (Cancun, Mexico), Estuaries, 14, 372–381, 1991.

Russell, M. J. and Montagna, P. A.: Spatial and temporal variability and drivers of net ecosystem metabolism in Western Gulf of Mexico estuaries, Estuar. Coasts, 30, 137–153, 2007.

Rysgaard, S., Mortensen, J., Juul-Pedersen, T., Sørensen, L. L., Lennert, K., Søgaard, D. H., Arendt, K. E., Blicher, M. E., Sejr, M. K., and Bendtsen, J.: High air–sea CO2 uptake rates in nearshore and shelf areas of Southern Greenland: Temporal and spatial variability, Mar. Chem., 128–129, 26–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2011.11.002, 2012.

Santos, R., Silva, J., Alexandre, A., Navarro, N., Barrón, C., and Duarte, C. M.: Ecosystem metabolism and carbon fluxes of a tidally dominated coastal lagoon, Estuaries, 27, 977–985, 2004.

Sarma, V. V. S. S., Kumar, N. A., Prasad, V. R., Venkataramana, V., Appalanaidu, S., Sridevi, B., Kumar, B. S. K., Bharati, M. D., Subbaiah, C. V., Acharyya, T., Rao, G. D., Viswanadham, R., Gawade, L., Manjary, D. T., Kumar, P. P., Rajeev, K., Reddy, N. P. C., Sarma, V. V., Kumar, M. D., Sadhuram, Y., and Murty, T. V. R.: High CO2 emissions from the tropical Godavari estuary (India) associated with monsoon river discharges, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L08601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL046928, 2011.

Sarma, V. V. S. S., Viswanadham, R., Rao, G. D., Prasad, V. R., Kumar, B. S. K., Naidu, S. A., Kumar, N. A., Rao, D. B., Sridevi, T., Krishna, M. S., Reddy, N. P. C., Sadhuram, Y., and Murty, T. V. R.: Carbon dioxide emissions from Indian monsoonal estuaries, Geophys. Res. Lett., https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050709, 2012.

Saucier, F. J., Senneville, S., Prinsenberg, S., Roy, F., Smith, G., Gachon, P., Caya, D., and Laprise, R.: Modeling the ice-ocean seasonal cycle in Hudson Bay, Foxe Basin and Hudson Strait, Canada, Clim. Dynam., 23, 303–326, 2004.

Scholten, H., Klepper, O., Nienhuis, P. H., and Knoester, M.: Oosterschelde estuary (SW Netherlands): a self-sustaining ecosystem?, Hydrobiologia, 195, 201–215, 1990.

Schwartz, M. L.: Encyclopedia of coastal science, Dordrecht: Springer, 2005.

Seiter, K., Hensen, C., and Zabel, M.: Benthic carbon mineralization on a global scale, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB1010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002225, 2005.

Seitzinger, S. P., Harrison, J. A., Dumont, E., Beusen, A. H. W., and Bouwman, F. B. A.: Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the coastal zone: An overview of global Nutrient Export from Watersheds (NEWS) models and their application, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S01, https://doi.org/10.2029/2005GB002606, 2005.

Sherman, K.: The Large Marine Ecosystem Concept: Research and Management Strategy for Living Marine Resources, Ecol. Appl., 1, 350–360, 1991.

Sherman, K. and Alexander, M.: Biomass Yields and Geography of Large Marine Ecosystems, Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Selected Symp., 111, 1989.

Silvennoinen, H., Liikanen, A., Rintala, J., and Martikainen, P. J.: Greenhouse gas fluxes from the eutrophic Temmesjoki River and its Estuary in the Liminganlahti Bay (the Baltic Sea), Biogeochemistry, 90, 193–208, 2008.

Smith, S. V. and Hollibaugh, J. T.: Annual cycle and interannual variability of ecosystem metabolism in a temperate climate embayment, Ecol. Monogr., 67, 509–533, 1997.

Smith, W. H. F. and Sandwell, D. T.: Global Seafloor Topography from Satellite Altimetry and Ship Depth Soundings, version 9.1b, available at: http://topex.ucsd.edu/marine_topo/ (last access: 20 December 2007), 1997.

Souza, M. F. L., Gomes, V. R., Freitas, S. S., Andrade, R. C. B., and Knoppers, B.: Net ecosystem metabolism and nonconservative fluxes of organic matter in a tropical mangrove estuary, Piauí River (NE of Brazil), Estuar. Coasts, 32, 111–122, 2009.

Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A., Chipman, D. W., Hales, B., Friederich, G., Chavez, F., Sabine, C., Watson, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Metzl, N., Yoshikawa-Inoue, H., Ishii, M., Midorikawa, T., Nojiri, Y., Körtzinger, A., Steinhoff, T., Hoppema, M., Olafsson, J., Arnarson, T. S., Tilbrook, B., Johannessen, T., Olsen, A., Bellerby, R., Wong, C. S., Delille, B., Bates, N. R., and de Baar, H. J. W.: Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 554–577, 2009.

Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., de Baar, H. J. W., Elkalay, K., Frankignoulle, M., Schiettecatte, L.-S., Kattner, G., and Borges, A. V.: The carbon budget of the North Sea, Biogeosciences, 2, 87–96, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-87-2005, 2005.

Tranvik, L. J., Downing, J. A., Cotner, J. B., Loiselle, S. A., Striegl, R. G., Ballatore, T. J., Dillon, P., Finlay, K., Fortino, K., Knoll, L. B., Kortelainen, P. L., Kutser, T., Larsen, S., Laurion, I., Leech, D. M., McCallister, S. L., McKnight, D. M., Melack, J. M., Overholt, E., Porter, J. A., Prairie, Y., Renwick, W. H., Roland, F., Sherman, B. S., Schindler, D. W., Sobek, S., Tremblay, A., Vanni, M. J., Verschoor, A. M., von Wachenfeldt, E., and Weyhenmeyera, G. A.: Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 2298–2314, 2009.

US Department of Commerce: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, 2-minute Gridded Global Relief Data (ETOPO2v2), available at: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/06mgg01.html (last access: 26 December 2008), 2006.

Van Es, F. B.: A preliminary carbon budget for a part of the Ems estuary: the Dollard, Helgolander Wiss. Meeresunters, 30, 283–294, 1977.

Vanderborght, J. P., Wollast, R., Loijens, M., and Regnier, P.: Application of a transport-reaction model to the estimation of biogas fluxes in the Scheldt estuary, Biogeochemistry, 59, 207–237, 2002.

Vanderborght, J. P., Folmer, I., Aguilera, D. R., Uhrenholdt, T., and Regnier, P.: Reactive-transport modelling of a river-estuarine-coastal zone system: application to the Scheldt estuary, Mar. Chem., 106, 92–110, 2007.

Ver, L. M.: Global kinetic models of the coupled C, N, P, and S biogeochemical cycles: Implications for global environmental change, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1998.

Vörösmarty, C. J., Fekete, B. M., Meybeck, M., and Lammers, R. B.: The global system of rivers: Its role in organizing continental land mass and defining land-to-ocean linkages, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 599–621, 2000a.

Vörösmarty, C. J., Fekete, B. M., Meybeck, M., and Lammers, R. B.: Geomorphometric attributes of the global system of rivers at 30-minute spatial resolution, J. Hydrol., 237, 17–39, 2000b.

Walsh, J. J.: On the nature of continental shelves, Academic Press, San Diego, New York, Berkeley, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, 1988.

Wang, Z. A. and Cai, W.-J.: Carbon dioxide degassing and inorganic carbon export from a marsh-dominated estuary (the Duplin River): a marsh CO2 pump, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 341–352, 2004.

Wanninkhof, R., Park, G.-H., Takahashi, T., Sweeney, C., Feely, R., Nojiri, Y., Gruber, N., Doney, S. C., McKinley, G. A., Lenton, A., Le Quéré, C., Heinze, C., Schwinger, J., Graven, H., and Khatiwala, S.: Global ocean carbon uptake: magnitude, variability and trends, Biogeosciences, 10, 1983–2000, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1983-2013, 2013.

Wassmann, P., Naas, K. E., and Johannessen, P. J.: Annual supply and loss of particulate organic carbon in Nordasvannet, a eutropic, land-locked fjord in Western Norway, Rapports et Procès Verbaux des Réunions Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 186, 423–431, 1986.

Wulff, F., Bonsdorff, E., Gren, I.-M., Johansson, S., and Stigebrandt, A.: Giving advice on cost effective measures for a cleaner Baltic Sea: a challenge to science, Ambio, 30, 254–259, 2001.

Xie, L. and Hsieh, W. W.: Global wind-induced upwelling, Fisheries Oceanography, 4, 52–67, 1975.

Zeng, F.-W., Masiello, C., and Hockaday, W.: Controls on the origin and cycling of riverine dissolved inorganic carbon in the Brazos River, Texas, Biogeochemistry, 104, 275–291, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-010-9501-y, 2011.

Zhai, W., Dai, M., and Guo, X.: Carbonate system and CO2 degassing fluxes in the inner estuary of Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China, Mar. Chem., 107, 342–356, 2007.

Ziegler, S. and Benner, R.: Ecosystem metabolism in a subtropical, seagrass-dominated lagoon, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 173, 1–12, 1998.